1
|
Van der Heyden J, Leclercq V, Duysburgh E, Cornelissen L, Desombere I, Roukaerts I, Gisle L. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and associated factors in the adult population of Belgium: a general population cohort study between March 2021 and April 2022. Arch Public Health 2024; 82:72. [PMID: 38750563 PMCID: PMC11094959 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-024-01298-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study assessed seroprevalence trends of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the Belgian adult population between March 2021 and April 2022, and explored factors associated with seropositivity and seroreversion among the vaccinated and unvaccinated population. METHODS A prospective longitudinal surveillance study was conducted within a random sample of the general population (18 + years) in Belgium, selected from the national register through a multistage sampling design. Participants provided a saliva sample and completed a survey questionnaire on three occasions: at baseline and in two follow-up waves. Outcome variables included (1) seropositivity, defined as the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, assessed with a semi-quantitative measure of anti-RBD (Receptor Binding Domain) IgG ELISA and (2) seroreversion, defined as passing from a positive to a negative antibody test between two measurements. Trends in SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence were assessed using binary logistic regression with contrasts applying post-stratification. Potential determinants of seropositivity were assessed through multilevel logistic regressions. RESULTS In total 6,178 valid observations were obtained from 2,768 individuals. SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence increased from 25.1% in the beginning of the study period to 92.3% at the end. Among the vaccinated population, factors significantly associated with higher seropositivity rates were being younger, having a bachelor diploma, living with others, having had a vaccine in the last 3 months and having received a nucleic-acid vaccine or a combination. Lower seropositivity rates were observed among vaccinated people with a neurological disease and transplant patients. Factors significantly associated with higher seropositivity rates among the unvaccinated population were having non-O blood type and being non-smoker. Among vaccinated people, the seroreversion rate was much lower (0.3%) in those who had received their latest vaccine in the last 3 months compared to those who had received their latest vaccine more than 3 months ago (2.7%) (OR 0.13; 95%CI 0.04-0.42). CONCLUSIONS The rapid increase in antibody seropositivity in the general adult population in Belgium during the study period was driven by the vaccination campaign which ran at full speed during this period. Among vaccinated people, seropositivity varied in function of the time since last vaccine, the type of vaccine, sociodemographic features and health status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Van der Heyden
- Epidemiology and public health, Sciensano Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, Sciensano, Brussels, 1050, Belgium.
| | - Victoria Leclercq
- Epidemiology and public health, Sciensano Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, Sciensano, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Els Duysburgh
- Epidemiology and public health, Sciensano Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, Sciensano, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Laura Cornelissen
- Epidemiology and public health, Sciensano Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, Sciensano, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | | | | | - Lydia Gisle
- Epidemiology and public health, Sciensano Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, Sciensano, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Swadźba J, Panek A, Wąsowicz P, Anyszek T, Martin E. High Concentration of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies 2 Years after COVID-19 Vaccination Stems Not Only from Boosters but Also from Widespread, Often Unrecognized, Contact with the Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:471. [PMID: 38793722 PMCID: PMC11125768 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This study follows 99 subjects vaccinated with Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccines over two years, with particular focus on the last year of observation (between days 360 and 720). The response to the vaccination was assessed with Diasorin's SARS-CoV-2 TrimericSpike IgG. Screening for SARS-CoV-2 infection was performed with Abbott's SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid IgG immunoassay. Data from questionnaires were also analyzed. Two years after the first vaccine dose administration, 100% of the subjects were positive for anti-spike SARS-CoV-2 IgG and the median antibody level was still high (3600 BAU/mL), dropping insignificantly over the last year. Simultaneously, a substantial increase in seropositivity in anti-nucleocapsid SARS-CoV-2 IgG was noted, reaching 33%. There was no statistically significant agreement between anti-N seropositivity and reported COVID-19. Higher anti-spike concentrations and lower COVID-19 incidence was seen in the older vaccinees. It was noted that only subjects boosted between days 360 and 720 showed an increase in anti-spike IgG concentrations. The higher antibody concentrations (median 7440 BAU/mL) on day 360 were noted in participants not infected over the following year. Vaccination, including booster administrations, and natural, even unrecognized, contact with SARS-CoV-2 entwined two years after the primary vaccination, leading to high anti-spike antibody concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Swadźba
- Medical Faculty, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, 30-705 Krakow, Poland; (J.S.); (T.A.)
- Medical Department Diagnostyka S.A., 31-864 Krakow, Poland; (A.P.); (P.W.)
| | - Andrzej Panek
- Medical Department Diagnostyka S.A., 31-864 Krakow, Poland; (A.P.); (P.W.)
| | - Paweł Wąsowicz
- Medical Department Diagnostyka S.A., 31-864 Krakow, Poland; (A.P.); (P.W.)
| | - Tomasz Anyszek
- Medical Faculty, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, 30-705 Krakow, Poland; (J.S.); (T.A.)
- Medical Department Diagnostyka S.A., 31-864 Krakow, Poland; (A.P.); (P.W.)
| | - Emilia Martin
- Medical Department Diagnostyka S.A., 31-864 Krakow, Poland; (A.P.); (P.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Walory J, Ksiazek I, Karynski M, Baraniak A. Twenty-Month Monitoring of Humoral Immune Response to BNT162b2 Vaccine: Antibody Kinetics, Breakthrough Infections, and Adverse Effects. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1578. [PMID: 37896981 PMCID: PMC10611136 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11101578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccination is one of the most effective life-saving medical interventions, and the introduction of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines was intended to prevent the serious implications of COVID-19. The objectives of the study were (i) to observe the humoral immune response to the BNT162b2 vaccine and SARS-CoV-2 infection (mainly breakthrough infections), (ii) to demonstrate the persistence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies over time in relation to the number of received vaccine doses and the course of infection, and (iii) to determine the adverse effects after primary vaccine doses. METHODS To assess the humoral response, IgG and IgA anti-S1 antibodies were quantified by ELISA assays. In total, the tests were carried out seven times in almost two years. RESULTS We demonstrated strong immunogenicity (compared to levels before primary vaccination, 150- and 20-fold increases in IgG and IgA, respectively) of the BNT162b2 vaccine. Over time, we observed a systematic decline in antibody levels, which may have contributed to breakthrough infections. Although they caused seroconversion similar to the booster, antibody levels in such patients fell more rapidly than after re-vaccination. On the other hand, in individuals who did not receive booster(s) and who did not present breakthrough infection, anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies returned to pre-vaccination levels after 20 months. The most commonly recognized adverse effects were injection site redness and swelling. CONCLUSION Vaccination is highly effective in preventing the most severe outcomes of COVID-19 and should be performed regardless of prior infection. Booster doses significantly enhance anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels and, in contrast to those obtained by breakthrough infection, they remain longer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslaw Walory
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Medicines Institute, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iza Ksiazek
- Department of Biochemistry and Biopharmaceuticals, National Medicines Institute, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Michal Karynski
- Department of Falsified Medicines and Medical Devices, National Medicines Institute, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Baraniak
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Medicines Institute, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Megasari NLA, Yamani LN, Juniastuti J, Lusida MI, Mori Y. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG antibody among COVID-19 vaccinated individuals residing in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16142. [PMID: 37780375 PMCID: PMC10538276 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To limit the SARS-CoV-2 transmission, the Indonesian government launched a COVID-19 vaccination program in January 2021. Studies on the clinical treatment and implementation of COVID-19 vaccination have shown promising results; however, it is necessary to estimate the effectiveness of the vaccines. With the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, studies have highlighted the impact of COVID-19 vaccines, especially CoronaVac, on Indonesian healthcare workers. To get a better picture of how the vaccines work in Indonesia, it is necessary to estimate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 anti-S IgG antibody induced by the COVID-19 vaccine in individuals who have already received two-to-three doses of vaccines. Materials and Methods Four-hundred and ninety-six whole-blood samples were collected from participants residing in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia, who received a minimum of a two-dose COVID-19 vaccine. Serums were then isolated from the blood and subjected to detect SARS-CoV-2 anti-S IgG antibodies using a lateral flow immunochromatographic assay. Results The prevalence of positive anti-S-IgG antibodies was 91.7% (455/496) in all participants receiving a minimum of a two-dose COVID-19 vaccine. As many as 209 (85.3%) and 141 (96.6%) participants were seropositive for receiving CoronaVac and AstraZeneca, respectively. Meanwhile, all participants receiving two-dose CoronaVac with one booster dose of Moderna (105/100%) were seropositive (p < 0.05). Age, comorbidity, and time after the last vaccine were significantly correlated with seropositivity (p < 0.05). Conclusion Different vaccines might produce different antibody responses. Adopting a stronger policy regarding the administration of booster doses might be beneficial to elicit positive anti-S-IgG antibodies, especially among older individuals, those with comorbid diseases, and those with a longer time after the second vaccination dose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ni Luh Ayu Megasari
- Postgraduate School, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Laura Navika Yamani
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Juniastuti Juniastuti
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Maria Inge Lusida
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Yasuko Mori
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Al-Shudifat AE, Al-Tamimi M, Dawoud R, Alkhateeb M, Mryyian A, Alahmad A, Abbas MM, Qaqish A. Anti-S and Anti-N Antibody Responses of COVID-19 Vaccine Recipients. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1398. [PMID: 37766076 PMCID: PMC10537031 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11091398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The long-term immunoglobulin responses of COVID-19 vaccinations is important to determine the efficacy of these vaccinations. This study aimed to investigate and compare the long-term immunoglobulin response of COVID-19 vaccination recipients, using anti-S IgG, anti-N IgG, and IgM titer levels. This study included 267 participants, comprising individuals who tested positive for COVID-19 through PCR testing (n = 125), and those who received the Pfizer (n = 133), Sinopharm (n = 112), AstraZeneca (n = 20), or Sputnik (n = 2) vaccines. Female participants comprised the largest share of this study (n = 147, 55.1%). This study found that most participants had positive IgG antibodies, with 96.3% having anti-S IgG and 75.7% having anti-N IgG. Most participants (90.3%) tested negative for anti-N IgM antibodies. Sinopharm-vaccinated individuals exhibited a notably lower rate of positive anti-S IgG (93.8%) and a significantly higher rate of positive anti-N IgG antibodies (91%). Anti-N IgG levels were significantly correlated with the number of prior COVID-19 infections (p = 0.015). Specifically, individuals with a history of four COVID-19 infections had higher anti-N IgG titers (14.1 ± 1.4) than those with only one experience of COVID-19 infection (9.4 ± 7.2). Individuals who were infected with COVID-19 after receiving the vaccine demonstrated higher levels of anti-N IgG, exhibiting a 25% increase in mean titer levels compared to those who were infected prior to vaccination. There was a statistically significant association between anti-N IgG positivity with age (p = 0.034), and smoking status (p = 0.006) of participants. Participants younger than 20 and older than 60 showed the highest positivity rate of anti-N (>90%). Smokers had a low positivity rate of anti-N (68.8%) compared to nonsmokers (83.6%). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that most COVID-19 vaccination recipients had positive IgG antibodies, with differences in the long-term immunoglobulin response depending on the type of vaccine administered and occurrence of COVID-19 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdel-Ellah Al-Shudifat
- Department of Internal and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan;
| | - Mohammad Al-Tamimi
- Department of Microbiology, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan;
| | - Rand Dawoud
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan; (R.D.); (M.A.); (A.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Mohammad Alkhateeb
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan; (R.D.); (M.A.); (A.M.); (A.A.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman 11941, Jordan
| | - Amel Mryyian
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan; (R.D.); (M.A.); (A.M.); (A.A.)
| | - Anas Alahmad
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan; (R.D.); (M.A.); (A.M.); (A.A.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman 11941, Jordan
| | - Manal M Abbas
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan;
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Lab, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan
| | - Arwa Qaqish
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Applied Genomics, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman 11941, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Salvagno GL, Pighi L, Henry BM, Valentini M, Tonin B, Bragantini D, Gianfilippi G, De Nitto S, Plebani M, Lippi G. Assessment of humoral and cellular immunity after bivalent BNT162b2 vaccination and potential association with reactogenicity. Clin Chem Lab Med 2023; 61:1343-1348. [PMID: 36722026 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2023-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigated the feasibility and clinical value of using a novel, automated and high-throughput SARS-CoV-2 Interferon Gamma Release Assay (IGRA), combined with total anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies assessment, for evaluating the immune response after bivalent BNT162b2 vaccination. METHODS A cohort of healthcare workers, who already underwent primary vaccination and boosting with monovalent BNT162b2 vaccine, received a booster dose of the new BNT162b2 bivalent formulation. Blood samples were taken immediately before vaccination (T0) and 1 month afterwards (T1). Humoral and cellular immunity were assayed with Roche Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 and Roche Elecsys IGRA SARS-CoV-2, respectively. RESULTS The study population consisted of 51 subjects (median age: 43 years; 51% females). Total anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and IGRA SARS-CoV-2 values increased at T1 from 9,050 to 25,000 BAU/mL (p<0.001), and from 0.44 to 0.78 IU/mL (p=0.385), accounting for median increase of 2.0 and 1.6 folds, respectively. Increased T1 values of total anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and IGRA SARS-CoV-2 were recorded in 100% and 68.6% subjects, respectively. In those with baseline values below the median, post-vaccine levels displayed larger increases of 3.3 and 5.1 folds for anti-SARS-CoV-2 total antibodies and IGRA SARS-CoV-2, respectively. The variation of total anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was inversely associated with their T0 values (r=-0.97; p<0.001), whilst that of IGRA SARS-CoV-2 was inversely associated with its T0 value (r=-0.58; p<0.001). No other signifcant associations were found with demographical or clinical variables, including side effects. CONCLUSIONS The bivalent BNT162b2 vaccine booster enhances humoral and cellular immunity against SARS-CoV-2, especially in recipients with lower baseline biological protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gian Luca Salvagno
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Service of Laboratory Medicine, Pederzoli Hospital, Peschiera del Garda, Italy
| | - Laura Pighi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Service of Laboratory Medicine, Pederzoli Hospital, Peschiera del Garda, Italy
| | - Brandon M Henry
- Clinical Laboratory, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Myriam Valentini
- Service of Laboratory Medicine, Pederzoli Hospital, Peschiera del Garda, Italy
| | - Beatrice Tonin
- Medical Direction, Pederzoli Hospital, Peschiera del Garda, Italy
| | - Damiano Bragantini
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Pederzoli Hospital, Peschiera del Garda, Italy
| | | | - Simone De Nitto
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Service of Laboratory Medicine, Pederzoli Hospital, Peschiera del Garda, Italy
| | - Mario Plebani
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Development of Next Generation Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 and Variants of Concern. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030624. [PMID: 36992333 PMCID: PMC10057551 DOI: 10.3390/v15030624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has caused the COVID-19 pandemic, with over 673 million infections and 6.85 million deaths globally. Novel mRNA and viral-vectored vaccines were developed and licensed for global immunizations under emergency approval. They have demonstrated good safety and high protective efficacy against the SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan strain. However, the emergence of highly infectious and transmissible variants of concern (VOCs) such as Omicron was associated with considerable reductions in the protective efficacy of the current vaccines. The development of next-generation vaccines that could confer broad protection against both the SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan strain and VOCs is urgently needed. A bivalent mRNA vaccine encoding the Spike proteins of both the SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan strain and the Omicron variant has been constructed and approved by the US FDA. However, mRNA vaccines are associated with instability and require an extremely low temperature (−80 °C) for storage and transportation. They also require complex synthesis and multiple chromatographic purifications. Peptide-based next-generation vaccines could be developed by relying on in silico predictions to identify peptides specifying highly conserved B, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes to elicit broad and long-lasting immune protection. These epitopes were validated in animal models and in early phase clinical trials to demonstrate immunogenicity and safety. Next-generation peptide vaccine formulations could be developed to incorporate only naked peptides, but they are costly to synthesize and production would generate extensive chemical waste. Continual production of recombinant peptides specifying immunogenic B and T cell epitopes could be achieved in hosts such as E. coli or yeast. However, recombinant protein/peptide vaccines require purification before administration. The DNA vaccine might serve as the most effective next-generation vaccine for low-income countries, since it does not require an extremely low temperature for storage or need extensive chromatographic purification. The construction of recombinant plasmids carrying genes specifying highly conserved B and T cell epitopes meant that vaccine candidates representing highly conserved antigenic regions could be rapidly developed. Poor immunogenicity of DNA vaccines could be overcome by the incorporation of chemical or molecular adjuvants and the development of nanoparticles for effective delivery.
Collapse
|
8
|
Lee M, Major M, Hong H. Distinct Conformations of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Spike Protein and Its Interaction with ACE2 and Antibody. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3774. [PMID: 36835186 PMCID: PMC9967551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Since November 2021, Omicron has been the dominant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant that causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and has continuously impacted human health. Omicron sublineages are still increasing and cause increased transmission and infection rates. The additional 15 mutations on the receptor binding domain (RBD) of Omicron spike proteins change the protein conformation, enabling the Omicron variant to evade neutralizing antibodies. For this reason, many efforts have been made to design new antigenic variants to induce effective antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development. However, understanding the different states of Omicron spike proteins with and without external molecules has not yet been addressed. In this review, we analyze the structures of the spike protein in the presence and absence of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and antibodies. Compared to previously determined structures for the wildtype spike protein and other variants such as alpha, beta, delta, and gamma, the Omicron spike protein adopts a partially open form. The open-form spike protein with one RBD up is dominant, followed by the open-form spike protein with two RBD up, and the closed-form spike protein with the RBD down. It is suggested that the competition between antibodies and ACE2 induces interactions between adjacent RBDs of the spike protein, which lead to a partially open form of the Omicron spike protein. The comprehensive structural information of Omicron spike proteins could be helpful for the efficient design of vaccines against the Omicron variant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myeongsang Lee
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Marian Major
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Huixiao Hong
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fiorelli D, Francavilla B, Magrini A, Di Girolamo S, Bernardini S, Nuccetelli M. Evaluation of the accuracy in the mucosal detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in nasal secretions and saliva. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 115:109615. [PMID: 36563531 PMCID: PMC9763213 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccination with mRNA vaccines induces immune responses capable of neutralizing SARS-CoV-2. Commercially available serological anti-SARS-CoV-2 quantitative and neutralizing assays are essential for the determination of immune responses to vaccines. Nevertheless, at present there is a lack of validated tests to assess the mucosal response to COVID-19 vaccination and standardized analytic and pre-analytic methods have not yet been defined. The aim of our study was to evaluate the accuracy of two diagnostic immunoassays for COVID-19 (ELISA for IgA-S1 and chemiluminescent assay for IgG-RBD) on serum, saliva, and nasal secretions, by the enrollment of three study populations (healthy controls, vaccinated subjects, and subjects recovered from COVID-19 infection). In order to obtain an appropriate cut-off value for the biological matrices studied, ROC curve analyses were performed. Data demonstrate that the analytical and pre-analytical method we have developed can provide accurate and reliable results for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 mucosal specific antibodies (IgA-S1 and IgG-RBD) on saliva and, as a novelty, on nasal secretions, either after COVID-19 infection or in vaccinated subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise Fiorelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Francavilla
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Magrini
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Di Girolamo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Bernardini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Marzia Nuccetelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy,Corresponding authors
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
The Influence of Booster Shot and SARS-CoV-2 Infection on the Anti-Spike Antibody Concentration One Year after the First COVID-19 Vaccine Dose Administration. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020278. [PMID: 36851157 PMCID: PMC9962896 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This study pictures the humoral response of 100 vaccinees to Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine over a year, with particular focus on the influence of a booster shot administered around 10 months after the primary immunization. The response to the vaccination was assessed with Diasorin's SARS-CoV-2 TrimericSpike IgG. Abbott's SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid IgG immunoassay was used to identify SARS-CoV-2 contact, even asymptomatic. In contrast to the gradual decline of the anti-spike IgG between 30 and 240 days after the first dose, an increase was noted between days 240 and 360 in the whole cohort. However, a statistically significant rise was seen only in boosted individuals, and this effect of the booster decreased over time. An increase was also observed in non-boosted but recently infected participants and a decrease was reported in non-boosted, non-infected subjects. These changes were not statistically significant. On day 360, a percentage of new SARS-CoV-2 infections was statistically lower in the boosted vs. non-boosted subgroups. The booster immunization is the most efficient way of stimulating production of anti-spike, potentially neutralizing antibodies. The response is additionally enhanced by the natural contact with the virus. Individuals with a low level of anti-spike antibodies may benefit the most from the booster dose administration.
Collapse
|
11
|
Mohseni Afshar Z, Barary M, Hosseinzadeh R, Karim B, Ebrahimpour S, Nazary K, Sio TT, Sullman MJM, Carson-Chahhoud K, Moudi E, Babazadeh A. COVID-19 vaccination challenges: A mini-review. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2066425. [PMID: 35512088 PMCID: PMC9302531 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2066425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has led to the infection of many people across the globe, over six million deaths, and has placed an unprecedented burden on public health worldwide. The pandemic has led to the high-speed development and production of vaccines against the COVID-19, as vaccines can end the pandemic. At the beginning of the program, vaccinations were initially targeted only at high-risk groups, such as the elderly, those with comorbidities, or healthcare workers. Although most of the mentioned populations have received the two recommended doses, limited resources have left many authorities with an effective vaccine undersupply. Therefore, policies have been implemented to manage the available doses of the vaccines more efficiently. As there is no universally agreed consensus on this topic, we discuss the different recommendations and guidelines regarding the time interval between the two vaccine doses and explain the different scenarios for applying the two doses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Mohseni Afshar
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Barary
- Student Research Committee, Virtual School of Medical Education and Management, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rezvan Hosseinzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Bardia Karim
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Soheil Ebrahimpour
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Kosar Nazary
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Terence T. Sio
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Mark J. M. Sullman
- Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Emaduddin Moudi
- Clinical Research Development Center, Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Arefeh Babazadeh
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nah E, Cho S, Park H, Kim S, Noh D, Kwon E, Cho H. Antibody response after two doses of homologous or heterologous SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in healthcare workers at health promotion centers: A prospective observational study. J Med Virol 2022; 94:4719-4726. [PMID: 35655438 PMCID: PMC9347810 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Assaying of anti-spike-protein receptor-binding domain (S-RBD) antibodies are used to aid evaluations of the immune statuses of individuals. The aim of this study was to determine the antibody response after two doses of homologous or heterologous severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines and to identify the factors affecting this response among healthcare workers (HCWs) at health promotion centers. In this prospective observational study, 1095 consenting HCWs were recruited from 16 health checkup centers and were tested at T0 (day of first dose), T1-1 (1 month after first dose), T2-0 (day of second dose), T2-1 (1 month after second dose), and T2-3 (3 months after second dose). SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were measured using a chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay with SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant in the ARCHITECT system (Abbott Diagnostics). At T1-1, anti-SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG levels were significantly higher in participants who received messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines than in those who received viral vector vaccines (p < 0.001). At T2-1, anti-SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG levels were about 10 times higher than at T1-1 in participants who received homologous mRNA vaccines, which decreased to a third of those at T2-3. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG levels were highest among those who received homologous mRNA vaccines, followed by heterologous mRNA viral vector vaccines and homologous viral vector vaccines at T2-3 (p < 0.001). In a multivariable linear regression analysis, being female, taking at least one mRNA vaccine, and having a history of recovery from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were significantly associated with anti-S-RBD levels. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG levels were decreased at 3 months after two-dose vaccinations and were associated with sex, vaccine type, and COVID-19 history.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun‐Hee Nah
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Health Promotion Research InstituteKorea Association of Health PromotionSeoulKorea
| | - Seon Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Health Promotion Research InstituteKorea Association of Health PromotionSeoulKorea
| | - Hyeran Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Health Promotion Research InstituteKorea Association of Health PromotionSeoulKorea
| | - Suyoung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Health Promotion Research InstituteKorea Association of Health PromotionSeoulKorea
| | - Dongwon Noh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Health Promotion Research InstituteKorea Association of Health PromotionSeoulKorea
| | - Eunjoo Kwon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Health Promotion Research InstituteKorea Association of Health PromotionSeoulKorea
| | - Han‐Ik Cho
- MEDIcheck LAB, Korea Association of Health PromotionSeoulKorea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lapić I, Rogić D, Šegulja D, Kozmar A, Kmet M, Đerek L, Zadro R. Unusual total anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody kinetics observed during longitudinal monitoring after BNT162b2 vaccination. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2022; 82:486-491. [PMID: 36129409 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2022.2123388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to clarify unusual total antibody kinetics in three female individuals observed during longitudinal monitoring of antibody response to BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine in 54 healthy volunteers. Total and IgG antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein were measured using Roche and Abbott quantitative assays, respectively, a day before and 8, 71, 135 and 217 days after the second dose. Samples showing unusual kinetics were additionally tested with Beckman Coulter and Euroimmun IgG assays, as well as IgA assay. Antibody levels peaked 8 days after the second dose (total:2769 U/mL; IgG:20022 AU/mL) and declined to 611 U/mL (total) and 783 AU/mL (IgG), after 217 days. A delayed increase of total but not IgG antibodies evidenced in three females, was in two cases coupled with an increase in IgA antibodies. This study identified a previously unknown contribution of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA antibodies to a delayed total antibody increase in a subgroup of vaccinated individuals. It also emphasizes that different commercially available serological assays do not provide uniform information about the post-vaccination immune status and that thorough understanding the assays' features is crucial for the proper interpretation of antibody response monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Lapić
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dunja Rogić
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dragana Šegulja
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Kozmar
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marta Kmet
- Clinical Department for Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lovorka Đerek
- Clinical Department for Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Dubrava, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Renata Zadro
- Medical Biochemistry Laboratory, St Catherine Specialty Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bian L, Li Z, He A, Wu B, Yang H, Wu Y, Hu F, Lin G, Zhang D. Ultrabright nanoparticle-labeled lateral flow immunoassay for detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies in human serum. Biomaterials 2022; 288:121694. [PMID: 35977850 PMCID: PMC9360774 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The level of anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (NAb) is an indispensable reference for evaluating the acquired protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Here, we established an ultrabright nanoparticles-based lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) for one-step rapid semi-quantitative detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 NAb in vaccinee's serum. Once embedded in polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles, the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) luminogen, AIE490, exhibited ultrabright fluorescence due to the rigidity of PS and severe inhibition of intramolecular motions. The ultrabright AIE490-PS nanoparticle was used as a fluorescent marker of LFIA. Upon optimized conditions including incubation time, concentrations of coated proteins and conjugated nanoparticles, amounts of antigens modified on the surface of nanoparticles, dilution rate of serum samples, and so on, the ultrabright nanoparticles-based LFIA could accurately identify 70 negative samples and 63 positive samples from human serum (p < 0.0001). The intra- and inter-assay precisions of the established method are above 13% and 16%, respectively. The established LFIA has tremendous practical value of generalization as a rapid semi-quantitative detection method of anti-SARS-CoV-2 NAb. Meanwhile, the AIE490-PS nanoparticle is also promising to detect many other analytes by altering the protein on the surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lun Bian
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyue Li
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - An He
- The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou City, Chenzhou, China
| | - Biru Wu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingsong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Fang Hu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Biomaterials Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Guanfeng Lin
- Experimental Center of Teaching and Scientific Research, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Deqing Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Quantitative Analysis of Anti-N and Anti-S Antibody Titers of SARS-CoV-2 Infection after the Third Dose of COVID-19 Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071143. [PMID: 35891307 PMCID: PMC9321317 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We quantitatively analyzed SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels in patients after two doses of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine and the third BNT162b2 booster. We obtained 255 serum samples from 149 healthcare workers 1 and 4 months after the third dose. Of the 149 participants, 58 (38.9%) experienced COVID-19 infection during the 4-month study period, with infection occurring 7−62 days before the second blood draw. Total antibody titers against the anti-spike (anti-S) and anti-nucleocapsid (anti-N) proteins of SARS-CoV-2 were measured using Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S and Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 assays (Roche), respectively. The median anti-S antibody titer in the non-infected groups at 4 months after the third dose was significantly decreased compared to that at 1 month after the third dose (from 17,777 to 3673 U/mL, p < 0.001). The infected group showed higher median anti-S antibody titers at 4 months (19,539 U/mL) than the non-infected group (3673 U/mL). The median anti-N antibody titer in the infected group at 4 months after the third dose was a 5.07 cut-off index (79.3% positivity). Anti-N antibody titers in the infected group were correlated with the number of days after SARS-CoV-2 infection. These data provide useful information for determining quarantine strategies and fourth vaccination requirements.
Collapse
|
16
|
Shen H, Chen X, Zeng L, Xu X, Tao Y, Kang S, Lu Y, Lian M, Yang C, Zhu Z. Magnetofluid-Integrated Multicolor Immunochip for Visual Analysis of Neutralizing Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 Variants. Anal Chem 2022; 94:8458-8465. [PMID: 35658117 PMCID: PMC9211038 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The global spread of SARS-CoV-2 virus has severely affected human health, life, and work. Vaccine immunization is considered to be an effective means to protect the body from infection. Therefore, timely analysis of the antibody level is helpful to identify people with low immune response or attenuated antibodies so as to carry out targeted and precise vaccine booster immunization. Herein, we develop a magnetofluid-integrated multicolor immunochip, as a sample-to-answer system in a fully enclosed space, for visual analysis of neutralizing antibodies of SARS-CoV-2. Generally, this chip adopts an innovative three-dimensional two-phase system that utilizes mineral oil to block the connection between reagent wells in the vertical direction and provides a wide interface for rapid and nondestructive shuttle of magnetic beads during the immunoassay. In order to obtain visualized signal output, gold nanorods with a size-dependent color effect are used as the colorful chromogenic substrates for evaluation of the antibody level. Using this chip, the neutralizing antibodies were successfully detected in vaccine-immunized volunteers with 83.3% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Furthermore, changes in antibody levels of the same individual over time were also reflected by the multicolor assay. Overall, benefiting from simple operation, airtight safety, and nonrequirement of external equipment, this platform can provide a new point-of-care testing strategy for alleviating the shortage of medical resources and promoting epidemic control in underdeveloped areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haicong Shen
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation,
Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials,
Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key
Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of
Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xinying Chen
- Clinical
Laboratory, Xiamen University Hospital, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Liuqing Zeng
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation,
Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials,
Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key
Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of
Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xing Xu
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation,
Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials,
Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key
Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of
Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yingzhou Tao
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation,
Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials,
Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key
Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of
Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Siyin Kang
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation,
Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials,
Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key
Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of
Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yinzhu Lu
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation,
Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials,
Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key
Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of
Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Mingjian Lian
- Clinical
Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital
of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chaoyong Yang
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation,
Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials,
Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key
Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of
Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Institute
of Molecular Medicine, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji
Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao
Tong University Shanghai, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Zhi Zhu
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation,
Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials,
Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, State Key
Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of
Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Worsley CM, van der Mescht MA, Hoffmann D, Meyer PWA, Ueckermann V, Rossouw TM. Decline in antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 post-vaccination poses a risk to health care workers. J Infect 2022; 85:334-363. [PMID: 35705136 PMCID: PMC9188487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Worsley
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa.
| | - Mieke A van der Mescht
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Daniel Hoffmann
- National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa; Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Pieter W A Meyer
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa
| | - Veronica Ueckermann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Theresa M Rossouw
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Swadźba J, Anyszek T, Panek A, Chojęta A, Wyrzykowska K, Martin E. Head-to-Head Comparison of 5 Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Assays Performance in One Hundred COVID-19 Vaccinees, over an 8-Month Course. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:1426. [PMID: 35741236 PMCID: PMC9221713 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12061426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunoassays used to measure anti-spike SARS-CoV-2 antibodies are widely available on the market. However, their performance in COVID-19 vaccinees is not yet adequately assessed. Our study provides a head-to-head comparison of five methods: Abbott's S1-RBD IgG, Roche's S1-RBD total antibody, Euroimmun's S1 IgG, and DiaSorin's TrimericS IgG and S1/S2 IgG assays. Testing was performed in one hundred vaccinated subjects, at eight timepoints over eight months after vaccination. The results differed substantially between methods; however, they correlated strongly and demonstrated the individuals' responses to both doses of vaccination and the waning of humoral immunity after eight months. Importantly, we encountered a high percentage of results above the assay-specific upper quantitation limit (UQL) for undiluted samples. This was the most pronounced for the Roche's and Euroimmun's assays. The Abbott's assay showed the lowest percentage of results above the UQL. We also attempted to find a common way to establish antibody concentrations that might be classified as high. However, this resulted in between 10% and 100% of such results for different methods on day 240'. This highlights the need for an assay-specific approach for adjusting the cut-offs that may indicate COVID-19 immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Swadźba
- Medical Department Diagnostyka S.A., 31-864 Krakow, Poland; (J.S.); (T.A.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (K.W.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, 30-705 Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Anyszek
- Medical Department Diagnostyka S.A., 31-864 Krakow, Poland; (J.S.); (T.A.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (K.W.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, 30-705 Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Panek
- Medical Department Diagnostyka S.A., 31-864 Krakow, Poland; (J.S.); (T.A.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (K.W.)
| | - Agnieszka Chojęta
- Medical Department Diagnostyka S.A., 31-864 Krakow, Poland; (J.S.); (T.A.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (K.W.)
| | - Kinga Wyrzykowska
- Medical Department Diagnostyka S.A., 31-864 Krakow, Poland; (J.S.); (T.A.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (K.W.)
| | - Emilia Martin
- Medical Department Diagnostyka S.A., 31-864 Krakow, Poland; (J.S.); (T.A.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (K.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Çağlayan D, Süner AF, Şiyve N, Güzel I, Irmak Ç, Işik E, Appak Ö, Çelik M, Öztürk G, Alp Çavuş S, Ergör G, Sayiner A, Ergör A, Demiral Y, Kiliç B. An analysis of antibody response following the second dose of CoronaVac and humoral response after booster dose with BNT162b2 or CoronaVac among healthcare workers in Turkey. J Med Virol 2022; 94:2212-2221. [PMID: 35075655 PMCID: PMC9015267 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Limited data are available on the short- to midterm levels of antibodies to the CoronaVac vaccine and quantitative change in humoral response after homologous or heterologous booster doses. In this prospective cohort study, we evaluated the anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD) immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels after two doses of CoronaVac and heterologous/homologous booster administration among healthcare workers in a university hospital in Turkey. Quantitative anti-RBD IgG antibody levels were measured at first and fourth months in 560 healthcare workers who had completed two doses of CoronaVac vaccine, and within 2 months after the third dose of CoronaVac or BNT162b2. Participants were asked to complete a questionnaire during the first blood draw. The seropositivity rate was 98.9% and 89.1%, and the median antibody level was 469.2 AU/ml and 166.5 AU/ml at first and fourth month, respectively. In the fourth month, a mean reduction of 61.4% ± 20% in antibody levels was observed in 79.8% of the participants. The presence of chronic disease (odds ratio [OR]: 1.76, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.15-2.69) and being in the 36-50 age group (OR: 2.11, 95% CI: 1.39-3.19) were identified as independent predictors for low antibody response. The antibody level increased 104.8-fold (median: 17 609.4 vs. 168 AU/ml) and 8.7-fold (median: 1237.9 vs. 141.4 AU/ml) in the participants who received BNT162b2 and CoronaVac, respectively. During the follow-up, 25 healthcare workers (4.5%) were infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Considering the waning immunity and circulating variants, a single booster dose of messenger RNA vaccine seems reasonable after the inactivated vaccine especially in risk groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derya Çağlayan
- Department of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, School of MedicineDokuz Eylül UniversityIzmirTurkey
| | - Ahmet F. Süner
- Department of Public Health, School of MedicineDokuz Eylül UniversityIzmirTurkey
| | - Neslişah Şiyve
- Department of Public Health, School of MedicineDokuz Eylül UniversityIzmirTurkey
| | - Irmak Güzel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of MedicineDokuz Eylül UniversityIzmirTurkey
| | - Çağlar Irmak
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, School of MedicineDokuz Eylül UniversityIzmirTurkey
| | - Elif Işik
- Department of Public Health, School of MedicineDokuz Eylül UniversityIzmirTurkey
| | - Özgür Appak
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of MedicineDokuz Eylül UniversityIzmirTurkey
| | - Muammer Çelik
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, School of MedicineDokuz Eylül UniversityIzmirTurkey
| | - Gamze Öztürk
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of MedicineDokuz Eylül UniversityIzmirTurkey
| | - Sema Alp Çavuş
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of MedicineDokuz Eylül UniversityIzmirTurkey
| | - Gül Ergör
- Department of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, School of MedicineDokuz Eylül UniversityIzmirTurkey
| | - Arzu Sayiner
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of MedicineDokuz Eylül UniversityIzmirTurkey
| | - Alp Ergör
- Department of Public Health, School of MedicineDokuz Eylül UniversityIzmirTurkey
| | - Yücel Demiral
- Department of Public Health, School of MedicineDokuz Eylül UniversityIzmirTurkey
| | - Bülent Kiliç
- Department of Public Health, School of MedicineDokuz Eylül UniversityIzmirTurkey
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Salvagno GL, Henry BM, Pighi L, de NS, Lippi G. Total anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies measured 6 months after Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccination in healthcare workers. J Med Biochem 2022; 41:199-203. [PMID: 35510202 PMCID: PMC9010038 DOI: 10.5937/jomb0-33999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed at monitoring the kinetics of serum total anti-SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) antibodies in a cohort of healthcare workers after voluntary vaccination with Pfizer-BioNTech coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA-based vaccine. Methods The study population consisted of 787 healthcare workers (mean age 44±12 years; 66% females), who received two 30 mg doses of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, 3 weeks apart. Venous blood was drawn before the first vaccine dose, immediately before the second vaccine dose, and then at 1, 3 and 6 months after the second vaccine dose. Serological testing employed the total antiSARS-CoV-2 antibodies measurement with Roche Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S chemiluminescent immunoassay. Results The median serum levels of total anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies reached the peak (1762 kU/L) 1 month after the second vaccine dose, but tended to progressively decline at the 3-month (1086 kU/L) and 6-month (802 kU/L) follow-up points. Overall, the values after 3and 6months were 37% and 57% lower than the corresponding concentrations measured at the peak. No healthcare worker had total anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies below the method-dependent cut-off after 6 months. The decline compared to the peak was more accentuated in baseline seropositive persons than in those who were baseline seronegative (74% vs. 52%) cohort. The 6-month post-vaccination anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in subjects aged <65 years remained over 2-fold higher than in those aged ≥65 years (813 vs. 343 kU/L) and also remained consistently higher in women than in men. Conclusions Gradual decline of total anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies occurred 6 months after Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccination, though values remained higher than the method-dependent cut-off, with no case of sero-negativization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brandon M. Henry
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, The Heart Institute, Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Laura Pighi
- University of Verona, Section of Clinical Biochemistry, Verona, Italy
| | - Nitto Simone de
- University of Verona, Section of Clinical Biochemistry, Verona, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lippi
- University of Verona, Section of Clinical Biochemistry, Verona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Rzymski P, Pazgan-Simon M, Kamerys J, Moniuszko-Malinowska A, Sikorska K, Wernik J, Zarębska-Michaluk D, Supronowicz Ł, Sobala-Szczygieł B, Skrzat-Klapaczyńska A, Simon K, Piekarska A, Czupryna P, Pawłowska M, Brzdęk M, Jaroszewicz J, Kowalska J, Renke M, Flisiak R. Severe Breakthrough COVID-19 Cases during Six Months of Delta Variant (B.1.617.2) Domination in Poland. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:557. [PMID: 35455306 PMCID: PMC9025315 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10040557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of a highly transmissible and a more pathogenic B.1.617.2 (delta) variant of SARS-CoV-2 has brought concern over COVID-19 vaccine efficacy and the increased risk of severe breakthrough infections. The objective of this study was to assess the frequency and the clinical characteristics of severe breakthrough COVID-19 cases recorded in 10 Polish healthcare units between 1 June and 31 December 2021, a period during which a rapid surge in the share of B.1.617.2 infections was seen, while a significant number of populations were already fully vaccinated. Overall, 723 individuals who completed the initial vaccination regime (fully vaccinated group) and an additional 18 who received a booster dose were identified—together, they represented 20.8% of all the COVID-19 patients hospitalized during the same period in the same healthcare institutions (0.5% in the case of a group that received a booster dose). Although laboratory and clinical parameters did not differ between both groups, patients who received a booster tended to have lower CRP, IL-6, PCT, and d-dimer levels and they required oxygen therapy less frequently. The most common early COVID-19 symptoms in the studied group were fatigue, cough, fever (>38 °C), and dyspnea. Individuals with no detectable anti-spike IgG antibodies constituted 13%; the odds of being a humoral non-responder to the vaccine were increased in patients aged >70 years. Fully vaccinated patients hospitalized after more than 180 days from the last vaccine dose were significantly older and they were predominantly represented by individuals over 70 years and with comorbidities, particularly cardiovascular disease. Contrary to mRNA vaccines, most patients vaccinated with adenoviral vector vaccines were infected within six months. A total of 102 fatal cases (14% of all deaths among vaccinated individuals; 0.7% in the case of a group that received a booster dose) were recorded, representing 17.6% of all the COVID-19 fatalities recorded in June−December 2021 in the considered healthcare units. The odds of death were significantly increased in men, individuals aged >70 years, patients with comorbidities, and those identified as humoral non-responders to vaccination; in fully vaccinated patients the odds were also increased when the second vaccine dose was given >180 days before the first COVID-19 symptoms. The mortality rate in immunocompromised subjects was 19%. The results indicate that compared to vaccinated individuals, severe COVID-19 and deaths in the unvaccinated group were significantly more prevalent during the B.1.617.2-dominated wave in Poland; and, it highlight the protective role of a booster dose, particularly for more vulnerable individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Rzymski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-806 Poznań, Poland
- Integrated Science Association (ISA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), 60-806 Poznań, Poland
| | - Monika Pazgan-Simon
- 1st Infectious Diseases Ward, Gromkowski Regional Specialist Hospital, 50-149 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Wrocław Medical University, 51-149 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Juliusz Kamerys
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Łódź, 90-549 Łódź, Poland; (J.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Anna Moniuszko-Malinowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland; (A.M.-M.); (P.C.)
| | - Katarzyna Sikorska
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Epidemiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-210 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Joanna Wernik
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (J.W.); (M.P.)
| | - Dorota Zarębska-Michaluk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-369 Kielce, Poland; (D.Z.-M.); (M.B.)
| | - Łukasz Supronowicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Białystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland; (Ł.S.); (R.F.)
| | - Barbara Sobala-Szczygieł
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (B.S.-S.); (J.J.)
| | - Agata Skrzat-Klapaczyńska
- Department of Adults’ Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (A.S.-K.); (J.K.)
| | - Krzysztof Simon
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Wrocław Medical University, 51-149 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Anna Piekarska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Łódź, 90-549 Łódź, Poland; (J.K.); (A.P.)
| | - Piotr Czupryna
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Białystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland; (A.M.-M.); (P.C.)
| | - Małgorzata Pawłowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (J.W.); (M.P.)
| | - Michał Brzdęk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-369 Kielce, Poland; (D.Z.-M.); (M.B.)
| | - Jerzy Jaroszewicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (B.S.-S.); (J.J.)
| | - Justyna Kowalska
- Department of Adults’ Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland; (A.S.-K.); (J.K.)
| | - Marcin Renke
- Division of Occupational, Metabolic and Internal Diseases, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, 81-519 Gdynia, Poland;
| | - Robert Flisiak
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Medical University of Białystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland; (Ł.S.); (R.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Notarte KI, Guerrero-Arguero I, Velasco JV, Ver AT, de Oliveira MHS, Catahay JA, Khan SR, Pastrana A, Juszczyk G, Torrelles JB, Lippi G, Martinez-Sobrido L, Henry BM. Characterization of the significant decline in humoral immune response six months post-SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination: A systematic review. J Med Virol 2022; 94:2939-2961. [PMID: 35229324 PMCID: PMC9088566 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence shows a progressive decline in the efficacy of coronavirus disease 2019 (SARS-CoV-2) mRNA vaccines such as Pfizer-BioNTech (mRNA BNT161b2) and Moderna (mRNA-1273) in preventing breakthrough infections due to diminishing humoral immunity over time. Thus, this review characterizes the kinetics of anti-SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) antibodies after the second dose of a primary cycle of COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. A systematic search of literature was performed and a total of 18 articles (N=15,980 participants) were identified and reviewed. The percent difference of means of reported antibody titers were then calculated to determine the decline in humoral response after the peak levels post-vaccination. Findings revealed that the peak humoral response was reached at 21-28 days after the second dose, after which serum levels progressively diminished at 4-6 months post-vaccination. Additionally, results showed that regardless of age, sex, serostatus and presence of comorbidities, longitudinal data reporting antibody measurement exhibited a decline of both anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG and anti-spike IgG, ranging from 94-95% at 90-180 days and 55-85% at 140-160 days, respectively, after the peak antibody response. This suggests that the rate of antibody decline may be independent of patient-related factors and peak antibody titers but mainly a function of time and antibody class/molecular target. Hence, this study highlights the necessity of more efficient vaccination strategies to provide booster administration in attenuating the effects of waning immunity, especially in the appearance of new variants of concerns (VoCs). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kin Israel Notarte
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Israel Guerrero-Arguero
- Disease Intervention & Prevention and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Siddiqur Rahman Khan
- Disease Intervention & Prevention and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Adriel Pastrana
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Grzegorz Juszczyk
- Department of Public Health, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Disease Intervention & Prevention and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Luis Martinez-Sobrido
- Disease Intervention & Prevention and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Brandon Michael Henry
- Disease Intervention & Prevention and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Girl P, Zwirglmaier K, von Buttlar H, Wölfel R, Müller K. Evaluation of Two Rapid Lateral Flow Tests and Two Surrogate ELISAs for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Specific Neutralizing Antibodies. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:820151. [PMID: 35187003 PMCID: PMC8854747 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.820151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 progresses rapidly around the world, reliable detection of SARS-CoV-2 specific neutralizing antibodies (NAb) has become an indispensable component of serological diagnostics. We evaluated the performance of four commercially available tests, i.e. two lateral flow assays (Coris BioConcept COVID-19 Sero NP/RBD and Concile InfectCheck COVID-19 NAb) and two surrogate ELISA (sELISA) tests (EUROIMMUN SARS-CoV-2 NeutraLISA and AdipoGen SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies Detection Kit) in comparison with an in-house SARS-CoV-2 micro neutralization test as reference. A total of 334 sera were tested, including 30 samples collected prior to the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, 128 sera from convalescent patients as well as 176 sera from partially or fully vaccinated individuals. The overall sensitivity of LFAs differed and was 71.6% for the Coris and 98.4% for the Concile. In contrast, overall sensitivity of the NeutraLISA was 86 and 98% for the AdipoGen. All test showed the highest sensitivity when testing samples from fully vaccinated individuals with both sELISA achieving 100% sensitivity. Overall specificity was 89.3% for the Coris and only 58.3% for the Concile. Similarly, significant differences were observed for both sELISA, with an overall specificity of 82.1% for the NeutraLISA and only 54.8% for the AdipoGen. All tests showed a 100% specificity when testing negative control samples while specificities were lowest when testing samples from only partially vaccinated individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Girl
- Department of Virology and intracellular Pathogens, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
- Department of Bacteriology and Toxinology, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
- Department of Diagnostics, Innovation and Verification, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Zwirglmaier
- Department of Virology and intracellular Pathogens, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
- Department of Bacteriology and Toxinology, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
- Department of Diagnostics, Innovation and Verification, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Heiner von Buttlar
- Department of Virology and intracellular Pathogens, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
- Department of Bacteriology and Toxinology, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
- Department of Diagnostics, Innovation and Verification, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roman Wölfel
- Department of Virology and intracellular Pathogens, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
- Department of Bacteriology and Toxinology, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
- Department of Diagnostics, Innovation and Verification, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Müller
- Department of Virology and intracellular Pathogens, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
- Department of Bacteriology and Toxinology, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
- Department of Diagnostics, Innovation and Verification, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Katharina Müller
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Persistent T-Cell Reactivity in a Seronegative Patient after SARS-CoV-2 Infection and One Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10010114. [PMID: 35062775 PMCID: PMC8780102 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We present here a 64-year-old male participant of the CoNAN study who experienced a PCR-confirmed mild SARS-CoV-2 infection but did not develop any measurable antibody response. Additionally, after vaccination with ChAdOx1 (AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK) 11 months later, no antibodies were detected in six serological tests three weeks after the vaccination. When we assessed T-helper (Th) cell immunity, SARS-CoV-2-specific Th cells produced detectable amounts of IFNγ and TNF six weeks after the infection. A robust T-cell immunity remained detectable at least until six months after the infection and was boosted by the vaccination thereafter. This case report points out that an assessment of a prior infection or a vaccine response based solely on antibody detection might have limitations in individual patients.
Collapse
|
25
|
Sabalza M, Heckler I, Elhage A, Venkataraman I, Henry B. COVID-19: Testing Landscape Post-Infection, -Vaccination, and Future Perspectives. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:5-14. [PMID: 35020523 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic. Although molecular testing remains the gold standard for COVID-19 diagnosis, serological testing enables the evaluation of the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and vaccination, and can be used to assess community viral spread. This review summarizes and analyzes the current landscape of SARS-CoV-2 testing in the United States and includes guidance on both when and why it is important to use direct pathogen detection and/or serological testing. The usefulness of monitoring humoral and cellular immune responses in infected and vaccinated patients is also addressed. Finally, this review considers current challenges, future perspectives for SARS-CoV-2 testing, and how diagnostics are being adapted as the virus evolves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aya Elhage
- EUROIMMUN US, Mountain Lakes, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Brandon Henry
- Clinical Laboratory, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels and kinetics of vaccine response: potential role for unresolved inflammation following recovery from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sci Rep 2022; 12:385. [PMID: 35013457 PMCID: PMC8749002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04344-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response after SARS-CoV-2 vaccine administration appears to be characterized by high inter-individual variation, even in SARS-CoV-2 positive subjects, who could have experienced different post-infection, unresolved conditions. We monitored anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels and kinetics along with circulating biomarkers in a cohort of 175 healthcare workers during early immunization with COVID-19 mRNA-LNP BNT162b2 vaccine, to identify the associated factors. Subjects with a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection were characterized by higher BMI and CRP levels and lower neutrophil count with respect to naïve subjects. Baseline IgG levels resulted associated with CRP independently on BMI and inflammatory diseases. Among 137 subjects undergoing vaccination and monitored after the first and the second dose, three kinetic patterns were identified. The pattern showing a rapid growth was characterized by higher IgG levels at baseline and higher CRP and MCHC levels than negative subjects. Subjects previously exposed to SARS-CoV-2 showed higher levels of CRP, suggesting persistence of unresolved inflammation. These levels are the main determinant of IgG levels at baseline and characterized subjects belonging to the best performing, post-vaccine antibody kinetic pattern.
Collapse
|
27
|
Lippi G, Mattiuzzi C, Henry BM. Updated picture of SARS-CoV-2 variants and mutations. Diagnosis (Berl) 2021; 9:11-17. [PMID: 34958184 DOI: 10.1515/dx-2021-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide burden of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still unremittingly prosecuting, with nearly 300 million infections and over 5.3 million deaths recorded so far since the origin of the SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic at the end of the year 2019. The fight against this new highly virulent beta coronavirus appears one of the most strenuous and long challenges that humanity has ever faced, since a definitive treatment has not been identified so far. The adoption of potentially useful physical preventive measures such as lockdowns, social distancing and face masking seems only partially effective for mitigating viral spread, though efficacy and continuation of such measures on the long term is questionable, due to many social and economic reasons. Many COVID-19 vaccines have been developed and are now widely used, though their effectiveness is challenged by several aspects such as low uptake and limited efficacy in some specific populations, as well as by continuous emergence of new mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome, accompanying the origin and spread of new variants, which in turn may contribute to further decrease the effectiveness of current vaccines and treatments. This article is hence aimed to provide an updated picture of SARS-CoV-2 variants and mutations that have emerged from November 2019 to present time (i.e., early December 2021).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry and School of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Camilla Mattiuzzi
- Service of Clinical Governance, Provincial Agency for Social and Sanitary Services, Trento, Italy
| | - Brandon M Henry
- Clinical Laboratory, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Disease Intervention & Prevention and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Guerrieri M, Francavilla B, Fiorelli D, Nuccetelli M, Passali FM, Coppeta L, Somma G, Bernardini S, Magrini A, Di Girolamo S. Nasal and Salivary Mucosal Humoral Immune Response Elicited by mRNA BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccine Compared to SARS-CoV-2 Natural Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9121499. [PMID: 34960244 PMCID: PMC8708818 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays are crucial in managing the COVID-19 pandemic. Approved mRNA COVID-19 vaccines are well known to induce a serum antibody responses against the spike protein and its RBD. Mucosal immunity plays a major role in the fight against COVID-19 directly at the site of virus entry; however, vaccine abilities to elicit mucosal immune responses have not been reported. We detected anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA-S1 and IgG-RBD in three study populations (healthy controls, vaccinated subjects, and subjects recovered from COVID-19 infection) on serum, saliva, and nasal secretions using two commercial immunoassays (ELISA for IgA-S1 and chemiluminescent assay for IgG-RBD). Our results show that the mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine Comirnaty (Pfizer/BioNTech, New York, NY, USA) determines the production of nasal and salivary IgA-S1 and IgG-RBD against SARS-CoV-2. This mucosal humoral immune response is stronger after the injection of the second vaccine dose compared to subjects recovered from COVID-19. Since there is a lack of validated assays on saliva and nasal secretions, this study shows that our pre-analytical and analytical procedures are consistent with the data. Our findings indicate that the mRNA COVID-19 vaccine elicits antigen-specific nasal and salivary immune responses, and that mucosal antibody assays could be used as candidates for non-invasive monitoring of vaccine-induced protection against viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariapia Guerrieri
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00100 Rome, Italy; (M.G.); (F.M.P.); (S.D.G.)
| | - Beatrice Francavilla
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00100 Rome, Italy; (M.G.); (F.M.P.); (S.D.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Denise Fiorelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00100 Rome, Italy; (D.F.); (M.N.); (S.B.)
| | - Marzia Nuccetelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00100 Rome, Italy; (D.F.); (M.N.); (S.B.)
| | - Francesco Maria Passali
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00100 Rome, Italy; (M.G.); (F.M.P.); (S.D.G.)
| | - Luca Coppeta
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00100 Rome, Italy; (L.C.); (G.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Giuseppina Somma
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00100 Rome, Italy; (L.C.); (G.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Sergio Bernardini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00100 Rome, Italy; (D.F.); (M.N.); (S.B.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, 00100 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Magrini
- Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00100 Rome, Italy; (L.C.); (G.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Stefano Di Girolamo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00100 Rome, Italy; (M.G.); (F.M.P.); (S.D.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Serological assessment is advisable before COVID-19 vaccination. Med J Armed Forces India 2021; 78:115-116. [PMID: 34873362 PMCID: PMC8635423 DOI: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
|
30
|
Giavarina D, Carta M. Improvements and limits of anti SARS-CoV-2 antibodies assays by WHO (NIBSC 20/136) standardization. Diagnosis (Berl) 2021; 9:274-279. [PMID: 34851563 DOI: 10.1515/dx-2021-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A few CLIA automated immunoassays for the recognition of anti S1-RBD SARS-CoV-2 antibodies have recently been placed on the market. Preliminary data demonstrate a high correlation between methods but wide differences in absolute concentrations. A new WHO international standard for anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin, NIBSC code 20/136, has been recently introduced to reduce the differences. The aim of this study is thus to verify the harmonization made by NIBSC 20/136 on Ab anti S1-RBD measurement on real samples. METHODS The following assays were studied: LIAISON® SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG (DiaSorin); Elecsys® anti-SARS-CoV-2 S (ROCHE); Atellica IM SARS-CoV-2 IgG (sCOVG) (Siemens); MAGLUMI® SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG (Snibe), measuring 210 samples from 70 health workers with no previous SARS-CoV2 infection, during their Pfizer-BioNTech's BNT162b2 vaccination period. RESULTS The recalculation of concentrations based on the NIBSC 20/136 standardization improve the analytical and diagnostic comparability but do not cancel this variability between methods: recalibrated results remain different across methods, both in terms of tendency and single data. CONCLUSIONS The recalculation of concentrations based on the NIBSC 20/136 standardization improves the analytical and diagnostic comparability but does not cancel the differences between methods: recalibrated results remain different across methods, both in terms of tendency and single data.
Collapse
|
31
|
Raposo F, Lippi G. Antibody response induced by the boost overdose during COVID-19 heterologous prime-boost vaccination strategy. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 523:201-204. [PMID: 34599902 PMCID: PMC8480142 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measurement of anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD Ig G antibody response is very important to define the dynamics of immunization in vaccine COVID-19 recipients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sera from four BNT162b2 vaccine recipients who erroneously received vaccine overdose were analyzed at different time-points. RESULTS At 6 days the serum increase of antibodies was analogous for the three SARS-CoV-2 naïve recipients. At 14 days the antibody level increased and reached a peak, though showing a different pattern among the three recipients. At 21 days the serum antibody level started to decrease from its maximum value. The data for the previously infected recipient were in agreement with values found in COVID-19 positive receivers. Thus, the prime-dose of vaccine was enough to elicit a significant antibody response. CONCLUSIONS In spite of the overdosage, this study confirms the efficiency of the BNT162b vaccine in eliciting a sustained antibody response as heterologous boost-vaccine in previously Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccinated recipients, as well as, prime-vaccine in COVID-19 infected receivers. Importantly, the humoral immune response of recipients was not proportional to the vaccine overdose. Nonetheless, we cannot portray a univocal effect of vaccine overdose concerning anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody response because the values found were highly heterogeneous.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Raposo
- Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IG-CSIC), Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera km 1, Edificio 46, 41013 Seville, Spain.
| | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry University Hospital of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 10, 37134 Verona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chahla RE, Tomas-Grau RH, Cazorla SI, Ploper D, Vera Pingitore E, López MA, Aznar P, Alcorta ME, Vélez EMDM, Stagnetto A, Ávila CL, Maldonado-Galdeano C, Socias SB, Heinze D, Navarro SA, Llapur CJ, Costa D, Flores I, Edelstein A, Kowdle S, Perandones C, Lee B, Apfelbaum G, Mostoslavsky R, Mostoslavsky G, Perdigón G, Chehín RN. Long-term analysis of antibodies elicited by SPUTNIK V: A prospective cohort study in Tucumán, Argentina. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. AMERICAS 2021; 6:100123. [PMID: 34841388 PMCID: PMC8604626 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2021.100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gam-COVID-Vac (SPUTNIK V) has been granted emergency use authorization in 70 nations and has been administered to millions worldwide. However, there are very few peer-reviewed studies describing its effects. Independent reports regarding safety and effectiveness could accelerate the final approval by the WHO. We aimed to study the long-term humoral immune response in naïve and previously infected volunteers who received SPUTNIK V. METHODS Humoral immune responses, assayed by anti-SARS-CoV-2-spike-RBD IgG ELISA and neutralization assays, were measured in 602 healthcare workers at 0, 14, 28, 60 and 180 days after receiving SPUTNIK V between December 2020 and July 2021 in Tucumán, Argentina. FINDINGS Seroconversion was detected in 97% of individuals after 28 days post-vaccination (dpv) (N = 405). Anti-RBD titers began to decrease after 60 dpv (N = 328), but remained detectable in 94% at 90 dpv (N = 224). At 180 dpv, anti-RDB titers persisted in 31% (N = 146). Previous infection triggered an increased immune response to the first dose and increased neutralization activity against variants of concern (VOC). Second doses in previously infected individuals further increased titers, even 90 dpv (N = 75). Basal antibody titers had more influence on post-vaccination anti-RBD responses than the time elapsed between diagnosis and vaccination (N = 274). INTERPRETATION Data presented herein provides essential knowledge regarding the kinetics of antibodies induced by SPUTNIK V up to six months after immunization, and suggests that when considering one-dose vaccination policies for individuals with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, serological studies to determine basal titers may be important, independent of when diagnosis occurred. FUNDING Tucumán Public Health System (SIPROSA), Argentinean National Research Council (CONICET), National University of Tucumán (UNT).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodrigo Hernán Tomas-Grau
- Instituto de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Celular Aplicada IMMCA (UNT-CONICET-SIPROSA). Tucumán, Argentina
| | | | - Diego Ploper
- Instituto de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Celular Aplicada IMMCA (UNT-CONICET-SIPROSA). Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Esteban Vera Pingitore
- Instituto de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Celular Aplicada IMMCA (UNT-CONICET-SIPROSA). Tucumán, Argentina
| | | | - Patricia Aznar
- Laboratorio de Salud Pública (LSP-SIPROSA). Tucumán, Argentina
| | | | | | - Agustín Stagnetto
- Instituto de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Celular Aplicada IMMCA (UNT-CONICET-SIPROSA). Tucumán, Argentina
| | - César Luís Ávila
- Instituto de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Celular Aplicada IMMCA (UNT-CONICET-SIPROSA). Tucumán, Argentina
| | | | - Sergio Benjamín Socias
- Instituto de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Celular Aplicada IMMCA (UNT-CONICET-SIPROSA). Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Dar Heinze
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM), Boston University School of Medicine. Boston, MA, United States
| | - Silvia Adriana Navarro
- Instituto de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Celular Aplicada IMMCA (UNT-CONICET-SIPROSA). Tucumán, Argentina
| | | | - Dardo Costa
- Laboratorio de Salud Pública (LSP-SIPROSA). Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Isolina Flores
- Laboratorio de Salud Pública (LSP-SIPROSA). Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Alexis Edelstein
- Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS), Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Shreyas Kowdle
- Department of Microbiology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. New York, NY, United States
| | - Claudia Perandones
- Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS), Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Benhur Lee
- Department of Microbiology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. New York, NY, United States
| | - Gabriela Apfelbaum
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT). Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Raúl Mostoslavsky
- The Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School. Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gustavo Mostoslavsky
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Center for Regenerative Medicine (CReM), Boston University School of Medicine. Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gabriela Perdigón
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos-CERELA (CONICET). Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Rosana Nieves Chehín
- Instituto de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Celular Aplicada IMMCA (UNT-CONICET-SIPROSA). Tucumán, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Lee SW, Moon JY, Lee SK, Lee H, Moon S, Chung SJ, Yeo Y, Park TS, Park DW, Kim TH, Sohn JW, Yoon HJ, Kim SH. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein RBD Antibody Levels After Receiving a Second Dose of ChAdOx1 nCov-19 (AZD1222) Vaccine in Healthcare Workers: Lack of Association With Age, Sex, Obesity, and Adverse Reactions. Front Immunol 2021; 12:779212. [PMID: 34899739 PMCID: PMC8654782 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.779212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Response to vaccines generally varies according to individual factors of the vaccinated subjects such as demographics and immune status. While there are various reports of factors associated with immunogenicity of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, little is known about those of adenovirus vector vaccines. We conducted a prospective observational study to assess the relationships of antibody level with age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and adverse reactions (ARs) to an adenovirus vector vaccine, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. Healthcare workers who planned to receive both the first and second injections of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine at Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea, were enrolled in the study. Seven days after each injection, participants were asked to complete an online adverse reaction survey. In addition, anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein receptor binding domain (RBD) antibody concentration was measured 4 weeks after the second injection. All participants (n = 447, 100%) showed serologic positivity (≥ 0.8 U/mL) 4 weeks after the second injection of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine. Furthermore, the anti-SARS-CoV-2 S protein RBD concentration was similar among groups when stratified by age, sex, BMI, or presence and severity of AR; multivariable linear regression found no associations between antibody response to the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine and age, BMI, sex, and vaccine-induced ARs. In conclusion, age, sex, obesity, and ARs were not associated with antibody responses after two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Won Lee
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Yong Moon
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun-Kyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Mathematics, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - SeolHwa Moon
- College of Nursing, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Jun Chung
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoomi Yeo
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tai Sun Park
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Won Park
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae-Hyung Kim
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jang Won Sohn
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ho Joo Yoon
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Heon Kim
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Swadźba J, Anyszek T, Panek A, Martin E. Anti-Spike SARS-CoV-2 IgG Assessment with a Commercial Assay during a 4-Month Course after COVID-19 Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1367. [PMID: 34835298 PMCID: PMC8617658 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We intended to assess the humoral response induced by the Pfizer/BioNTech Comirnaty COVID-19 vaccine with commercially available immunoassays: anti-spike (S) IgG and IgM, and anti-nucleocapsid (N) IgG antibodies, over a 4-month course. One hundred subjects, including 15 COVID-19 convalescents, comprised the study cohort. The SARS-CoV-2 antibodies concentrations were measured on day 0' and 10', 20', 30', 60', 90', and 120' after the first dose administration. Over the course of the study, 100% of the participants developed and sustained anti-SARS-CoV-2 S IgG antibodies. The highest concentration, exceeding the quantification range of the test (2080 BAU/mL), was reached by 67% of the subjects on day 30'. The concentration of the antibodies remained stable between days 30' and 90' but was followed by a significant decrease between days 90' and 120'. The stronger and more persistent humoral response was noted for women. The COVID-19 convalescents developed higher antibody levels, particularly 10 days after the first Comirnaty dose. Twenty-three out of the eighty-five naïve vaccinees failed to develop a detectable IgM response. LIAISON® SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG (DiaSorin S.p.A, Saluggia, Italy) may be useful in the assessment of the humoral response to the Comirnaty vaccine. In contrast, Abbott's anti-S SARS-CoV-2 IgM has a limited utility in this context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Swadźba
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, 30-705 Krakow, Poland; (J.S.); (T.A.)
- Medical Department Diagnostyka S.A., 31-864 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Anyszek
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, 30-705 Krakow, Poland; (J.S.); (T.A.)
- Medical Department Diagnostyka S.A., 31-864 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Panek
- Medical Department Diagnostyka S.A., 31-864 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Emilia Martin
- Medical Department Diagnostyka S.A., 31-864 Krakow, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Romano C, Esposito S, Donnarumma G, Marrone A. Detection of neutralizing anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antibodies in patients with common variable immunodeficiency after immunization with messenger RNA vaccines. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2021; 127:499-501. [PMID: 34352358 PMCID: PMC8327608 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2021.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Romano
- Clinical Immunology Outpatient Clinic, Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, "Luigi Vanvitelli" University of Campania, Naples, Italy; Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, "Luigi Vanvitelli" University of Campania, Naples, Italy.
| | - Sergio Esposito
- Clinical Immunology Outpatient Clinic, Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, "Luigi Vanvitelli" University of Campania, Naples, Italy; Office of Health Management, "Luigi Vanvitelli" Polyclinic Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Donnarumma
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Luigi Vanvitelli" University of Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - Aldo Marrone
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, "Luigi Vanvitelli" University of Campania, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lippi G, Henry BM, Plebani M. Optimizing effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination: will laboratory stewardship play a role? Clin Chem Lab Med 2021; 59:1885-1888. [PMID: 34496165 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2021-0972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lippi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Brandon M Henry
- Clinical Laboratory, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mario Plebani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
The strength of association between pre-and post-booster BNT162b2 anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies levels depends on the immunoassay. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 111:65-67. [PMID: 34455083 PMCID: PMC8390096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Reliable evidence suggests that anticipating the humoral response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines is essential for predicting their clinical effectiveness. In this work, we sought to determine the extent to which the response of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies BNT162b2 booster measured with four different commercial immunoassays could be predicted after initial homologous vaccination. Methods: This observational study enrolled 181 SARS-CoV-2 baseline seronegative healthcare workers (mean age 42±13 years; 59.7% females), who received two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine. Antibodies levels were assessed with Roche Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S, ACCESS SARS-CoV-2 IgG II, Snibe S-RBD IgG, and LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG. The correlation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 serum antibodies 21 days after the first vaccine dose and 30 days after the second dose was assessed with Pearson's test. Results: A significant correlation was found between serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies levels after the first (T1) and second (T2) BNT162b2 vaccine dose with all immunoassays, though the strength of such association depended on the immunoassay. Briefly, the highest correlation was found for LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG (r=0.71), followed by ACCESS SARS-CoV-2 IgG II (r=0.65), Snibe S-RBD IgG (r=0.52), and then Roche Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S (r=0.40). Conclusion: The value of predicting post-booster values of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies levels from pre-booster levels significantly depends on the immunoassay used.
Collapse
|
38
|
Plebani M, Cosma C, Padoan A. SARS-CoV-2 antibody assay after vaccination: one size does not fit all. Clin Chem Lab Med 2021; 59:e380-e381. [PMID: 34187101 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2021-0703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Plebani
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Cosma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Padoan
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Salvagno GL, Henry BM, Pighi L, De Nitto S, Gianfilippi GL, Lippi G. Three-month analysis of total humoral response to Pfizer BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in healthcare workers. J Infect 2021; 83:e4-e5. [PMID: 34214516 PMCID: PMC8241575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gian Luca Salvagno
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 10, Verona 37134, Italy; Service of Laboratory Medicine, Pederzoli Hospital, Peschiera del Garda, Italy
| | - Brandon M Henry
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Laura Pighi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 10, Verona 37134, Italy; Service of Laboratory Medicine, Pederzoli Hospital, Peschiera del Garda, Italy
| | - Simone De Nitto
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 10, Verona 37134, Italy; Service of Laboratory Medicine, Pederzoli Hospital, Peschiera del Garda, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Verona, Piazzale L.A. Scuro, 10, Verona 37134, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Salvagno GL, Henry BM, Pighi L, De Nitto S, Gianfilippi GL, Lippi G. Monitoring of the immunogenic response to Pfizer BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in healthcare workers with Snibe SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG chemiluminescent immunoassay. Clin Chem Lab Med 2021; 59:e377-e379. [PMID: 34162025 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2021-0687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gian Luca Salvagno
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Service of Laboratory Medicine, Pederzoli Hospital, Peschiera del Garda, Italy
| | - Brandon M Henry
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Laura Pighi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Service of Laboratory Medicine, Pederzoli Hospital, Peschiera del Garda, Italy
| | - Simone De Nitto
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Service of Laboratory Medicine, Pederzoli Hospital, Peschiera del Garda, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|