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Altamura S, Del Pinto R, Pietropaoli D, Ferri C. Oral health as a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2024; 34:267-275. [PMID: 36963476 PMCID: PMC10517086 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide with a high socioeconomic burden. Increasing evidence supports a convincing connection with increased cardiovascular risk of periodontal diseases (PD), a group of widespread, debilitating, and costly dysbiotic relapsing-remitting inflammatory diseases of the tissues supporting the teeth. Herein, we ensembled the best available evidence on the connection between CVDs and PD to review the recently emerging concept of the latter as a non-traditional risk factor for CVDs. We focused on oral dysbiosis, inflammation-associated molecular and cellular mechanisms, and epigenetic changes as potential causative links between PD and CVDs. The available evidence on the effects of periodontal treatment on cardiovascular risk factors and diseases was also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Altamura
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Center of Oral Diseases, Prevention and Translational Research - Dental Clinic, L'Aquila, Italy; Oral Diseases and Systemic Interactions Study Group (ODISSY Group), L'Aquila, Italy; PhD School in Medicine and Public Health
| | - Rita Del Pinto
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Oral Diseases and Systemic Interactions Study Group (ODISSY Group), L'Aquila, Italy; Unit of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Center for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Prevention, San Salvatore Hospital, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Davide Pietropaoli
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Center of Oral Diseases, Prevention and Translational Research - Dental Clinic, L'Aquila, Italy; Oral Diseases and Systemic Interactions Study Group (ODISSY Group), L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Claudio Ferri
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Italy; Oral Diseases and Systemic Interactions Study Group (ODISSY Group), L'Aquila, Italy; Unit of Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Center for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Prevention, San Salvatore Hospital, L'Aquila, Italy
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Dawoud T, Ameen F. Unveiling the bioactive potential of Pimpinella anisum L. leaf extracts: Chromatographic profiling, antimicrobial efficiency, and cytotoxicity analysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2023; 37:e5739. [PMID: 37674346 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
In various countries, Pimpinella has been used to cure several diseases for centuries. Therefore, we focus on one of its potent species in this research. The aim of this experimental study was to document the various extracts derived from Pimpinella anisum that can effectively eradicate oral pathogens. In addition, the presence of antioxidants, antimicrobials, and cytotoxicity was determined using chromatographic testing methods. The alkaloid range was from 22.34 ± 043 mg/g, and the saponin range was from 15.1 ± 1.07 mg/g. HPLC analysis showed that the samples contained eight identified phenolic compounds. The antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract exhibited the highest inhibition region against Streptococcus iniae (43 ± 0.6 mm) and the lowest inhibition region against Staphylococcus haemolyticus (19 ± 0.2 mm) in 200 mg/mL of leaf ethanolic extracts. The antifungal activity revealed that ethanol showed the maximum inhibition zone against Aspergillus luchuensis (42.5 ± 0.19 mm) and the minimum inhibition zone against Aspergillus kawachii (15 ± 0.13 mm) in 200 mg/mL. The current study suggested that, after the isolation of individual components, P. anisum be investigated for assessing biological activity. The mixture and various combinations of these compounds may indicate a truly potent agent that is novel in its ability to combat a wide range of bacteria and oral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turki Dawoud
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fuad Ameen
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
Frequently, periodontal health and it's associated oral biofilm has not been addressed in those patients who have systemic health issues, especially those who are not responding to medical treatment via their physician. Oral biofilm may be present in the periodontal sulcus in the absence of clinical disease of periodontal disease (bleeding on probing, gingival inflammation) and periodontal reaction is dependent on the patient's immune response to the associated bacterial and their byproducts. Increasing evidence has been emerging the past decade connecting oral biofilm with systemic conditions, either initiating them or complicating those medical conditions. The patient's health needs to be thought of as a whole-body system with connections that may originate in the oral cavity and have distant affects throughout the body. To maximize total health, a coordination in healthcare needs to be a symbiosis between the physician and dentist to eliminate the oral biofilm and aid in prevention of systemic disease or minimize those effects to improve the patient's overall health and quality of life. Various areas of systemic health have been associated with the bacteria and their byproducts in the oral biofilm. Those include cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, pulmonary disease, prostate cancer, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, pre-term pregnancy, erectile dysfunction Alzheimer's disease and Rheumatoid arthritis. This article will discuss oral biofilm, its affects systemically and review the medical conditions associated with the oral systemic connection with an extensive review of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert A. Horowitz
- Private periodontal practice Scarsdale, New York, USA
- Adjunct Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Periodontology and Implant Dentistry, New York University College of Dentistry
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Suzuki S, Yamada S. Epigenetics in susceptibility, progression, and diagnosis of periodontitis. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2022; 58:183-192. [PMID: 35754944 PMCID: PMC9218144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is characterized by irreversible destruction of periodontal tissue. At present, the accepted etiology of periodontitis is based on a three-factor theory including pathogenic bacteria, host factors, and acquired factors. Periodontitis development usually takes a decade or longer and is therefore called chronic periodontitis (CP). To search for genetic factors associated with CP, several genome-wide association study (GWAS) analyses were conducted; however, polymorphisms associated with CP have not been identified. Epigenetics, on the other hand, involves acquired transcriptional regulatory mechanisms due to reversibly altered chromatin accessibility. Epigenetic status is a condition specific to each tissue and cell, mostly determined by the responses of host cells to stimulations by local factors, like bacterial inflammation, and systemic factors such as nutrition status, metabolic diseases, and health conditions. Significantly, epigenetic status has been linked with the onset and progression of several acquired diseases. Thus, epigenetic factors in periodontal tissues are attractive targets for periodontitis diagnosis and treatments. In this review, we introduce accumulating evidence to reveal the epigenetic background effects related to periodontitis caused by genetic factors, systemic diseases, and local environmental factors, such as smoking, and clarify the underlying mechanisms by which epigenetic alteration influences the susceptibility of periodontitis.
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Key Words
- 5mC, 5-methylcytocine
- AP, aggressive periodontitis
- ATAC-seq, assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing
- CP, chronic periodontitis
- DNA methylation
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- Epigenetics
- Epigenome
- GWAS, genome-wide association study
- H3K27ac, acetylation of histone H3 lysine 27
- H3K27me3, trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 27
- H3K4me3, trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 4
- H3K9ac, histone H3 lysine 9
- HATs, histone acetyltransferases
- HDACs, histone deacetylases
- Histone modifications
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- PDL, periodontal ligament
- Periodontal ligament
- Periodontitis
- ceRNA, competing endogenous RNA
- lncRNAs, long ncRNAs
- m6A, N6-methyladenosine
- ncRNAs, non-coding RNAs
- sEV, small extracellular vesicles
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Suzuki
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamada
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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Khan I, Khan I, Jianye Z, Xiaohua Z, Khan M, Hilal MG, Kakakhel MA, Mehmood A, Lizhe A, Zhiqiang L. Exploring blood microbial communities and their influence on human cardiovascular disease. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24354. [PMID: 35293034 PMCID: PMC8993628 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the single biggest contributor to global mortality. CVD encompasses multiple disorders, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, platelet hyperactivity, stroke, hyperlipidemia, and heart failure. In addition to traditional risk factors, the circulating microbiome or the blood microbiome has been analyzed recently in chronic inflammatory diseases, including CVD in humans. Methods For this review, all relevant original research studies were assessed by searching in electronic databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, by using relevant keywords. Results This review demonstrated that elevated markers of systemic bacterial exposure are associated with noncommunicable diseases, including CVD. Studies have shown that the bacterial DNA sequence found in healthy blood belongs mainly to the Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria phyla. In cardiac events, such as stroke, coronary heart disease, and myocardial infarction, the increased proportion of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria phyla was found. Lipopolysaccharides are a major component of Proteobacteria, which play a key role in the onset of CVD. Moreover, recently, a study reported the lower cholesterol‐degrading bacteria, including Caulobacterales order and Caulobacteraceae family were both considerably reduced in myocardial infarction. Conclusion Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were shown to be independent markers of the risk of CVD. This finding is evidence for the new concept of the role played by blood microbiota dysbiosis in CVD. However, the association between blood microbiota and CVD is still inconsistent. Thus, more deep investigations are required in future to fully understand the role of the bacteria community in causing and preventing CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Khan
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Imran Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Khyber Medical University Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Zhou Jianye
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Gansu Province, School of Stomatology, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhang Xiaohua
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Gansu Province, School of Stomatology, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Murad Khan
- Department of Genetics, Hebei Key Laboratory Animal, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Mian Gul Hilal
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | | | - Arshad Mehmood
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - An Lizhe
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li Zhiqiang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Gansu Province, School of Stomatology, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China
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Antimicrobial Activity against Oral Pathogens Confirms the Use of Musa paradisiaca Fruit Stalk in Ethnodentistry. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:8663210. [PMID: 34527068 PMCID: PMC8437610 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8663210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Ethnodentistry is the use of indigenous oral cleansing agents such as plant parts by local folks not only to maintain oral hygiene but also to treat oral infections. Mostly, ethnodentistry is inspired by traditions and belief systems of local communities. Musa paradisiaca is extensively cultivated and used in many cultures for its nutritional and medicinal values. In Ghana, the fruit stalk of Musa paradisiaca is used as an oral cleansing agent to maintain oral hygiene; yet this folk claim remains to be ascertained scientifically. Objective The study assessed the antibacterial and antifungal effects of three extract fractions (aqueous, ethanol, and ethyl acetate fractions) of Musa paradisiaca fruit stalk against Lactobacillus acidophilus, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Candida albicans, common oral pathogens implicated in dental caries and periodontitis. Materials and Methods Aqueous, ethanol, and ethyl acetate fractions of Musa paradisiaca fruit stalk were prepared by cold maceration and qualitatively screened for their phytochemical composition. Antimicrobial effects of the three extract fractions were assessed by using serial broth dilutions at increasing concentrations (62.5, 125, 250, 500, and 1000 µg/ml) and compared to standard antimicrobial agents (erythromycin, doxycycline, and fluconazole). Subsequently, the absorbances of the microbial suspensions treated with increasing concentrations of the extract fractions were measured at 450 nm, and the cell densities were determined. Results Except for the aqueous extract, which was less effective in decreasing microbial growth, the ethyl acetate and the ethanol extract fractions demonstrated antimicrobial efficacies comparable to those of the standard drugs. All three extract fractions demonstrated concentration-dependent growth inhibitory effects on the tested oral pathogens although not as effective as the standard drugs used. Conclusion Musa paradisiaca fruit stalk has demonstrated antimicrobial effects against Lactobacillus acidophilus, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Candida albicans, common oral pathogens implicated in dental caries and periodontitis, and this finding confirms in part folk use of Musa paradisiaca fruit stalk as a traditional dental care agent. Thus, the fruit stalk of Musa paradisiaca could be explored for use as a cheap and readily available dental care agent for people entrapped in the poverty line.
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