1
|
Yeh SJ, Lung CW, Jan YK, Liau BY. Advanced Cross-Correlation Function Application to Identify Arterial Baroreflex Sensitivity Variations From Healthy to Diabetes Mellitus. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:812302. [PMID: 35757548 PMCID: PMC9226378 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.812302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease characterized by elevated blood glucose levels, which leads over time to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves. DM is of two types–types 1 or 2. In type 1, there is a problem with insulin secretion, and in type 2–insulin resistance. About 463 million people worldwide have diabetes, and 80% of the majority live in low- and middle-income countries, and 1.5 million deaths are directly attributed to diabetes each year. Autonomic neuropathy (AN) is one of the common diabetic complications, leading to failure in blood pressure (BP) control and causing cardiovascular disease. Therefore, early detection of AN becomes crucial to optimize treatment. We propose an advanced cross-correlation function (ACCF) between BP and heart rate with suitable threshold parameters to analyze and detect early changes in baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) in DM with AN (DM+). We studied heart rate (HR) and systolic BP responses during tilt in 16 patients with diabetes mellitus only (DM−), 19 diabetes mellitus with autonomic dysfunction (DM+), and 10 healthy subjects. The ACCF analysis revealed that the healthy and DM groups had different filtered percentages of significant maximum cross-correlation function (CCF) value (p < 0.05), and the maximum CCF value after thresholds was significantly reduced during tilt in the DM+ group (p < 0.05). The maximum CCF index, a parameter for the phase between HR and BP, separated the healthy group from the DM groups (p < 0.05). Due to the maximum CCF index in DM groups being located in the positive range and significantly different from healthy ones, it could be speculated that BRS dysfunction in DM and AN could cause a phase change from lead to lag. ACCF could detect and separate DM+ from DM groups. This fact could represent an advantage of the ACCF algorithm. A common cross-correlation analysis was not easy to distinguish between DM− and DM+. This pilot study demonstrates that ACCF analysis with suitable threshold parameters could explore hidden changes in baroreflex control in DM+ and DM−. Furthermore, the superiority of this ACCF algorithm is useful in distinguishing whether AN is present or not in DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoou-Jeng Yeh
- Section of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Cheng-Ching General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wen Lung
- Department of Creative Product Design, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory, Kinesiology and Community Health, Computational Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Yih-Kuen Jan
- Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory, Kinesiology and Community Health, Computational Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Ben-Yi Liau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ku T, Zida SI, Harfiya LN, Li YH, Lin YD. A Novel Method for Baroreflex Sensitivity Estimation Using Modulated Gaussian Filter. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22124618. [PMID: 35746400 PMCID: PMC9230694 DOI: 10.3390/s22124618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) has proven to be critical for medical applications. The use of α indices by spectral methods has been the most popular approach to BRS estimation. Recently, an algorithm termed Gaussian average filtering decomposition (GAFD) has been proposed to serve the same purpose. GAFD adopts a three-layer tree structure similar to wavelet decomposition but is only constructed by Gaussian windows in different cutoff frequency. Its computation is more efficient than that of conventional spectral methods, and there is no need to specify any parameter. This research presents a novel approach, referred to as modulated Gaussian filter (modGauss) for BRS estimation. It has a more simplified structure than GAFD using only two bandpass filters of dedicated passbands, so that the three-level structure in GAFD is avoided. This strategy makes modGauss more efficient than GAFD in computation, while the advantages of GAFD are preserved. Both GAFD and modGauss are conducted extensively in the time domain, yet can achieve similar results to conventional spectral methods. In computational simulations, the EuroBavar dataset was used to assess the performance of the novel algorithm. The BRS values were calculated by four other methods (three spectral approaches and GAFD) for performance comparison. From a comparison using the Wilcoxon rank sum test, it was found that there was no statistically significant dissimilarity; instead, very good agreement using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was observed. The modGauss algorithm was also found to be the fastest in computation time and suitable for the long-term estimation of BRS. The novel algorithm, as described in this report, can be applied in medical equipment for real-time estimation of BRS in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tienhsiung Ku
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 50051, Taiwan;
| | - Serge Ismael Zida
- Ph.D. Program of Electrical and Communications Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan;
| | - Latifa Nabila Harfiya
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; (L.N.H.); or (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Yung-Hui Li
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; (L.N.H.); or (Y.-H.L.)
- AI Research Center, Hon Hai (Foxconn) Research Institute, Taipei 114699, Taiwan
| | - Yue-Der Lin
- Ph.D. Program of Electrical and Communications Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan;
- Department of Automatic Control Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-2451-7250 (ext. 3925); Fax: +886-4-2451-9951
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
The Hydrodynamic Characteristics Induced by Multiple Layouts of Typical Artificial M-Type Reefs with Sea Currents Typical of Liaodong Bay, Bohai Sea. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse9111155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Artificial reefs are effective measures to improve the marine ecological environment and increase fishery production. However, there are several geometries being investigated nowadays and their setup, including the spacing between groups of them, can provide dissimilar effects on hydrodynamics. To enhance the understanding of this topic, in this paper, the focus is mainly on M-Type artificial reefs that will be adopted in Juehua Island, Liaodong Bay, China. An experimental campaign was carried out in order to simulate the influence that M-Type unit reef groups may have on the local flow field and the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique has been implemented to provide velocity maps. The results showed that with the increase of velocity’s current approaching the artificial reef, the height, length and area of the upwelling and the back vortex rise with the increase of spacing between the artificial reefs. Furthermore, when comparing different geometrical configurations with similar currents approaching the artificial reef, the maximum values of both upwelling and back vortex were obtained when the spacing between unit reefs was 1.25 L. Finally, the entropy method was used to evaluate the effects on the flow field under four kinds of spacing based on the hydrodynamic characteristics and the economic cost. The comprehensive score obtained for all the configurations followed the order 1.25 L > 1.50 L > 0.75 L > 1.00 L. Therefore, it is suggested that the original design spacing should be increased by 25% when the M-type unit reef is put into practice. Additionally, after having completed a comparative analysis, it is recommended to further change the reef group into four reef monocases. By executing this adjustment, the unit reef cost was reduced by 10%, and the influence range on the flow field increased by 10%, and this result can consequently achieve greater ecological benefits with less economic input. The results of this study provide a preliminary reference for the construction of artificial reefs M-Type from the perspective of theory and practice.
Collapse
|
4
|
Xiao MX, Lu CH, Ta N, Wei HC, Haryadi B, Wu HT. Machine learning prediction of future peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetics with percussion entropy and body mass indices. Biocybern Biomed Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbe.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
5
|
Castiglioni P, Faes L, Valenza G. Assessing Complexity in Physiological Systems through Biomedical Signals Analysis. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 22:E1005. [PMID: 33286774 PMCID: PMC7597077 DOI: 10.3390/e22091005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The idea that most physiological systems are complex has become increasingly popular in recent decades [...].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Faes
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Gaetano Valenza
- Department of Information Engineering and Research Center “E. Piaggio”, University of Pisa, 56122 Pisa, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Prognosis of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy via Decomposed Digital Volume Pulse from the Fingertip. ENTROPY 2020; 22:e22070754. [PMID: 33286526 PMCID: PMC7517300 DOI: 10.3390/e22070754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a very common neurological disorder in diabetic patients. This study presents a new percussion-based index for predicting DPN by decomposing digital volume pulse (DVP) signals from the fingertip. In this study, 130 subjects (50 individuals 44 to 89 years of age without diabetes and 80 patients 37 to 86 years of age with type 2 diabetes) were enrolled. After baseline measurement and blood tests, 25 diabetic patients developed DPN within the following five years. After removing high-frequency noise in the original DVP signals, the decomposed DVP signals were used for percussion entropy index (PEIDVP) computation. Effects of risk factors on the incidence of DPN in diabetic patients within five years of follow-up were tested using binary logistic regression analysis, controlling for age, waist circumference, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and the new index. Multivariate analysis showed that patients who did not develop DPN in the five-year period had higher PEIDVP values than those with DPN, as determined by logistic regression model (PEIDVP: odds ratio 0.913, 95% CI 0.850 to 0.980). This study shows that PEIDVP can be a major protective factor in relation to the studied binary outcome (i.e., DPN or not in diabetic patients five years after baseline measurement).
Collapse
|
7
|
Percussion Entropy Analysis of Synchronized ECG and PPG Signals as a Prognostic Indicator for Future Peripheral Neuropathy in Type 2 Diabetic Subjects. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10010032. [PMID: 31936481 PMCID: PMC7168256 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is one of the most common chronic complications of diabetes. It has become an essential public health crisis, especially for care in the home. Synchronized electrocardiogram (ECG) and photoplethysmography (PPG) signals were obtained from healthy non-diabetic (n = 37) and diabetic (n = 85) subjects without peripheral neuropathy, recruited from the diabetic outpatient clinic. The conventional parameters, including low-/high-frequency power ratio (LHR), small-scale multiscale entropy index (MEISS), large-scale multiscale entropy index (MEILS), electrocardiogram-based pulse wave velocity (PWVmean), and percussion entropy index (PEI), were computed as baseline and were then followed for six years after the initial PEI measurement. Three new diabetic subgroups with different PEI values were identified for the goodness-of-fit test and Cox proportional Hazards model for relative risks analysis. Finally, Cox regression analysis showed that the PEI value was significantly and independently associated with the risk of developing DPN after adjustment for some traditional risk factors for diabetes (relative risks = 4.77, 95% confidence interval = 1.87 to 6.31, p = 0.015). These findings suggest that the PEI is an important risk parameter for new-onset DPN as a result of a chronic complication of diabetes and, thus, a smaller PEI value can provide valid information that may help identify type 2 diabetic patients at a greater risk of future DPN.
Collapse
|
8
|
(Multiscale) Cross-Entropy Methods: A Review. ENTROPY 2019; 22:e22010045. [PMID: 33285820 PMCID: PMC7516475 DOI: 10.3390/e22010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cross-entropy was introduced in 1996 to quantify the degree of asynchronism between two time series. In 2009, a multiscale cross-entropy measure was proposed to analyze the dynamical characteristics of the coupling behavior between two sequences on multiple scales. Since their introductions, many improvements and other methods have been developed. In this review we offer a state-of-the-art on cross-entropy measures and their multiscale approaches.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wei HC, Ta N, Hu WR, Xiao MX, Tang XJ, Haryadi B, Liou JJ, Wu HT. Digital Volume Pulse Measured at the Fingertip as an Indicator of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in the Aged and Diabetic. ENTROPY 2019; 21:1229. [PMCID: PMC7514575 DOI: 10.3390/e21121229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the application of a modified percussion entropy index (PEIPPI) in assessing the complexity of baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) for diabetic peripheral neuropathy prognosis. The index was acquired by comparing the obedience of the fluctuation tendency in the change between the amplitudes of continuous digital volume pulse (DVP) and variations in the peak-to-peak interval (PPI) from a decomposed intrinsic mode function (i.e., IMF6) through ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD). In total, 100 middle-aged subjects were split into 3 groups: healthy subjects (group 1, 48–89 years, n = 34), subjects with type 2 diabetes without peripheral neuropathy within 5 years (group 2, 42–86 years, n = 42, HbA1c ≥ 6.5%), and type 2 diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy within 5 years (group 3, 37–75 years, n = 24). The results were also found to be very successful at discriminating between PEIPPI values among the three groups (p < 0.017), and indicated significant associations with the anthropometric (i.e., body weight and waist circumference) and serum biochemical (i.e., triglycerides, glycated hemoglobin, and fasting blood glucose) parameters in all subjects (p < 0.05). The present study, which utilized the DVP signals of aged, overweight subjects and diabetic patients, successfully determined the PPI intervals from IMF6 through EEMD. The PEIPPI can provide a prognosis of peripheral neuropathy from diabetic patients within 5 years after photoplethysmography (PPG) measurement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Cheng Wei
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, North Minzu University, No. 204 North Wenchang Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China; (H.-C.W.); (N.T.); (W.-R.H.); (M.-X.X.); (J.J.L.)
- Basic Experimental Teaching and Engineering Training Center, North Minzu University, No. 204 North Wenchang Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Na Ta
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, North Minzu University, No. 204 North Wenchang Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China; (H.-C.W.); (N.T.); (W.-R.H.); (M.-X.X.); (J.J.L.)
| | - Wen-Rui Hu
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, North Minzu University, No. 204 North Wenchang Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China; (H.-C.W.); (N.T.); (W.-R.H.); (M.-X.X.); (J.J.L.)
| | - Ming-Xia Xiao
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, North Minzu University, No. 204 North Wenchang Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China; (H.-C.W.); (N.T.); (W.-R.H.); (M.-X.X.); (J.J.L.)
| | - Xiao-Jing Tang
- School of Science, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Ningxia 750004, China;
| | - Bagus Haryadi
- Department of Physics, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Jendral A. Yani street, Kragilan, Tamanan, Kec. Banguntapan, Bantul, Daerah Istimewa, Yogyakarta 55191, Indonesia;
| | - Juin J. Liou
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, North Minzu University, No. 204 North Wenchang Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China; (H.-C.W.); (N.T.); (W.-R.H.); (M.-X.X.); (J.J.L.)
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Hsien-Tsai Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Dong Hwa University, No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd., Shoufeng, Hualien 97401, Taiwan, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|