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Zampini MA, Sijbers J, Verhoye M, Garipov R. A preparation pulse for fast steady state approach in Actual Flip angle Imaging. Med Phys 2024; 51:306-318. [PMID: 37480220 DOI: 10.1002/mp.16624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Actual Flip angle Imaging (AFI) is a sequence used for B1 mapping, also embedded in the Variable flip angle with AFI for simultaneous estimation of T1 , B1 and equilibrium magnetization. PURPOSE To investigate the design of a preparation module for AFI to allow a fast approach to steady state (SS) without requiring the use of dummy acquisitions. METHODS The features of a preparation module with a B1 insensitive adiabatic pulse, spoiler gradients, and a recovery timeT r e c $T_{rec}$ were studied with simulations and validated via experiments and acquired with different k-space traveling strategies. The robustness of the flip angle of the preparation pulse on the acquired signal is studied. RESULTS When a 90° adiabatic pulse is used, the forthcomingT r e c $T_{rec}$ can be expressed as a function of repetition times and AFI flip angle only asTR 1 ( n + cos α ) / ( 1 - cos 2 α ) $\mathrm{TR_1}(n+\cos \alpha )/(1-\cos ^2\alpha )$ , where n represents the ratio between the two repetition times of AFI. The robustness of the method is demonstrated by showing that using the values further away from 90° still allows for a faster approach to SS than the use of dummy pulses. CONCLUSIONS The preparation module is particularly advantageous for low flip angles, as well as for AFI sequences that sample the center of the k-space early in the sequence, such as centric ordering acquisitions, and for ultrafast EPI-based AFI methods, thus allowing to reduce scanner overhead time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Andrea Zampini
- MR Solutions Ltd., Ashbourne House, Guildford, Surrey, UK
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan Sijbers
- imec-Vision Lab, Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Belgium
- μNEURO Research Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marleen Verhoye
- Bio-Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
- μNEURO Research Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ruslan Garipov
- MR Solutions Ltd., Ashbourne House, Guildford, Surrey, UK
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2
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Molyneaux K, Laggner C, Vincent J, Brady-Kalnay S. Small molecule antagonists of PTPmu identified by artificial intelligence-based computational screening block glioma cell migration and growth. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288980. [PMID: 37494327 PMCID: PMC10370706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
PTPmu (PTPμ) is a member of the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase IIb family that participates in both homophilic cell-cell adhesion and signaling. PTPmu is proteolytically downregulated in glioblastoma generating extracellular and intracellular fragments that have oncogenic activity. The intracellular fragments, in particular, are known to accumulate in the cytoplasm and nucleus where they interact with inappropriate binding partners/substrates generating signals required for glioma cell migration and growth. Thus, interfering with these fragments is an attractive therapeutic strategy. To develop agents that target these fragments, we used the AI-based AtomNetⓇ model, a drug design and discovery tool, to virtually screen molecular libraries for compounds able to target a binding pocket bordered by the wedge domain, a known regulatory motif located within the juxtamembrane portion of the protein. Seventy-four high-scoring and chemically diverse virtual hits were then screened in multiple cell-based assays for effects on glioma cell motility (scratch assays) and growth in 3D culture (sphere assays), and PTPmu-dependent adhesion (Sf9 aggregation). We identified three inhibitors (247678835, 247682206, 247678791) that affected the motility of multiple glioma cell lines (LN229, U87MG, and Gli36delta5), the growth of LN229 and Gli36 spheres, and PTPmu-dependent Sf9 aggregation. Compound 247678791 was further shown to suppress PTPmu enzymatic activity in an in vitro phosphatase assay, and 247678835 was able to inhibit the growth of human glioma tumors in mice. We propose that these three compounds are PTPmu-targeting agents with therapeutic potential for treating glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Molyneaux
- Department of Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Jason Vincent
- Department of Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Susann Brady-Kalnay
- Department of Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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3
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Artificial Intelligence-Based Computational Screening and Functional Assays Identify Candidate Small Molecule Antagonists of PTPmu-Dependent Adhesion. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054274. [PMID: 36901713 PMCID: PMC10001486 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PTPmu (PTPµ) is a member of the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase IIb family that participates in cell-cell adhesion and signaling. PTPmu is proteolytically downregulated in glioblastoma (glioma), and the resulting extracellular and intracellular fragments are believed to stimulate cancer cell growth and/or migration. Therefore, drugs targeting these fragments may have therapeutic potential. Here, we used the AtomNet® platform, the first deep learning neural network for drug design and discovery, to screen a molecular library of several million compounds and identified 76 candidates predicted to interact with a groove between the MAM and Ig extracellular domains required for PTPmu-mediated cell adhesion. These candidates were screened in two cell-based assays: PTPmu-dependent aggregation of Sf9 cells and a tumor growth assay where glioma cells grow in three-dimensional spheres. Four compounds inhibited PTPmu-mediated aggregation of Sf9 cells, six compounds inhibited glioma sphere formation/growth, while two priority compounds were effective in both assays. The stronger of these two compounds inhibited PTPmu aggregation in Sf9 cells and inhibited glioma sphere formation down to 25 micromolar. Additionally, this compound was able to inhibit the aggregation of beads coated with an extracellular fragment of PTPmu, directly demonstrating an interaction. This compound presents an interesting starting point for the development of PTPmu-targeting agents for treating cancer including glioblastoma.
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4
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Falcone E, Okafor M, Vitale N, Raibaut L, Sour A, Faller P. Extracellular Cu2+ pools and their detection: From current knowledge to next-generation probes. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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5
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Vincent J, Craig SEL, Johansen ML, Narla J, Avril S, DiFeo A, Brady-Kalnay SM. Detection of Tumor-Specific PTPmu in Gynecological Cancer and Patient Derived Xenografts. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11020181. [PMID: 33513911 PMCID: PMC7911696 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11020181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We developed a fluorophore-conjugated peptide agent, SBK4, that detects a tumor-specific proteolyzed form of the cell adhesion molecule, PTPmu, found in the tumor microenvironment. We previously demonstrated its tissue specific distribution in high-grade brain tumors. To extend those studies to other aggressive solid tumor types, we assessed the tissue distribution of PTPmu/SBK4 in a set of matched gynecologic cancer patient derived xenografts (PDXs) and primary patient tumors, as well as a limited cohort of tumors from gynecological cancer patients. PDXs isolated from the tissues of cancer patients have been shown to yield experimentally manipulatable models that replicate the clinical characteristics of individual patients’ tumors. In this study, gynecological cancer PDXs and patient biopsies were examined to determine if tumor-specific proteolyzed PTPmu was present. Methods: We used the peptide agent SBK4 conjugated to the fluorophore Texas Red (TR) to label tumor tissue microarrays (TMAs) containing patient and/or PDX samples from several high-grade gynecologic cancer types, and quantified the level of staining with Image J. In one TMA, we were able to directly compare the patient and the matched PDX tissue on the same slide. Results: While normal tissue had very little SBK4-TR staining, both primary tumor tissue and PDXs have higher labeling with SBK4-TR. Matched PDXs and patient samples from high-grade endometrial and ovarian cancers demonstrated higher levels of PTPmu by staining with SBK4 than normal tissue. Conclusion: In this sample set, all PDXs and high-grade ovarian cancer samples had increased labeling by SBK4-TR compared with the normal controls. Our results indicate that proteolyzed PTPmu and its novel peptide detection agent, SBK4, allow for the visualization of tumor-specific changes in cell adhesion molecules by tissue-based staining, providing a rationale for further development as an imaging agent in aggressive solid tumors, including gynecological cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Vincent
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (J.V.); (S.E.L.C.); (M.L.J.)
| | - Sonya E. L. Craig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (J.V.); (S.E.L.C.); (M.L.J.)
| | - Mette L. Johansen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (J.V.); (S.E.L.C.); (M.L.J.)
| | - Jyosthna Narla
- Department of Pathology, Alexian Brothers Hospital, San Jose, CA 95116, USA;
| | - Stefanie Avril
- Department of Pathology and the Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Analisa DiFeo
- Department of Pathology and Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Susann M. Brady-Kalnay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (J.V.); (S.E.L.C.); (M.L.J.)
- Department of Pathology and the Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-216-368-0330
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6
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Villano D, Romdhane F, Irrera P, Consolino L, Anemone A, Zaiss M, Dastrù W, Longo DL. A fast multislice sequence for 3D MRI-CEST pH imaging. Magn Reson Med 2020; 85:1335-1349. [PMID: 33031591 PMCID: PMC7756816 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI can provide accurate pH images, but the slow scan time (due to long saturation periods and multiple offsets sampling) reduce both the volume coverage and spatial resolution capability, hence the possibility to interrogate the heterogeneity in tumors and organs. To overcome these limitations, we propose a fast multislice CEST‐MRI sequence with high pH accuracy and spatial resolution. Methods The sequence first uses a long saturation pulse to induce the steady‐state CEST contrast and a second short saturation pulse repeated after each image acquisition to compensate for signal losses based on an uneven irradiation scheme combined with a single‐shot rapid acquisition with refocusing echoes readout. Sequence sensitivity and accuracy in measuring pH was optimized by simulation and assessed by in vitro studies in pH‐varying phantoms. In vivo validation was performed in two applications by acquiring multislice pH images covering the whole tumors and kidneys after iopamidol injection. Results Simulated and in vivo data showed comparable contrast efficiency and pH responsiveness by reducing saturation time. The experimental data from a homogeneous, pH‐varying, iopamidol‐containing phantom show that the sequence produced a uniform CEST contrast across slices and accurate values across slices in less than 10 minutes. In vivo measurements allowed us to quantify the 3D pH gradients of tumors and kidneys, with pH ranges comparable with the literature. Conclusion The proposed fast multislice CEST‐MRI sequence allows volumetric acquisitions with good pH sensitivity, accuracy, and spatial resolution for several in vivo pH imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Villano
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Feriel Romdhane
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,National Engineering School of Tunis (ENIT), University al Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Pietro Irrera
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Italian National Research Council, Napoli, Italy
| | - Lorena Consolino
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Annasofia Anemone
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Moritz Zaiss
- Department of Neuroradiology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Walter Dastrù
- Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Dario Livio Longo
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, Italian National Research Council, Torino, Italy
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7
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Anderson CE, Johansen M, Erokwu BO, Hu H, Gu Y, Zhang Y, Kavran M, Vincent J, Drumm ML, Griswold MA, Steinmetz NF, Li M, Clark H, Darrah RJ, Yu X, Brady-Kalnay SM, Flask CA. Dynamic, Simultaneous Concentration Mapping of Multiple MRI Contrast Agents with Dual Contrast - Magnetic Resonance Fingerprinting. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19888. [PMID: 31882792 PMCID: PMC6934650 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56531-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Synchronous assessment of multiple MRI contrast agents in a single scanning session would provide a new "multi-color" imaging capability similar to fluorescence imaging but with high spatiotemporal resolution and unlimited imaging depth. This multi-agent MRI technology would enable a whole new class of basic science and clinical MRI experiments that simultaneously explore multiple physiologic/molecular events in vivo. Unfortunately, conventional MRI acquisition techniques are only capable of detecting and quantifying one paramagnetic MRI contrast agent at a time. Herein, the Dual Contrast - Magnetic Resonance Fingerprinting (DC-MRF) methodology was extended for in vivo application and evaluated by simultaneously and dynamically mapping the intra-tumoral concentration of two MRI contrast agents (Gd-BOPTA and Dy-DOTA-azide) in a mouse glioma model. Co-registered gadolinium and dysprosium concentration maps were generated with sub-millimeter spatial resolution and acquired dynamically with just over 2-minute temporal resolution. Mean tumor Gd and Dy concentration measurements from both single agent and dual agent DC-MRF studies demonstrated significant correlations with ex vivo mass spectrometry elemental analyses. This initial in vivo study demonstrates the potential for DC-MRF to provide a useful dual-agent MRI platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian E Anderson
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mette Johansen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Bernadette O Erokwu
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - He Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yuning Gu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michael Kavran
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jason Vincent
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mitchell L Drumm
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mark A Griswold
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Heather Clark
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Systems Bioanalysis and Chemical Imaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca J Darrah
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Francis Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Susann M Brady-Kalnay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Chris A Flask
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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8
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Johansen ML, Vincent J, Gittleman H, Craig SEL, Couce M, Sloan AE, Barnholtz-Sloan JS, Brady-Kalnay SM. A PTPmu Biomarker is Associated with Increased Survival in Gliomas. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102372. [PMID: 31091655 PMCID: PMC6566278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An integrated approach has been adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO) for diagnosing brain tumors. This approach relies on the molecular characterization of biopsied tissue in conjunction with standard histology. Diffuse gliomas (grade II to grade IV malignant brain tumors) have a wide range in overall survival, from months for the worst cases of glioblastoma (GBM) to years for lower grade astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumors. We previously identified a change in the cell adhesion molecule PTPmu in brain tumors that results in the generation of proteolytic fragments. We developed agents to detect this cell surface-associated biomarker of the tumor microenvironment. In the current study, we evaluated the PTPmu biomarker in tissue microarrays and individual tumor samples of adolescent and young adult (n = 25) and adult (n = 69) glioma populations using a fluorescent histochemical reagent, SBK4-TR, that recognizes the PTPmu biomarker. We correlated staining with clinical data and found that high levels of the PTPmu biomarker correlate with increased survival of glioma patients, including those with GBM. Patients with high PTPmu live for 48 months on average, whereas PTPmu low patients live only 22 months. PTPmu high staining indicates a doubling of patient survival. Use of the agent to detect the PTPmu biomarker would allow differentiation of glioma patients with distinct survival outcomes and would complement current molecular approaches used in glioma prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette L Johansen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106-4960, USA.
| | - Jason Vincent
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106-4960, USA.
| | - Haley Gittleman
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Sonya E L Craig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106-4960, USA.
| | - Marta Couce
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Seidman Cancer Center and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Andrew E Sloan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Seidman Cancer Center and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Jill S Barnholtz-Sloan
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Susann M Brady-Kalnay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106-4960, USA.
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Abstract
Molecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides information non-invasively at cellular and molecular levels, for both early diagnosis and monitoring therapeutic follow-up. This imaging technique requires the development of a new class of contrast agents, which signal changes (typically becomes enhanced) when in presence of the cellular or molecular process to be evaluated. Even if molecular MRI has had a prominent role in the advances in medicine over the past two decades, the large majority of the developed probes to date are still in preclinical level, or eventually in phase I or II clinical trials. The development of novel imaging probes is an emergent active research domain. This review focuses on gadolinium-based specific-targeted contrast agents, providing rational design considerations and examples of the strategies recently reported in the literature.
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10
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Johansen ML, Gao Y, Hutnick MA, Craig SEL, Pokorski JK, Flask CA, Brady-Kalnay SM. Quantitative Molecular Imaging with a Single Gd-Based Contrast Agent Reveals Specific Tumor Binding and Retention in Vivo. Anal Chem 2017; 89:5932-5939. [PMID: 28481080 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an indispensable tool in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases, especially cancer. However, the poor sensitivity of MRI relative to other imaging modalities, such as PET, has hindered the development and clinical use of molecular MRI contrast agents that could provide vital diagnostic information by specifically locating a molecular target altered in the disease process. This work describes the specific and sustained in vivo binding and retention of a protein tyrosine phosphatase mu (PTPμ)-targeted, molecular magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agent with a single gadolinium (Gd) chelate using a quantitative MRI T1 mapping technique in glioma xenografts. Quantitative T1 mapping is an imaging method used to measure the longitudinal relaxation time, the T1 relaxation time, of protons in a magnetic field after excitation by a radiofrequency pulse. T1 relaxation times can in turn be used to calculate the concentration of a gadolinium-containing contrast agent in a region of interest, thereby allowing the retention or clearance of an agent to be quantified. In this context, retention is a measure of molecular contrast agent binding. Using conventional peptide chemistry, a PTPμ-targeted peptide was linked to a chelator that had been conjugated to a lysine residue. Following complexation with Gd, this PTPμ-targeted molecular contrast agent containing a single Gd ion showed significant tumor enhancement and a sustained increase in Gd concentration in both heterotopic and orthotopic tumors using dynamic quantitative MRI. This single Gd-containing PTPμ agent was more effective than our previous version with three Gd ions. Differences between nonspecific and specific agents, due to specific tumor binding, can be determined within the first 30 min after agent administration by examining clearance rates. This more facile chemistry, when combined with quantitative MR techniques, allows for widespread adoption by academic and commercial entities in the field of molecular MRI ultimately leading to improved detection of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette L Johansen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4960, United States
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Melanie A Hutnick
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Sonya E L Craig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4960, United States
| | - Jonathan K Pokorski
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Chris A Flask
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States.,Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Susann M Brady-Kalnay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4960, United States
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11
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Craig SEL, Wright J, Sloan AE, Brady-Kalnay SM. Fluorescent-Guided Surgical Resection of Glioma with Targeted Molecular Imaging Agents: A Literature Review. World Neurosurg 2016; 90:154-163. [PMID: 26915698 PMCID: PMC4915969 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The median life expectancy after a diagnosis of glioblastoma is 15 months. Although chemotherapeutics may someday cure glioblastoma by killing the highly dispersive malignant cells, the most important contribution that clinicians can currently offer to improve survival is by maximizing the extent of resection and providing concurrent chemo-radiation, which has become standard. Strides have been made in this area with the advent and implementation of methods of improved intraoperative tumor visualization. One of these techniques, optical fluorescent imaging with targeted molecular imaging agents, allows the surgeon to view fluorescently labeled tumor tissue during surgery with the use of special microscopy, thereby highlighting where to resect and indicating when tumor-free margins have been obtained. This advantage is especially important at the difficult-to-observe margins where tumor cells infiltrate normal tissue. Targeted fluorescent agents also may be valuable for identifying tumor versus nontumor tissue. In this review, we briefly summarize nontargeted fluorescent tumor imaging agents before discussing several novel targeted fluorescent agents being developed for glioma imaging in the context of fluorescent-guided surgery or live molecular navigation. Many of these agents are currently undergoing preclinical testing. As the agents become available, however, it is necessary to understand the strengths and weaknesses of each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya E L Craig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - James Wright
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew E Sloan
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Susann M Brady-Kalnay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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12
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Herrmann K, Erokwu BO, Johansen ML, Basilion JP, Gulani V, Griswold MA, Flask CA, Brady-Kalnay SM. Dynamic Quantitative T1 Mapping in Orthotopic Brain Tumor Xenografts. Transl Oncol 2016; 9:147-154. [PMID: 27084431 PMCID: PMC4833967 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human brain tumors such as glioblastomas are typically detected using conventional, nonquantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, such as T2-weighted and contrast enhanced T1-weighted MRI. In this manuscript, we tested whether dynamic quantitative T1 mapping by MRI can localize orthotopic glioma tumors in an objective manner. Quantitative T1 mapping was performed by MRI over multiple time points using the conventional contrast agent Optimark. We compared signal differences to determine the gadolinium concentration in tissues over time. The T1 parametric maps made it easy to identify the regions of contrast enhancement and thus tumor location. Doubling the typical human dose of contrast agent resulted in a clearer demarcation of these tumors. Therefore, T1 mapping of brain tumors is gadolinium dose dependent and improves detection of tumors by MRI. The use of T1 maps provides a quantitative means to evaluate tumor detection by gadolinium-based contrast agents over time. This dynamic quantitative T1 mapping technique will also enable future quantitative evaluation of various targeted MRI contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Herrmann
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Bernadette O Erokwu
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Mette L Johansen
- Department of, Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106-4960, USA.
| | - James P Basilion
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; NFCR Center for Molecular Imaging at CWRU.
| | - Vikas Gulani
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Mark A Griswold
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Chris A Flask
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Susann M Brady-Kalnay
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA; Department of, Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106-4960, USA.
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Zech WD, Hottinger AL, Schwendener N, Schuster F, Persson A, Warntjes MJ, Jackowski C. Post-mortem 1.5T MR quantification of regular anatomical brain structures. Int J Legal Med 2016; 130:1071-1080. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-016-1318-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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