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Choi KH, Denice P. Socioeconomic Variation in the Relationship Between Neighbourhoods’ Built Environments and the Spread of COVID-19 in Toronto, Canada. CANADIAN STUDIES IN POPULATION 2022; 49:149-181. [PMID: 36068823 PMCID: PMC9438358 DOI: 10.1007/s42650-022-00070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate H. Choi
- Department of Sociology, Western University, Social Science Centre, 1151 Richmond Avenue, London, ON N6A 5C2 Canada
| | - Patrick Denice
- Department of Sociology, Western University, Social Science Centre, 1151 Richmond Avenue, London, ON N6A 5C2 Canada
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Calderón Peralvo F, Cazorla Vanegas P, Avila-Ordóñez E. A systematic review of COVID-19 transport policies and mitigation strategies around the globe. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES 2022; 15:100653. [PMID: 35873107 PMCID: PMC9289094 DOI: 10.1016/j.trip.2022.100653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a Scopus-based systematic literature review of a wide variety of transportation policies and mitigation strategies that have been conducted around the world to minimize COVID-19 contagion risk in transportation systems. The review offers a representative coverage of countries across all continents of the planet, as well as among representative climate regions - as weather is an important factor to consider. The readership interested in policies and mitigation strategies is expected to involve a wide range of actors, each involving a particular application context; hence, the literature is also characterized by key attributes such as: transportation mode; actor (users, operators, government, industry); jurisdiction (national, provincial, city, neighborhood); and area of application (planning, regulation, operations, research, incentives). An in-depth analysis of the surveyed literature is then reported, focusing first on condensing the literature into 151 distinct policies and strategies, which are subsequently categorized into 25 broad categories that are discussed at length. The compendium and discussion of strategies and policies reported not only provide comprehensive guidelines to inform various courses of action for decision-makers, planners, and social communicators, but also emphasize on future work and the potential of some of these strategies to be the precursors of meaningful, more sustainable behavioral changes in future mobility patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Calderón Peralvo
- Research Group "Models, Analysis and Simulation (MAS) Applied to Transport Systems", Computer Science Department, University of Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Patricia Cazorla Vanegas
- Research Group "Models, Analysis and Simulation (MAS) Applied to Transport Systems", Computer Science Department, University of Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Elina Avila-Ordóñez
- Research Group "Models, Analysis and Simulation (MAS) Applied to Transport Systems", Computer Science Department, University of Cuenca, Ecuador
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A Grammar-Based Optimization Approach for Designing Urban Fabrics and Locating Amenities for 15-Minute Cities. BUILDINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/buildings12081157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Providing pedestrian accessibility to urban services is a big challenge and a key factor in creating more walkable urban areas. Moreover, it is a critical aspect of climate-resilient urban planning as it is broadly assumed that neighborhoods with greater walkability discourage automobile use and reduce CO2 emissions. The idea of 15-minute cities, defined as urban environments where most places that residents need to access are within a 15-minute walk, is gaining increasing attention worldwide. Because aspects of urban performance are increasingly quantifiable, generative, and data-driven design approaches can explore broader sets of potential solutions, while optimization can help identify designs with desired properties. This work demonstrates and tests a new approach that combines shape grammars, a formal method for shape generation that facilitates the elaboration of complex patterns and meaningful solutions, with multi-objective optimization. The goal was to optimize the design of urban fabric layouts and the location of amenities to provide 15-minute neighborhood configurations that minimize infrastructure cost (as estimated by cumulative street length) and the number of amenities, while maximizing pedestrian accessibility to urban services (as assessed by overall integration and the average distance from all plots to nearest amenities).
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Food Retail Network Spatial Matching and Urban Planning Policy Implications: The Case of Beijing, China. LAND 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/land11050694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Food is the core of urban daily life and socio-economic activities but is rarely the focus of urban planning. The spatial layout of food retail outlets is important for optimizing the urban food system, improving land resource allocation, and encouraging healthy food consumption. Based on food retail POI data, this study employed kernel density estimation, road network centrality, spatial autocorrelation analysis, and locational entropy to analyze the spatial characteristics of supermarkets, produce markets, and small stores in an urban center in Beijing, and explored street coupling and supply-demand matching. The results indicated that within the study area: (1) supermarkets had an obvious “core-periphery” distribution, produce markets had a polycentric distribution, and small stores had a relatively uniform distribution; (2) road network centrality indices revealed a differentiated multi-core-edge distribution; (3) streets with high locational entropy values for supermarkets and produce markets were mostly concentrated in the central area, whereas the matching distribution of small stores was relatively balanced. From the perspective of urban planning, policy implications are proposed based on spatial and social equity, urban-rural differences, population structure and distribution status, and a resilient supply chain. The study findings have practical significance for guiding the development of urban food systems in a healthy, just, and sustainable direction, as well as rational urban land planning.
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Galindo-Pérez MC, Suárez M, Rosales-Tapia AR, Sifuentes-Osornio J, Angulo-Guerrero O, Benítez-Pérez H, de Anda-Jauregui G, Díaz-de-León-Santiago JL, Hernández-Lemus E, Alonso Herrera L, López-Arellano O, Revuelta-Herrera A, Ruiz-Gutiérrez R, Sheinbaum-Pardo C, Kershenobich-Stalnikowitz D. Territorial Strategy of Medical Units for Addressing the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City: Analysis of Mobility, Accessibility and Marginalization. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:665. [PMID: 35055486 PMCID: PMC8776096 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has caused an exponential increase in the demand for medical care worldwide. In Mexico, the COVID Medical Units (CMUs) conversion strategy was implemented. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the CMU coverage strategy in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) by territory. MATERIALS The CMU directory was used, as were COVID-19 infection and mobility statistics and Mexican 2020 census information at the urban geographic area scale. The degree of urban marginalization by geographic area was also considered. METHOD Using descriptive statistics and the calculation of a CMU accessibility index, population aggregates were counted based on coverage radii. In addition, two regression models are proposed to explain (1) the territorial and temporal trend of COVID-19 infections in the MCMA and (2) the mobility of the COVID-infected population visiting medical units. RESULTS The findings of the evaluation of the CMU strategy were (1) in the MCMA, COVID-19 followed a pattern of contagion from the urban center to the periphery; (2) given the growth in the number of cases and the overload of medical units, the population traveled greater distances to seek medical care; (3) after the CMU strategy was evaluated at the territory level, it was found that 9 out of 10 inhabitants had a CMU located approximately 7 km away; and (4) at the metropolitan level, the lowest level of accessibility to the CMU was recorded for the population with the highest levels of marginalization, i.e., those residing in the urban periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateo Carlos Galindo-Pérez
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Multidisciplinarias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
- Instituto de Geografía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico;
| | - Manuel Suárez
- Instituto de Geografía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico;
| | - Ana Rosa Rosales-Tapia
- Instituto de Geografía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico;
| | - José Sifuentes-Osornio
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico; (J.S.-O.); (D.K.-S.)
| | - Ofelia Angulo-Guerrero
- Secretaría de Educación, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, Gogobierno de la Ciudad de México, Ciudad de Mexico 06010, Mexico; (O.A.-G.); (J.L.D.-d.-L.-S.); (R.R.-G.)
| | - Héctor Benítez-Pérez
- Dirección General de Cómputo y de Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico;
| | - Guillermo de Anda-Jauregui
- Departamento de Genómica Computacional, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de Mexico 14610, Mexico; (G.d.A.-J.); (E.H.-L.)
| | - Juan Luis Díaz-de-León-Santiago
- Secretaría de Educación, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, Gogobierno de la Ciudad de México, Ciudad de Mexico 06010, Mexico; (O.A.-G.); (J.L.D.-d.-L.-S.); (R.R.-G.)
| | - Enrique Hernández-Lemus
- Departamento de Genómica Computacional, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de Mexico 14610, Mexico; (G.d.A.-J.); (E.H.-L.)
| | - Luis Alonso Herrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico;
| | - Oliva López-Arellano
- Secretaría de Salud de la Ciudad de México, Ciudad de Mexico 06900, Mexico; (O.L.-A.); (A.R.-H.)
| | - Arturo Revuelta-Herrera
- Secretaría de Salud de la Ciudad de México, Ciudad de Mexico 06900, Mexico; (O.L.-A.); (A.R.-H.)
| | - Rosaura Ruiz-Gutiérrez
- Secretaría de Educación, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, Gogobierno de la Ciudad de México, Ciudad de Mexico 06010, Mexico; (O.A.-G.); (J.L.D.-d.-L.-S.); (R.R.-G.)
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Liang Z, Deng C, Li D, Lo WLA, Yu Q, Chen Z. The effects of the home-based exercise during COVID-19 school closure on the physical fitness of preschool children in China. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:932734. [PMID: 36110116 PMCID: PMC9469900 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.932734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social distancing and school closures during the COVID-19 pandemic reduced the physical activities of the preschool children living in China. However, the effects of home-based exercise on the physical fitness of Chinese preschool children during COVID-19 school closures are still unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effects of home-based exercise on the physical fitness of Chinese preschool children during COVID-19 school closure. METHODS In this retrospective analysis, data from 1,608 Chinese preschool children (aged 3-5.5 years) in a second-tier city of Guangdong Province of China (Zhongshan city) were extracted from three successive National Physical Fitness Measurement (NPFM) from 2019 to 2021. NPFM consists of weight, height, and six subtests of physical fitness including 10-m shuttle run test (SRT), standing long jump (SLJ), balance beam walking (BBW), sit-and-reach (SR), tennis throwing (TT), and double-leg timed hop (DTH) tests. The change differences or change ratios of all the items in NPFM between any two successive years from 2019 to 2021 were compared. The exercise profiles about home-based and outdoor exercise before, during, and after COVID-19 school closure were obtained from 185 preschool children via retrospective telephone survey. RESULTS Between 2019 and 2021, 1,608 preschool children were included in this study. We observed larger changes in SLJ, SR, TT, and DTH tests during school closure than after school closure. But the children showed lower reduction rates in the completion time of SRT and BBW. During school closure, higher change ratios in SLJ and TT were observed in the children primarily participating in home-based exercise than those primarily participating in outdoor exercise. However, no statistical differences were observed in the changes in SRT and BBW between home-based and outdoor training groups. CONCLUSION The home-based exercise program might be an alternative approach to improve the physical fitness of preschool children during COVID-19 school closure, but could not be beneficial to speed-agility and balance functions. A specific guideline geared toward a home-based exercise program during the COVID-19 outbreak is highly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwen Liang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Deng
- Department of Children's Health Care, Zhongshan Torch Development Zone People's Hospital, Zhongshan, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wai Leung Ambrose Lo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuhua Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuoming Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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