1
|
Chen QK, Xiang XH, Yan P, Liu SY. Enhancing strategies of photosynthetic hydrogen production from microalgae: Differences in hydrogen production between prokaryotic and eukaryotic algae. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 406:131029. [PMID: 38925401 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen production through the metabolic bypass of microalgae photosynthesis is an environmentally friendly method. This review examines the genetic differences in hydrogen production between prokaryotic and eukaryotic microalgae. Additionally, the pathways for enhancing microalgae-based photosynthetic hydrogen generation are summarized. The main strategies for enhancing microalgal hydrogen production involve inhibiting the oxygen-generating process of photosynthesis and promoting the oxygen tolerance of hydrogenase. Future research is needed to explore the regulation of physiological metabolism through quorum sensing in microalgae to enhance photosynthetic hydrogen production. Moreover, effective evaluation of carbon emissions and sequestration across the entire photosynthetic hydrogen production process is crucial for determining the sustainability of microalgae-based production approaches through comprehensive lifecycle assessment. This review elucidates the prospects and challenges associated with photosynthetic hydrogen production by microalgae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Kong Chen
- Engineering Laboratory of Environmental & Hydraulic Engineering, Chongqing Municipal Development and Reform Commission, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
| | - Xiao-Han Xiang
- Engineering Laboratory of Environmental & Hydraulic Engineering, Chongqing Municipal Development and Reform Commission, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
| | - Peng Yan
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
| | - Shao-Yang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Troy University, Troy, AL 36082, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dai C, Wang F. Potential applications of microalgae-bacteria consortia in wastewater treatment and biorefinery. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 393:130019. [PMID: 38000638 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The use of microalgae-bacteria consortia (MBC) for wastewater treatment has garnered attention as their interactions impart greater environmental adaptability and stability compared with that obtained by only microalgae or bacteria use, thereby improving the efficiency of pollutant removal and bio-product productivity. Additionally, the value-added bio-products produced via biorefineries can improve economic competitiveness and environmental sustainability. Therefore, this review focuses on the interaction between microalgae and bacteria that leads to nutrient exchange, gene transfer and signal transduction to comprehensively understand the interaction mechanisms underlying their strong adaptability. In addition, it includes recent research in which MBC has been efficiently used to treat various wastewater. Moreover, the review summarizes the use of MBC-produced biomass in a biorefining context to produce biofuel, biomaterial, high-value bio-products and bio-fertilizer. Overall, more effort is needed to identify the symbiotic mechanism in MBC to provide a foundation for circular bio-economy and environmentally friendly development programmes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenming Dai
- School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chini Zittelli G, Lauceri R, Faraloni C, Silva Benavides AM, Torzillo G. Valuable pigments from microalgae: phycobiliproteins, primary carotenoids, and fucoxanthin. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:1733-1789. [PMID: 37036620 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00407-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Phycobiliproteins, carotenoids and fucoxanthin are photosynthetic pigments extracted from microalgae and cyanobacteria with great potential biotechnological applications, as healthy food colorants and cosmetics. Phycocyanin possesses a brilliant blue color, with fluorescent properties making it useful as a reagent for immunological essays. The most important source of phycocyanin is the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis, however, recently, the Rhodophyta Galdieria sulphuraria has also been identified as such. The main obstacle to the commercialization of phycocyanin is represented by its chemical instability, strongly reducing its shelf-life. Moreover, the high level of purity needed for pharmaceutical applications requires several steps which increase both the production time and cost. Microalgae (Chlorella, Dunaliella, Nannochloropsis, Scenedesmus) produce several light harvesting carotenoids, and are able to manage with oxidative stress, due to their free radical scavenging properties, which makes them suitable for use as source of natural antioxidants. Many studies focused on the selection of the most promising strains producing valuable carotenoids and on their extraction and purification. Among carotenoids produced by marine microalgae, fucoxanthin is the most abundant, representing more than 10% of total carotenoids. Despite the abundance and diversity of fucoxanthin producing microalgae only a few species have been studied for commercial production, the most relevant being Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Due to its antioxidant activity, fucoxanthin can bring various potential benefits to the prevention and treatment of lifestyle-related diseases. In this review, we update the main results achieved in the production, extraction, purification, and commercialization of these important pigments, motivating the cultivation of microalgae as a source of natural pigments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graziella Chini Zittelli
- Istituto per la Bioeconomia, CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Rosaria Lauceri
- Istituto di Ricerca sulle Acque, CNR, Sede Di Verbania, Largo Tonolli 50, 28922, Verbania, Italy
| | - Cecilia Faraloni
- Istituto per la Bioeconomia, CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Ana Margarita Silva Benavides
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar Y Limnologίa, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, 2060, Costa Rica
- Escuela de Biologia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, 2060, Costa Rica
| | - Giuseppe Torzillo
- Istituto per la Bioeconomia, CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar Y Limnologίa, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, 2060, Costa Rica.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Schumann C, Fernández Méndez J, Berggren G, Lindblad P. Novel concepts and engineering strategies for heterologous expression of efficient hydrogenases in photosynthetic microorganisms. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1179607. [PMID: 37502399 PMCID: PMC10369191 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1179607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen is considered one of the key enablers of the transition towards a sustainable and net-zero carbon economy. When produced from renewable sources, hydrogen can be used as a clean and carbon-free energy carrier, as well as improve the sustainability of a wide range of industrial processes. Photobiological hydrogen production is considered one of the most promising technologies, avoiding the need for renewable electricity and rare earth metal elements, the demands for which are greatly increasing due to the current simultaneous electrification and decarbonization goals. Photobiological hydrogen production employs photosynthetic microorganisms to harvest solar energy and split water into molecular oxygen and hydrogen gas, unlocking the long-pursued target of solar energy storage. However, photobiological hydrogen production has to-date been constrained by several limitations. This review aims to discuss the current state-of-the art regarding hydrogenase-driven photobiological hydrogen production. Emphasis is placed on engineering strategies for the expression of improved, non-native, hydrogenases or photosynthesis re-engineering, as well as their combination as one of the most promising pathways to develop viable large-scale hydrogen green cell factories. Herein we provide an overview of the current knowledge and technological gaps curbing the development of photobiological hydrogenase-driven hydrogen production, as well as summarizing the recent advances and future prospects regarding the expression of non-native hydrogenases in cyanobacteria and green algae with an emphasis on [FeFe] hydrogenases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conrad Schumann
- Molecular Biomimetics, Department of Chemistry - Ångström, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jorge Fernández Méndez
- Microbial Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - Ångström, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gustav Berggren
- Molecular Biomimetics, Department of Chemistry - Ångström, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Lindblad
- Microbial Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - Ångström, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pratomo U, Pratama RA, Irkham I, Sulaeman AP, Mulyana JY, Primadona I. 3D-ZnO Superstructure Decorated with Carbon-Based Material for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water-Splitting under Visible-Light Irradiation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1380. [PMID: 37110965 PMCID: PMC10146915 DOI: 10.3390/nano13081380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The depletion of fossil fuels is a worldwide problem that has led to the discovery of alternative energy sources. Solar energy is the focus of numerous studies due to its huge potential power and environmentally friendly nature. Furthermore, one such area of study is the production of hydrogen energy by engaging photocatalysts using the photoelectrochemical (PEC) method. 3-D ZnO superstructures are extensively explored, showing high solar light-harvesting efficiency, more reaction sites, great electron transportation, and low electron-hole recombination. However, further development requires the consideration of several aspects, including the morphological effects of 3D-ZnO on water-splitting performance. This study reviewed various 3D-ZnO superstructures fabricated through different synthesis methods and crystal growth modifiers, as well as their advantages and limitations. Additionally, a recent modification by carbon-based material for enhanced water-splitting efficiency has been discussed. Finally, the review provides some challenging issues and future perspectives on the improvement of vectorial charge carrier migration and separation between ZnO as well as carbon-based material, using rare earth metals, which appears to be exciting for water-splitting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uji Pratomo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang Km.21, Kabupaten Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (U.P.); (R.A.P.); (I.I.); (A.P.S.)
| | - Rifky Adhia Pratama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang Km.21, Kabupaten Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (U.P.); (R.A.P.); (I.I.); (A.P.S.)
| | - Irkham Irkham
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang Km.21, Kabupaten Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (U.P.); (R.A.P.); (I.I.); (A.P.S.)
| | - Allyn Pramudya Sulaeman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang Km.21, Kabupaten Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (U.P.); (R.A.P.); (I.I.); (A.P.S.)
| | - Jacob Yan Mulyana
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minamiosawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan;
- School of Education, Faculty of Arts and Education, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
| | - Indah Primadona
- Research Center for Advanced Material, National Research and Innovation Agency, Kawasan Sains dan Teknologi BJ. Habibie, Tangerang Selatan 15314, Indonesia
- Collaboration Research Center for Advanced Energy Materials, National Research and Innovation Agency-Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Torzillo G, Zittelli GC, Cicchi B, Diano M, Parente M, Benavides AMS, Esposito S, Touloupakis E. Effect of plate distance on light conversion efficiency of a Synechocystis culture grown outdoors in a multiplate photobioreactor. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 842:156840. [PMID: 35750183 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the performance of a vertical multiplate photobioreactor is analyzed and presented. The photobioreactor consisted of 20 vertical plates (1 m2 each) connected by manifolds and a working volume of 1300 L. The total area occupied (footprint) was 10 m2, while the illuminated area was 40 m2, therefore the ratio of illuminated area to volume ratio was about 30 m-1. The performance of the photobioreactor was evaluated using a culture of Synechocystis PCC 6803, circulated by a centrifuge pump. The results showed that the amount of light captured by the photobioreactor at a plate spacing of 0.5 m was 90.2 % of the light incident on the horizontal surface, while at a plate spacing of 1.0 m, 50.3 % was captured. The corresponding biomass yield, calculated based on the ground area occupied by the reactor, was 26.0 g m-2 day-1 and 7.2 g m-2 day-1, when the plates were spaced at 0.5 m and 1.0 m respectively. Therefore, the light conversion efficiency calculated based on the ground area was significantly higher in the configuration with a plate spacing of 0.5 m, reaching 5.43 % based on PAR (photosynthetically active radiation), and 2.44 % based on solar radiation, giving a value 3.7 higher than when the plates were spaced 1.0 m apart. It was concluded that the light conversion efficiency might be further improved by reducing the plate spacing while also reducing the culture light path.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Torzillo
- Istituto per la Bioeconomia, CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino I-50019, Firenze, Italy; Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Del Mar y Limnologίa, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José 2060, Costa Rica.
| | - Graziella Chini Zittelli
- Istituto per la Bioeconomia, CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino I-50019, Firenze, Italy
| | - Bernardo Cicchi
- Istituto per la Bioeconomia, CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino I-50019, Firenze, Italy
| | - Marcello Diano
- M2M Engineering sas, Via Coroglio, Science Center, Business Innovation Center, Naples, Italy
| | - Maddalena Parente
- M2M Engineering sas, Via Coroglio, Science Center, Business Innovation Center, Naples, Italy
| | - Ana Margarita Silva Benavides
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Del Mar y Limnologίa, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José 2060, Costa Rica; Escuela de Biologia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José 2060, Costa Rica
| | - Serena Esposito
- M2M Engineering sas, Via Coroglio, Science Center, Business Innovation Center, Naples, Italy
| | - Eleftherios Touloupakis
- Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri, CNR, Via Madonna del Piano, 10, Sesto Fiorentino I-50019, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Carlozzi P, Touloupakis E, Filippi S, Cinelli P, Mezzetta A, Seggiani M. Purple non-sulfur bacteria as cell factories to produce a copolymer as PHBV under light/dark cycle in a 4-L photobioreactor. J Biotechnol 2022; 356:51-59. [PMID: 35932942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study reports a strategy to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) by culturing the marine bacterium Rhodovulum sulfidophilum DSM-1374. The study was carried out by growing the bacterium anaerobically for 720 h under 16/8 light/dark cycle. Two analytical techniques such as proton magnetic nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were used to determine that the polyester produced was poly-3-hydroxybutirate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV). This study showed that the excess of lactate and the limitation of N-P nutrients under a light-dark cycle enhanced PHBV synthesis and achieved a PHBV concentration of 330 mg/L in the R. sulfidophilum culture. During the 30 days of bacterial cultivation, the percentage of polymer in the six harvested dry biomasses gradually increased from 13.7% to 23.4%. In addition, the study showed that PHBV synthesis stopped during the 8-h dark phase and restarted in the light. The light-dark cycle study also showed that R. sulfidophilum DSM-1374 can be grown outdoors because the cells are exposed to the natural light-dark cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Carlozzi
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Florence, Italy.
| | - Eleftherios Touloupakis
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Filippi
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, L.go Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Patrizia Cinelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, L.go Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Mezzetta
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno, 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maurizia Seggiani
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, L.go Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
According to data from the International Energy Agency (IEA), in order to achieve net-zero CO2 emissions by 2050, approximately 306 million tonnes of green hydrogen (H2) must be produced annually [...]
Collapse
|
9
|
The relationship between photosystem II regulation and light-dependent hydrogen production by microalgae. Biophys Rev 2022; 14:893-904. [DOI: 10.1007/s12551-022-00977-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
|
10
|
Iqbal K, Saxena A, Pande P, Tiwari A, Chandra Joshi N, Varma A, Mishra A. Microalgae-bacterial granular consortium: Striding towards sustainable production of biohydrogen coupled with wastewater treatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 354:127203. [PMID: 35462016 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities have drastically affected the environment, leading to increased waste accumulation in atmospheric bodies, including water. Wastewater treatment is an energy-consuming process and typically requires thousands of kilowatt hours of energy. This enormous energy demand can be fulfilled by utilizing the microbial electrolysis route to breakdown organic pollutants in wastewater which produces clean water and biohydrogen as a by-product of the reaction. Microalgae are the promising microorganism for the biohydrogen production, and it has been investigated that the interaction between microalgae and bacteria can be used to boost the yield of biohydrogen. Consortium of algae and bacteria resulting around 50-60% more biohydrogen production compared to the biohydrogen production of algae and bacteria separately. This review summarises the recent development in different microalgae-bacteria granular consortium systems successfully employed for biohydrogen generation. We also discuss the limitations in biohydrogen production and factors affecting its production from wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Iqbal
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201301, India
| | - Abhishek Saxena
- Diatom Research Laboratory, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
| | - Priyanshi Pande
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201301, India
| | - Archana Tiwari
- Diatom Research Laboratory, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
| | - Naveen Chandra Joshi
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201301, India
| | - Ajit Varma
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201301, India
| | - Arti Mishra
- Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201301, India.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Torres MJ, González-Ballester D, Gómez-Osuna A, Galván A, Fernández E, Dubini A. Chlamydomonas-Methylobacterium oryzae cooperation leads to increased biomass, nitrogen removal and hydrogen production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 352:127088. [PMID: 35364237 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the context of algal wastewater bioremediation, this study has identified a novel consortium formed by the bacterium Methylobacterium oryzae and the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that greatly increase biomass generation (1.22 g L-1·d-1), inorganic nitrogen removal (>99%), and hydrogen production (33 mL·L-1) when incubated in media containing ethanol and methanol. The key metabolic aspect of this relationship relied on the bacterial oxidation of ethanol to acetate, which supported heterotrophic algal growth. However, in the bacterial monocultures the acetate accumulation inhibited bacterial growth. Moreover, in the absence of methanol, ethanol was an unsuitable carbon source and its incomplete oxidation to acetaldehyde had a toxic effect on both the alga and the bacterium. In cocultures, both alcohols were used as carbon sources by the bacteria, the inhibitory effects were overcome and both microorganisms mutually benefited. Potential biotechnological applications in wastewater treatment, biomass generation and hydrogen production are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Jesús Torres
- Universidad de Córdoba, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Ed. C6, Planta Baja, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - David González-Ballester
- Universidad de Córdoba, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Ed. C6, Planta Baja, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Aitor Gómez-Osuna
- Universidad de Córdoba, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Ed. C6, Planta Baja, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Aurora Galván
- Universidad de Córdoba, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Ed. C6, Planta Baja, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Emilio Fernández
- Universidad de Córdoba, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Ed. C6, Planta Baja, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Alexandra Dubini
- Universidad de Córdoba, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Ed. C6, Planta Baja, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
The unbridled use of fossil fuels is a serious problem that has become increasingly evident over the years. As such fuels contribute considerably to environmental pollution, there is a need to find new, sustainable sources of energy with low emissions of greenhouse gases. Climate change poses a substantial challenge for the scientific community. Thus, the use of renewable energy through technologies that offer maximum efficiency with minimal pollution and carbon emissions has become a major goal. Technology related to the use of hydrogen as a fuel is one of the most promising solutions for future systems of clean energy. The aim of the present review was to provide an overview of elements related to the potential use of hydrogen as an alternative energy source, considering its specific chemical and physical characteristics as well as prospects for an increase in the participation of hydrogen fuel in the world energy matrix.
Collapse
|