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Lefebvre du Grosriez S, Isoard-Gautheur S, Yukhymenko-Lescroart M, Sarrazin P. The adapted French version of the Academic and Athletic Identity Scale (AAIS-FR): Evidence of validity and reliability and relationships with sport well-being. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298872. [PMID: 38718011 PMCID: PMC11078428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effectively managing their athletic and academic projects is a major challenge for student-athletes. The salience of the identity they develop in each of these contexts can affect their well-being and is therefore an important variable to consider. Examining these mechanisms in countries and student-athlete support systems other than the United States is also important. AIM This study aims to both translate and evaluate the psychometric properties of a French version of the Academic and Athletic Identity Scale, the AAIS-FR, and to examine the additive and interactive relationships of the two identities with sport burnout and engagement. METHODS Participants were 359 French student-athletes (50.42% female) who were competing at various levels (ranging from regional to international). RESULTS Results from analyses using a slightly modified version of the original scale provided evidence of construct (i.e., factor structure) and concurrent (i.e., expected relationships between both identities and several correlates identified in previous work) validity, as well as reliability (i.e., internal consistency) and invariance across gender and sport competition levels of the AAIS-FR. In addition, regression analyses revealed a favourable relationship between athletic identity and sport well-being (i.e., positive with engagement and negative with burnout), no relationship between academic identity and sport well-being, and no interaction between the two identities. CONCLUSION While further research is needed to provide additional evidence for the validity of the AAIS-FR, researchers can still use this tool to measure the salience of the two identities of French-speaking student-athletes.
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Lochbaum M, Sisneros C. A Systematic Review with a Meta-Analysis of the Motivational Climate and Hedonic Well-Being Constructs: The Importance of the Athlete Level. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2024; 14:976-1001. [PMID: 38667819 PMCID: PMC11048888 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe14040064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Motivational climate is known to relate to individual behaviors, emotions, and thoughts. Hedonic or subjective well-being includes self-assessed positive affect (i.e., pleasant affect, moods, and emotions), negative affect (i.e., unpleasant affect, moods, and emotions), and life or domain-specific satisfaction. The aim of this review was to quantify the relationships between task and ego motivational climate scales and measures representing hedonic well-being with sports participants. Potential moderators of the motivational climate and hedonic well-being were examined. This review followed the PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO ID CRD42023470462, registered 28 October 2023). From five relevant databases, one relevant review, and hand searching, 82 articles totaling 26,378 participants (46.3% female) met the inclusion criteria. The articles spanned publication dates from 1993 to 2023, representing 18 countries, various team and individual sports, and athletes competing in elite (e.g., Olympic) to grassroot (e.g., club sport) competitions. To meta-analyze the motivational climate and hedonic well-being relationships, the random-effects model was used. For the moderation analyses, the mixed-effects model was used. The task or mastery climate relationships were medium in magnitude with positive affect and satisfaction and small with negative affect. The ego or performance climate relationships were small in magnitude for positive affect, negative affect, and satisfaction. Evidence of bias existed in the motivational climate and hedonic well-being relationships. For moderation analyses, athlete level (i.e., elite vs. non-elite) moderated (p < 0.05) the task (elite, r = 0.23; non-elite, r = 0.34) and ego motivational climate (elite, r = -0.02; non-elite, r = -0.13) and positive affect and satisfaction combined relationships. In conclusion, the motivational climate and hedonic well-being relationships were stronger for the task climate than for the ego climate. The finding that elite athlete correlations appeared dampened is important for future research. Even with the damped relationships, practitioners, from the Olympics to local clubs, should ensure the promotion of the task climate to maximize positive affect and satisfactions in and around the sport experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Lochbaum
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
- Research Institute, Education Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, 44248 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Cassandra Sisneros
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
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Teixeira E, Silva C, Vicente A. Development and validation of an interview guide for examining the effects of sports careers on the quality of life of retired Portuguese football players. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1374784. [PMID: 38533209 PMCID: PMC10963604 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1374784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Considering the importance of assessing the impacts resulting from a sport career, this study aimed at developing and validating a semi-structure interview guide suitable for quantifying the sociodemographic and epidemiological profile of former professional football players. Methods Based on the theoretical frameworks and several methodological procedures, an interview guide was developed, consisting of 3 areas of conceptual organization (A1. Biographical data; A2. Professional Career; and A3. Post-Career Transition) and 8 data collection categories (C1. Personal data; C2. Professional data; C3. Sociodemographic background; C4. Epidemiological pathway; C5. Moment of career retirement (career transition); C6. Post-career sociodemographic pathway; C7. Post-career epidemiological pathway; and C8. Perceptions of post-career planning). Thus, in procedural terms, four stages were considered for the construction and validation of the interview guide, namely the Ad hoc construction of the interview guide (i), the review of the in-terview guide by a panel of experts (ii), definition of procedures and protocol for the application of the interview (iii), and the application of the pilot study for the face validation of the interview guide (iv). The sample consisted of two former Portuguese professional players. Results and discussion To analyze and discuss the data, a content analysis was carried out on all the answers given to each question in the script by the interviewees. From them, matrices were created with the response references to each subcategory. In this way, it was possible to analyse the type of answers given by the interviewees and relate them to the theoretical perspectives of the topic being investigated. The results showed that the interview guide for the study of the impacts of the sports careers on the quality of life of Portuguese former football players shows reliability for the collection of qualitative and quantitative information from the respective content analysis. The use of the interview guide characterizes the path of former player, providing information and knowledge on the sociodemographic and epidemiological impact factors resulting from their post-career.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Teixeira
- Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, Rio Maior, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, Polytechnic Institute of Santarem, Santarém, Portugal
| | - Carlos Silva
- Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, Rio Maior, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, Polytechnic Institute of Santarem, Santarém, Portugal
| | - António Vicente
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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Ehnold P, Gohritz A, Lotzen L, Schlesinger T. Soccer above all? Analysis of academic and vocational education among female soccer players in the German women's Bundesliga and 2nd women's Bundesliga. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1294803. [PMID: 38410355 PMCID: PMC10895006 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1294803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Career-related (financial) reasons as well as advantages in terms of expanding social support systems, promoting a balanced lifestyle and personal development suggest that female soccer players should pursue academic or vocational education in parallel to elite sport. However, dual careers are fraught with challenges, mainly due to simultaneity in time and the associated conflicting goals. The aim of this article is to analyze the vocational or academic educational careers of professional female soccer players. Methods To generate the data, an online survey was conducted among soccer players in the German Women's Bundesliga and 2nd Women's Bundesliga. A total of n = 200 questionnaires (German: n = 191; English: n = 9) were included in the analysis, which corresponds to approx. 29.6% of the population addressed. Results 90.6% of the players are pursuing or have already completed academic or vocational education. The majority (71.2%) of female soccer players choose to study. 81.8% of players report no impact or even a positive impact of soccer on their performance in academic or vocational education. Willingness to pursue and complete academic or vocational education is influenced by membership of the A-National Team, time spent playing soccer, form of school-leaving qualification, nationality and age. Discussion This study increases the visibility of professional women's soccer as an object of analysis in sports science research, follows up on demands for a more athlete-centered approach and generates further insights for research and practice with regard to the success of dual careers in elite sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ehnold
- Department of Sport & Management, IST-University of Applied Sciences Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Gohritz
- Department of Sport & Management, IST-University of Applied Sciences Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lena Lotzen
- Department of Sport & Management, IST-University of Applied Sciences Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Torsten Schlesinger
- Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
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McGinley J, Stapleton E, Gale E, Worrall H, Podvin C, Ellis HB, Wilson PL, Ulman S. Differences in athletic identity, sport participation, and psychosocial factors following anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation in youth athletes. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1303887. [PMID: 38259536 PMCID: PMC10800524 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1303887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction While youth sports benefits the developing athlete, athletes may also be subject to injury and subsequent return-to-sport protocols. The current return-to-sport criteria emphasize physical measures; however, psychological measures may also be valuable to inform providers of an athlete's readiness. One such measure is athletic identity defined as the degree to which an individual identifies with the athlete role. To better understand athletic identity in return-to-sport, this study aimed to identify relationships and trends between the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS), demographic variables, sport participation measures, and the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28 (ACSI-28) in youth athletes during rehabilitation following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Methods A retrospective review was completed of patients who underwent ACLR at a sports medicine clinic between October 2019 and May 2021. Patients responded to a series of patient reported outcomes (PROs) regarding physical and psychological function at a pre-surgical baseline and after 1 year of rehabilitation. Patients were then divided into groups of high/low AIMS and an increased/decreased AIMS between 1 year and baseline for comparison. Independent samples t-tests and ANOVAs were performed as appropriate with a 95% confidence interval. Results In the final sample, 87 patients (15.3 ± 1.8 years) were included, with 51.7% being females. Total AIMS scores decreased from 50.3 to 47.5 over rehabilitation (p = 0.019). Furthermore, results indicated that nearly all AIMS scores decreased during rehabilitation, with none showing an increase; however, not all domains were significant. Conversely, all sport participation and coping ability PROs increased over time points except for ACSI-Confidence and Achievement Motivation. Generally, those in the groups with high AIMS and an increase in AIMS also had higher scores in physical function and coping ability PROs, with the groups separated by high/low AIMS exhibiting more frequent statistical significance. Discussion Given these results, it appears that athletes may lose identification with the athlete role after ACLR and struggle even 1 year for rehabilitation, but those who recover athletic identity the best may also be those able to cope most effectively with the stressors induced by injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- James McGinley
- Center for Excellence in Sports Medicine, Scottish Rite for Children Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Center, Frisco, TX, United States
| | - Emily Stapleton
- Department of Psychology, Scottish Rite for Children, Frisco, TX, United States
| | - Emily Gale
- Department of Psychology, Scottish Rite for Children, Frisco, TX, United States
| | - Hannah Worrall
- Center for Excellence in Sports Medicine, Scottish Rite for Children Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Center, Frisco, TX, United States
| | - Caroline Podvin
- Center for Excellence in Sports Medicine, Scottish Rite for Children Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Center, Frisco, TX, United States
| | - Henry B. Ellis
- Center for Excellence in Sports Medicine, Scottish Rite for Children Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Center, Frisco, TX, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Philip L. Wilson
- Center for Excellence in Sports Medicine, Scottish Rite for Children Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Center, Frisco, TX, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Sophia Ulman
- Center for Excellence in Sports Medicine, Scottish Rite for Children Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Center, Frisco, TX, United States
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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Maciá-Andreu MJ, Vaquero-Cristóbal R, Meroño L, Abenza-Cano L, García-Roca JA, Cánovas-Álvarez FJ, Díaz-Aroca A, Capranica L, Stanescu M, Pereira A, Doupona M, Mendes F, Figueiredo A, Isidori E, Sánchez-Pato A, Leiva-Arcas A. Self-perception of dual career barriers and athletic identity in student-athletes with disabilities according to disability type and level of professionalization. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20531. [PMID: 37993589 PMCID: PMC10665373 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47881-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze the perceived barriers to dual career success and athletic identity of student-athletes according to disability type and level of professionalization. The final sample consisted of 203 student-athletes with disabilities from five European countries. The questionnaires used were ESTPORT, EBBS and AIMS. Depending on disability type, it was found that student-athletes with hearing and physical impairment showed the highest difficulty in reconciling sports and studies (p = 0.001); that student-athletes with a hearing impairment showed the highest score in the barrier 'the cost of education is high' (p = 0.023); that student-athletes with a physical impairment had the highest scores in the barrier 'Exercise tires me' (p = 0.013); that student-athletes with cerebral palsy showed the highest scores in the barrier 'I do not have enough university/educational institution support' (p = 0.014) and 'Exercise facilities do not have convenient timetables for me' (p = 0.001). Depending on sports professionalization level, semi-professional student-athletes showed the highest values in the barrier 'the university/educational institution is far from my training center' (p = 0.040); while professional student-athletes had the highest score in the barrier 'exercise takes too much time from family responsibilities' (p = 0.034). In most of the variables related to identity as athletes, professional student-athletes showed the highest values, followed by semi-professional athletes (p = 0.043- < 0.001). In conclusion, the self-perception of barriers is quite relevant, with differences arising from disability type and level of professionalization, whereas the identity as an athlete is only different according to the level of professionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Maciá-Andreu
- Facultad de Deporte, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107, Murcia, Spain
| | - R Vaquero-Cristóbal
- Departament of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30720, San Javier, Spain.
| | - L Meroño
- Facultad de Deporte, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107, Murcia, Spain
- Centre for Olympic Studies, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107, Murcia, Spain
| | - L Abenza-Cano
- Facultad de Deporte, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107, Murcia, Spain
- Centre for Olympic Studies, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107, Murcia, Spain
| | - J A García-Roca
- Facultad de Deporte, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107, Murcia, Spain
- Centre for Olympic Studies, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107, Murcia, Spain
| | - F J Cánovas-Álvarez
- Facultad de Deporte, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107, Murcia, Spain
- Centre for Olympic Studies, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107, Murcia, Spain
| | - A Díaz-Aroca
- Facultad de Deporte, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107, Murcia, Spain
| | - L Capranica
- European Athlete as Student Network, Ghaxaq, 1025, Malta
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Roma Foro Italico, 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - M Stanescu
- National University of Physical Education and Sport of Bucharest, 060057, Bucharest, Romania
| | - A Pereira
- Department of Sport Sciences and Motricity, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510, Viseu, Portugal
| | - M Doupona
- European Athlete as Student Network, Ghaxaq, 1025, Malta
- University of Ljubljana, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - F Mendes
- Department of Sport Sciences and Motricity, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510, Viseu, Portugal
| | - A Figueiredo
- Department of Sport Sciences and Motricity, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510, Viseu, Portugal
| | - E Isidori
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Roma Foro Italico, 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - A Sánchez-Pato
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Internacional de la Rioja, 26006, Logroño, Spain
| | - A Leiva-Arcas
- Facultad de Deporte, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107, Murcia, Spain
- Centre for Olympic Studies, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, 30107, Murcia, Spain
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Lochbaum M, Sisneros C, Cooper S, Terry PC. Pre-Event Self-Efficacy and Sports Performance: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:222. [PMID: 37999439 PMCID: PMC10675036 DOI: 10.3390/sports11110222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between self-efficacy and performance exclusively within the sports environment is yet to be quantified. Hence, we meta-analysed this relationship by following the PRISMA guidelines. Two previous meta-analyses, five relevant databases, and Google Scholar were searched. Forty-four articles published between 1983 and 2021 met the inclusion criteria, with 55 independent samples. Comprehensive meta-analysis software version 4 was used for all meta-analytic calculations using a random-effects model to calculate the mean effect size, and a mixed-effects model was used for moderation analyses. The mean pre-event self-efficacy and performance effect size was r = 0.31 (95% CI 0.22, 0.40). For moderation analyses, notable mean differences (p values ≥ 0.08) resulted for concordance [concordant (r = 0.37), nonconcordant (r = 0.22)], sports skill [closed (r = 0.37), open (r = 0.23)], and athlete level [elite (r = 0.40), sub-elite (r = 0.28)]. The true effect prediction interval ranged from negative (i.e., self-efficacy impairing performance) to positive (self-efficacy improving performance) for all moderator variables except self-referenced vs. other-referenced performance. In conclusion, the relationship between pre-event self-efficacy and performance is positive and moderate in magnitude, although with prediction intervals ranging from debilitating to facilitating performance. Researchers and practitioners should note that high athlete-rated self-efficacy might not always improve impending competitive sports performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Lochbaum
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
- Research Institute, Education Academy, Vytautas Magnus University, 44248 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Cassandra Sisneros
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
| | - Sydney Cooper
- Honors College, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
| | - Peter C. Terry
- School of Psychology and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia;
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia
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