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Zhou Q, Fan Y, Zhang S. Highly Efficient and Selective Extraction of Gold from Thiosulfate Leaching Solution Using Functionalized Dicationic Ionic Liquids. Molecules 2024; 29:2659. [PMID: 38893533 PMCID: PMC11174032 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Thiosulfate leaching has been regarded as a promising alternative to cyanidation, but it still faces the challenge of the recovery of low content of gold from high concentrations of thiosulfate solutions. Liquid-liquid extraction is a method to address this issue but is still limited by the use of volatile and toxic organic solvents. To overcome this limitation, this work synthesized some functionalized dicationic ionic liquids (DILs) to serve as extraction solvents for the recovery of the gold-thiosulfate complex, [Au(S2O3)2]3-, from thiosulfate solutions. Experimental results indicated that the DILs showed higher extraction rates toward [Au(S2O3)2]3- compared with their monocationic-based counterparts, likely due to the stronger electrostatic interaction between the dications of the ILs and [Au(S2O3)2]3-. The transfer of [Au(S2O3)2]3- from the water phase to the IL phase was identified as an anion exchange and endothermic process. The rate of extraction was limited by the anion exchange process occurring at the IL-water interface. The extraction ability of ILs highly depended on the type of anion; specifically, the ILs with anions that had strong hydrogen-bonding ability exhibited high extraction ability toward [Au(S2O3)2]3-. Finally, DILs proved effective in the recovery of [Au(S2O3)2]3- from an actual gold leaching solution and exhibited high selectivity toward coexisting ions, indicating their potential as environmentally friendly solvents for gold recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China;
| | - Yunchang Fan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China;
| | - Sheli Zhang
- School of Science and Technology, Jiaozuo Teachers College, Jiaozuo 454000, China;
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2
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Egorova KS, Kibardin AV, Posvyatenko AV, Ananikov VP. Mechanisms of Biological Effects of Ionic Liquids: From Single Cells to Multicellular Organisms. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4679-4733. [PMID: 38621413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The review presents a detailed discussion of the evolving field studying interactions between ionic liquids (ILs) and biological systems. Originating from molten salt electrolytes to present multiapplication substances, ILs have found usage across various fields due to their exceptional physicochemical properties, including excellent tunability. However, their interactions with biological systems and potential influence on living organisms remain largely unexplored. This review examines the cytotoxic effects of ILs on cell cultures, biomolecules, and vertebrate and invertebrate organisms. Our understanding of IL toxicity, while growing in recent years, is yet nascent. The established findings include correlations between harmful effects of ILs and their ability to disturb cellular membranes, their potential to trigger oxidative stress in cells, and their ability to cause cell death via apoptosis. Future research directions proposed in the review include studying the distribution of various ILs within cellular compartments and organelles, investigating metabolic transformations of ILs in cells and organisms, detailed analysis of IL effects on proteins involved in oxidative stress and apoptosis, correlation studies between IL doses, exposure times and resulting adverse effects, and examination of effects of subtoxic concentrations of ILs on various biological objects. This review aims to serve as a critical analysis of the current body of knowledge on IL-related toxicity mechanisms. Furthermore, it can guide researchers toward the design of less toxic ILs and the informed use of ILs in drug development and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia S Egorova
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexey V Kibardin
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Alexandra V Posvyatenko
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Verma C, Dubey S, Bose R, Alfantazi A, Ebenso EE, Rhee KY. Zwitterions and betaines as highly soluble materials for sustainable corrosion protection: Interfacial chemistry and bonding with metal surfaces. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 324:103091. [PMID: 38281394 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The primary requirements for interfacial adsorption and corrosion inhibition are solubility and the existence of polar functional groups, particularly charges. Traditional organic inhibitors have a solubility issue due to the hydrophobic moieties they incorporate. Most documented organic inhibitors have aromatic rings, hydrocarbon chains, and a few functional groups. The excellent solubility and high efficacy of zwitterions and betaines make them the perfect replacements for insoluble corrosion inhibitors. Zwitterions and betaines are more easily soluble because of interactions between their positive and negative charges (-COO-, -PO3-, -NH3, -NHR2, -NH2R, -SO3- etc.) and the polar solvents. The positive and negative charges also aid these molecules' physical and chemical adsorption at the metal-electrolyte interfaces. They develop a corrosion-inhibiting layer through their adsorption. After becoming adsorbed at the metal-electrolyte interface, they act as mixed-type inhibitors, slowing both cathodic and anodic processes. They usually adsorb according to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. In this article, the corrosion inhibition potential of zwitterions and betaines in the aqueous phase, as well as their mode of action, are reviewed. This article details the advantages and disadvantages of utilizing zwitterions and betaines for sustainable corrosion protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrabhan Verma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Shikha Dubey
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar 246174, Garhwal, India
| | - Ranjith Bose
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Akram Alfantazi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eno E Ebenso
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa
| | - Kyong Yop Rhee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 445-701, South Korea.
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Norfarhana AS, Ilyas RA, Ngadi N, Othman MHD, Misenan MSM, Norrrahim MNF. Revolutionizing lignocellulosic biomass: A review of harnessing the power of ionic liquids for sustainable utilization and extraction. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128256. [PMID: 38000585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The potential for the transformation of lignocellulosic biomass into valuable commodities is rapidly growing through an environmentally sustainable approach to harness its abundance, cost-effectiveness, biodegradability, and environmentally friendly nature. Ionic liquids (ILs) have received considerable and widespread attention as a promising solution for efficiently dissolving lignocellulosic biomass. The fact that ILs can act as solvents and reagents contributes to their widespread recognition. In particular, ILs are desirable because they are inert, non-toxic, non-flammable, miscible in water, recyclable, thermally and chemically stable, and have low melting points and outstanding ionic conductivity. With these characteristics, ILs can serve as a reliable replacement for traditional biomass conversion methods in various applications. Thus, this comprehensive analysis explores the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass using ILs, focusing on main components such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. In addition, the effect of multiple parameters on the separation of lignocellulosic biomass using ILs is discussed to emphasize their potential to produce high-value products from this abundant and renewable resource. This work contributes to the advancement of green technologies, offering a promising avenue for the future of biomass conversion and sustainable resource management.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Norfarhana
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Department of Petrochemical Engineering, Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir Syed Ismail, Pagoh Education Hub, 84600 Pagoh Muar Johor, Malaysia
| | - R A Ilyas
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia; Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; Centre of Excellence for Biomass Utilization, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.
| | - Norzita Ngadi
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Syukri Mohamad Misenan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, Yildiz Technical University, Davutpasa Campus, 34220 Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Man GT, Albu PC, Nechifor AC, Grosu AR, Tanczos SK, Grosu VA, Ioan MR, Nechifor G. Thorium Removal, Recovery and Recycling: A Membrane Challenge for Urban Mining. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:765. [PMID: 37755188 PMCID: PMC10538078 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13090765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Although only a slightly radioactive element, thorium is considered extremely toxic because its various species, which reach the environment, can constitute an important problem for the health of the population. The present paper aims to expand the possibilities of using membrane processes in the removal, recovery and recycling of thorium from industrial residues reaching municipal waste-processing platforms. The paper includes a short introduction on the interest shown in this element, a weak radioactive metal, followed by highlighting some common (domestic) uses. In a distinct but concise section, the bio-medical impact of thorium is presented. The classic technologies for obtaining thorium are concentrated in a single schema, and the speciation of thorium is presented with an emphasis on the formation of hydroxo-complexes and complexes with common organic reagents. The determination of thorium is highlighted on the basis of its radioactivity, but especially through methods that call for extraction followed by an established electrochemical, spectral or chromatographic method. Membrane processes are presented based on the electrochemical potential difference, including barro-membrane processes, electrodialysis, liquid membranes and hybrid processes. A separate sub-chapter is devoted to proposals and recommendations for the use of membranes in order to achieve some progress in urban mining for the valorization of thorium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geani Teodor Man
- Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Department, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (G.T.M.); (A.C.N.); (A.R.G.)
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies—ICSI, 240050 Râmnicu Valcea, Romania
| | - Paul Constantin Albu
- Radioisotopes and Radiation Metrology Department (DRMR), IFIN Horia Hulubei, 023465 Măgurele, Romania; (P.C.A.); (M.-R.I.)
| | - Aurelia Cristina Nechifor
- Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Department, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (G.T.M.); (A.C.N.); (A.R.G.)
| | - Alexandra Raluca Grosu
- Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Department, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (G.T.M.); (A.C.N.); (A.R.G.)
| | - Szidonia-Katalin Tanczos
- Department of Bioengineering, University Sapientia of Miercurea-Ciuc, 500104 Miercurea Ciuc, Romania;
| | - Vlad-Alexandru Grosu
- Department of Electronic Technology and Reliability, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 061071 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihail-Răzvan Ioan
- Radioisotopes and Radiation Metrology Department (DRMR), IFIN Horia Hulubei, 023465 Măgurele, Romania; (P.C.A.); (M.-R.I.)
| | - Gheorghe Nechifor
- Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Department, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (G.T.M.); (A.C.N.); (A.R.G.)
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Vuillemin ME, Waterlot C, Verdin A, Laclef S, Cézard C, Lesur D, Sarazin C, Courcot D, Hadad C, Husson E, Van Nhien AN. Copper-uptake mediated by an ecofriendly zwitterionic ionic liquid: A new challenge for a cleaner bioeconomy. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 130:92-101. [PMID: 37032046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the ability of an imidazolium biobased Zwitterionic Ionic Liquids (ZILs) in enhancing the phytoavailability of copper from garden (G) and vineyard (V) soils using the model plant ryegrass. Uncontaminated and artificially contaminated CuSO4 soils, unamended and ZIL-amended soil modalities were designed. The copper/ZIL molar ratio (1/4) introduced was rationally established based on molecular modeling and on the maximal copper concentration in artificially contaminated soil. Higher accumulation of copper in the shoots was detected for the uncontaminated and copper contaminated ZIL amended V soils (18.9 and 23.3 mg/kg, respectively) contrary to G soils together with a ZIL concentration of around 3% (W/W) detected by LC-MS analyses. These data evidenced a Cu-accumulation improvement of 38% and 66% compared to non-amended V soils (13.6 and 13.9 mg/kg respectively). ZIL would be mainly present under Cu(II)-ZIL4 complexes in the shoots. The impact on the chemical composition of shoot was also studied. The results show that depending on the soils modalitity, the presence of free copper and/or ZIL led to different chemical compositions in lignin and monomeric sugar contents. In the biorefinery context, performances of enzymatic hydrolysis of shoots were also related to the presence of both ZIL and copper under free or complex forms. Ecotoxicity assessment of the vineyard soil samples indicated that the quantity of copper and ZIL remaining in the soils had no significant toxicity. ZIL amendment in a copper-contaminated soil was demonstrated as being a promising way to promote the valorization of phytoremediation plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie E Vuillemin
- Enzyme and Cell Engineering, UMR 7025 CNRS, University of Picardie Jules Verne - Faculty of Sciences, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Waterlot
- University of Lille, Mines-Télécom Institute, University of Artois, JUNIA, ULR 4515 - LGCgE, Laboratory of Civil Engineering and Geo-Environment, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Anthony Verdin
- Environmental Chemistry and Life Interactions Unit, UCEIV UR4492, FR CNRS 3417, University of Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), Dunkerque, France
| | - Sylvain Laclef
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry, Antimicrobials and Agroresources, UMR CNRS 7378, University of Picardie Jules Verne - Faculty of Sciences, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France; Institute of Chemistry of Picardie FR CNRS 3085, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Christine Cézard
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry, Antimicrobials and Agroresources, UMR CNRS 7378, University of Picardie Jules Verne - Faculty of Sciences, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France; Institute of Chemistry of Picardie FR CNRS 3085, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - David Lesur
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry, Antimicrobials and Agroresources, UMR CNRS 7378, University of Picardie Jules Verne - Faculty of Sciences, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France; Institute of Chemistry of Picardie FR CNRS 3085, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Catherine Sarazin
- Enzyme and Cell Engineering, UMR 7025 CNRS, University of Picardie Jules Verne - Faculty of Sciences, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Dominique Courcot
- Environmental Chemistry and Life Interactions Unit, UCEIV UR4492, FR CNRS 3417, University of Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), Dunkerque, France
| | - Caroline Hadad
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry, Antimicrobials and Agroresources, UMR CNRS 7378, University of Picardie Jules Verne - Faculty of Sciences, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France; Institute of Chemistry of Picardie FR CNRS 3085, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Eric Husson
- Enzyme and Cell Engineering, UMR 7025 CNRS, University of Picardie Jules Verne - Faculty of Sciences, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Albert Nguyen Van Nhien
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry, Antimicrobials and Agroresources, UMR CNRS 7378, University of Picardie Jules Verne - Faculty of Sciences, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France; Institute of Chemistry of Picardie FR CNRS 3085, 80039 Amiens, France.
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Kahar INS, Othman N, Noah NFM, Suliman SS. Recovery of copper and silver from industrial e-waste leached solutions using sustainable liquid membrane technology: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:66445-66472. [PMID: 37101217 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26951-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Waste electrical and electronic equipment or e-waste has recently emerged as a significant global concern. This waste contains various valuable metals, and via recycling, it could become a sustainable resource of metals (viz. copper, silver, gold, and others) while reducing reliance on virgin mining. Copper and silver with their superior electrical and thermal conductivity have been reviewed due to their high demand. Recovering these metals will be beneficial to attain the current needs. Liquid membrane technology has appeared as a viable option for treating e-waste from various industries as a simultaneous extraction and stripping process. It also includes extensive research on biotechnology, chemical and pharmaceutical, environmental engineering, pulp and paper, textile, food processing, and wastewater treatment. The success of this process depends more on the selection of organic and stripping phases. In this review, the use of liquid membrane technology in treating/recovering copper and silver from industrial e-waste leached solutions was highlighted. It also assembles critical information on the organic phase (carrier and diluent) and stripping phase in liquid membrane formulation for selective copper and silver. In addition, the utilization of green diluent, ionic liquids, and synergist carrier was also included since it gained prominence attention latterly. The future prospects and challenges of this technology were also discussed to ensure the industrialization of technology. Herein, a potential process flowchart for the valorization of e-waste is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izzat Naim Shamsul Kahar
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Norasikin Othman
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
- Centre of Lipids Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR), Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research (ISI-SIR), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Norul Fatiha Mohamed Noah
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
- Centre of Lipids Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR), Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research (ISI-SIR), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Sazmin Sufi Suliman
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
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Colussi F, Rodríguez H, Michelin M, Teixeira JA. Challenges in Using Ionic Liquids for Cellulosic Ethanol Production. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041620. [PMID: 36838608 PMCID: PMC9961591 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing need to expand the use of renewable energy sources in a sustainable manner, providing greater energy supply security and reducing the environmental impacts associated with fossil fuels, finds in the agricultural by-product bioethanol an economically viable alternative with significant expansion potential. In this regard, a dramatic boost in the efficiency of processes already in place is required, reducing costs, industrial waste, and our carbon footprint. Biofuels are one of the most promising alternatives to massively produce energy sustainably in a short-term period. Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) is highly recalcitrant, and an effective pretreatment strategy should also minimize carbohydrate degradation by diminishing enzyme inhibitors and other products that are toxic to fermenting microorganisms. Ionic liquids (ILs) have been playing an important role in achieving cleaner processes as a result of their excellent physicochemical properties and outstanding performance in the dissolution and fractionation of lignocellulose. This review provides an analysis of recent advances in the production process of biofuels from LCB using ILs as pretreatment and highlighting techniques for optimizing and reducing process costs that should help to develop robust LCB conversion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francieli Colussi
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-253-604-426
| | - Héctor Rodríguez
- CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Michele Michelin
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - José A. Teixeira
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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