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Saravana PS, Ummat V, Bourke P, Tiwari BK. Emerging green cell disruption techniques to obtain valuable compounds from macro and microalgae: a review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2023; 43:904-919. [PMID: 35786238 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2089869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In the modern era, macro-microalgae attract a strong interest across scientific disciplines, owing to the wide application of these cost-effective valuable bioresources in food, fuel, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals etc. The practice of eco-friendly extraction techniques has led scientists to create alternative processes to the conventional methods, to enhance the extraction of the key valuable compounds from macro-microalgae. This review narrates the possible use of novel cell disruption techniques, including use of ionic liquid, deep eutectic solvent, surfactant, switchable solvents, high voltage electrical discharge, explosive decompression, compressional-puffing, plasma, and ozonation, which can enable the recovery of value added substances from macro-microalgae, complying with the principles of green chemistry and sustainability. The above-mentioned innovative techniques are reviewed with respect to their working principles, benefits, and possible applications for macro-microalgae bioactive compound recovery and biofuel. The benefits of these techniques compared to conventional extraction methods include shorter extraction time, improved yield, and reduced cost. Furthermore, various combinations of these innovative technologies are used for the extraction of thermolabile bioactive compounds. The challenges and prospects of the innovative extraction processes for the forthcoming improvement of environmentally and cost-effective macro-microalgal biorefineries are also explained in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Periaswamy Sivagnanam Saravana
- Department of Food Chemistry and Technology, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Viruja Ummat
- Department of Food Chemistry and Technology, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paula Bourke
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brijesh K Tiwari
- Department of Food Chemistry and Technology, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
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2
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Delran P, Frances C, Peydecastaing J, Pontalier PY, Guihéneuf F, Barthe L. Cell destruction level and metabolites green-extraction of Tetraselmis suecica by low and intermediate frequency ultrasound. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 98:106492. [PMID: 37356214 PMCID: PMC10320277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Low (20 kHz) and intermediate (100 kHz) frequency ultrasound (US) were studied for their efficiency on cell destruction and metabolites extraction of the microalga T. suecica. This study revealed different levels of cell destruction. Firstly, the prolonged irradiation of US at low frequency allowed the extraction of 90% of total proteins and 70% of carbohydrates by rapidly inducing at high power (100 W or 200 W) a coiling up phenomenon of the cell walls on themselves. A low power (50 W) over short times allows extracting proteins by the perforation of the cells without destroying them, opening the perspective of milking. Furthermore, the use of 100 kHz frequency, showed lower yields of metabolites as well as a low level of cell destruction, resulting in a simple deflation of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Delran
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France; SAS inalve, Nice / Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-industrielle, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, INPT, Toulouse, France
| | - Christine Frances
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jérôme Peydecastaing
- Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-industrielle, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, INPT, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Pontalier
- Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-industrielle, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, INPT, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Laurie Barthe
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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Van De Walle S, Broucke K, Baune MC, Terjung N, Van Royen G, Boukid F. Microalgae protein digestibility: How to crack open the black box? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 64:7149-7171. [PMID: 38975868 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2181754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are booming as a sustainable protein source for human nutrition and animal feed. Nevertheless, certain strains were reported to have robust cell walls limiting protein digestibility. There are several disruption approaches to break down the cell integrity and increase digestive enzyme accessibility. This review's intent is to discuss the digestibility of microalgae proteins in intact cells and after their disruption. In intact single cells, the extent of protein digestibility is chiefly related to cell wall structural properties (differing among strains) as well as digestion method and when added to food or feed protein digestibility changes depending on the matrix's composition. The degree of effectiveness of the disruption method varies among studies, and it is complicated to compare them due to variabilities in digestibility models, strains, disruption method/conditions and their consequent impact on the microalgae cell structure. More exhaustive studies are still required to fill knowledge gaps on the structure of microalgal cell walls and to find efficient and cost-effective disruption technologies to increase proteins availability without hindering their quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Van De Walle
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | - Keshia Broucke
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | | | - Nino Terjung
- German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Quakenbrück, Germany
| | - Geert Van Royen
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
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Zeng B, Nilsson K, Teixeira PG, Bergenståhl B. Study of mycoprotein extraction methods and its functional properties. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Hsieh CY, Wu YC, Mudigonda S, Dahms HU, Wu MC. Assessing the Effects of Ozonation on the Concentrations of Personal Care Products and Acute Toxicity in Sludges of Wastewater Treatment Plants. TOXICS 2023; 11:75. [PMID: 36668801 PMCID: PMC9865304 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to understand the distribution of the personal care products nonylphenol (NP), triclosan (TCS), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), and caffeine in the sludges from three wastewater treatment plants (WWTP-A, -B, and -C) in southern Taiwan. The four compounds were analyzed from activated sludge and dewatered sludge samples, and then the samples were treated with pressure-assisted ozonation under different conditions and removal efficiencies. All four target compounds were detected, especially NP, which was detected in the highest concentrations in the activated sludges of WWTP-A and dewatered sludges of WWTP-C at 17.19 ± 4.10 and 2.41 ± 1.93 µg/g, respectively. TCS was dominant in dewatered sludges from WWTP-B, and the highest detected concentration was 13.29 ± 6.36 µg/g. Removals of 70% and 90% were attained under 150 psi at 40 cycles for NP and TCS, respectively, with 5 min of ozonation reaction time, a solid/water ratio of 1:20, and 2% ozone concentration. Ecological risk quotients (RQs) were calculated by the ratios of the 10-day Hyalella azteca (freshwater amphipod) LC50 to the environmental concentrations of the target compounds. High RQs were found to be >10 for NP, TCS, and BP-3 in untreated sludges, resulting in significant ecological risks to aquatic organisms when the sludges are arbitrarily disposed. However, the toxic effects on Hyalella azteca were not significantly different among ozone sludge treatments. The reason for this may be related to the formation of toxic oxidation by-products and incomplete mineralization of organic compounds. This could also be true for unknown intermediates. The relatively high detection frequencies of these emerging compounds in WWTP sludges requires further applications and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ying Hsieh
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
- Center for Water Resources Education and Research, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chin Wu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
| | - Sunaina Mudigonda
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Hans-Uwe Dahms
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Chun Wu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
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Liu Y, Liu X, Cui Y, Yuan W. Ultrasound for microalgal cell disruption and product extraction: A review. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 87:106054. [PMID: 35688121 PMCID: PMC9175141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are a promising feedstock for the production of biofuels, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, due to their superior capability of converting solar energy and CO2 into lipids, proteins, and other valuable bioactive compounds. To facilitate the release of these important biomolecules from microalgae, effective cell disruption is usually necessary, where the use of ultrasound has gained tremendous interests as an alternative to traditional methods. This review not only summarizes the mechanisms of and operation parameters affecting cell disruption, but also takes an insight into measuring techniques, synergistic integration with other disruption methods, and challenges of ultrasonication for microalgal biorefining. Optimal conditions including ultrasonic frequency, intensity, and duration, and liquid viscosity and sonochemical reactor are the key factors for maximizing the disruption and extraction efficiency. A combination of ultrasound with other disruption methods such as ozonation, microwave, homogenization, enzymatic lysis, and solvents facilitates cell disruption and release of target compounds, thus provides powerful solutions to commercial scale-up of ultrasound extraction for microalgal biorefining. It is concluded that ultrasonication is a sustainable "green" process, but more research and work are needed to upscale this process without sacrificing performance or consuming more energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Management and Technology, Shenzhen Academy of Environmental Science, Shenzhen 518001, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Ecosystem and Bioresource, Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai 536000, Guangxi, China
| | - Yan Cui
- Gansu Innovation Center of Microalgae Technology, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, Gansu, China
| | - Wenqiao Yuan
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Couto D, Melo T, Conde TA, Moreira ASP, Ferreira P, Costa M, Silva J, Domingues R, Domingues P. Food grade extraction of Chlorella vulgaris polar lipids: A comparative lipidomic study. Food Chem 2021; 375:131685. [PMID: 34865930 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Glycolipids and phospholipids are the main reservoirs of omega polyunsaturated fatty acids in microalgae. Their extraction for the food industry requires food grade solvents, however, the use of these solvents is generally associated with low extraction yields. In this study, we evaluated the lipid extraction efficiency of food-grade ethanol, ultrasound-assisted ethanol (UAE) and dichloromethane/methanol (DCM) from Chlorella vulgaris cultivated under autotrophic and heterotrophic conditions. Yields of lipids, fatty acids (FA), and complex lipid profiles were determined by gravimetry, GC-MS, and LC-MS/MS, respectively. UAE and DCM showed the highest lipid yields with similar purity. The FA profiles were identical for all extracts. The polar lipidome of the DCM and UAE extracts was comparable, while the EtOH extracts were significantly different. These results demonstrated the effectiveness of UAE extraction to obtain high yields of polar lipids and omega-3 and -6-rich extracts from C. vulgaris that can be used for food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Couto
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tânia Melo
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tiago A Conde
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana S P Moreira
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CICECO Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paula Ferreira
- CICECO Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Margarida Costa
- Allmicroalgae Natural Products S.A, R&D Department, Rua 25 de Abril 19, 2445-287 Pataias, Portugal
| | - Joana Silva
- Allmicroalgae Natural Products S.A, R&D Department, Rua 25 de Abril 19, 2445-287 Pataias, Portugal
| | - Rosário Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; CESAM Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pedro Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Santiago University Campus, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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McHardy C, Djike Kammegne T, Jänich I. Energy-efficient ultrasound-assisted extraction of food proteins from the microalga C. vulgaris at elevated static pressure. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2021.102797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Optimization and cost estimation of microalgal lipid extraction using ozone-rich microbubbles for biodiesel production. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Howlader MS, DuBien J, Hassan EB, Rai N, French WT. Optimization of microbial cell disruption using pressurized CO 2 for improving lipid recovery from wet biomass. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2019; 42:763-776. [PMID: 30710227 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02080-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Microbial cell disruption using pressurized gases (e.g., CO2) is a promising approach to improve the lipid recovery from wet oleaginous microorganisms by eliminating the energy-intensive drying required for conventional methods. In this study, we perform cell disruption of Rhodotorula glutinis using pressurized CH4, N2, and Ar where we find the efficacy of these gases on cell viability is minimal. Since CO2 is found to be the only viable gas for microbial cell disruption among these four gases, we use a combination of Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology (RSM) to find the optimal cell disruption by tuning different parameters such as pressure (P), temperature (T), exposure time (t), and agitation (a). From RSM, we find 6 log reduction of viable cells at optimized conditions, which corresponds to more than 99% cell death at P = 4000 kPa, T = 296.5 K, t = 360 min, and a = 325 rpm. Furthermore, from the scanning electron microscope (SEM), we find a complete morphological change in the cell structure when treated with pressurized CO2 compared to the untreated cells. Finally, we find that up to 85% of total lipid can be recovered using optimized pressurized CO2 from wet biomass compared to the untreated wet cells where up to 73% lipid can be recovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shamim Howlader
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Janice DuBien
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - El Barbary Hassan
- Department of Sustainable Bioproducts, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Neeraj Rai
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA.,Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - William Todd French
- Dave C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulker D. Keris-Sen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Unal Sen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Mirat D. Gurol
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
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The Effect of High-Intensity Ultraviolet Light to Elicit Microalgal Cell Lysis and Enhance Lipid Extraction. Metabolites 2018; 8:metabo8040065. [PMID: 30326577 PMCID: PMC6315748 DOI: 10.3390/metabo8040065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the energy required to produce biofuel from algae is 1.38 times the energy available from the fuel. Current methods do not deliver scalable, commercially viable cell wall disruption, which creates a bottleneck on downstream processing. This is primarily due to the methods depositing energy within the water as opposed to within the algae. This study investigates ultraviolet B (UVB) as a disruption method for the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Dunaliella salina and Micractinium inermum to enhance solvent lipid extraction. After 232 seconds of UVB exposure at 1.5 W/cm2, cultures of C. reinhardtii (culture density 0.7 mg/mL) showed 90% disruption, measured using cell counting, correlating to an energy consumption of 5.6 MJ/L algae. Small-scale laboratory tests on C. reinhardtii showed bead beating achieving 45.3 mg/L fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and UV irradiation achieving 79.9 mg/L (lipids solvent extracted and converted to FAME for measurement). The alga M. inermum required a larger dosage of UVB due to its thicker cell wall, achieving a FAME yield of 226 mg/L, compared with 208 mg/L for bead beating. This indicates that UV disruption had a higher efficiency when used for solvent lipid extraction. This study serves as a proof of concept for UV irradiation as a method for algal cell disruption.
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Lee SY, Show PL, Ling TC, Chang JS. Single-step disruption and protein recovery from Chlorella vulgaris using ultrasonication and ionic liquid buffer aqueous solutions as extractive solvents. Biochem Eng J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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