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Fonseca PLC, Braga-Paz I, de Araújo E Santos LCG, Dias RC, de Souza CSA, Carvalho NO, Queiroz DC, Alves HJ, de Araújo JLF, Moreira FRR, Menezes MT, Menezes D, Silva ABPE, Ferreira JGG, Adelino TER, Bernardes AFL, Carobin NV, Carvalho RS, Ferrari CZ, Guimarães NR, Lamounier LO, Souza FG, Vargas LA, Ribeiro MDO, Arruda MB, Alvarez P, Moreira RG, de Oliveira ES, Sabino ADP, de Oliveira JS, Januário JN, Iani FCDM, Souza RPD, Aguiar RS. Retrospective Analysis of Omicron in Minas Gerais, Brazil: Emergence, Dissemination, and Diversification. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1745. [PMID: 39338420 PMCID: PMC11434267 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12091745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Brazil is one of the countries most affected by COVID-19, with the highest number of deaths recorded. Brazilian Health Institutions have reported four main peaks of positive COVID-19 cases. The last two waves were characterized by the emergence of the VOC Omicron and its sublineages. This study aimed to conduct a retrospective surveillance study illustrating the emergence, dissemination, and diversification of the VOC Omicron in 15 regional health units (RHUs) in MG, the second most populous state in Brazil, by combining epidemiological and genomic data. A total of 5643 confirmed positive COVID-19 samples were genotyped using the panels TaqMan SARS-CoV-2 Mutation and 4Plex SC2/VOC Bio-Manguinhos to define mutations classifying the BA.1, BA.2, BA.4, and BA.5 sublineages. While sublineages BA.1 and BA.2 were more prevalent during the third wave, BA.4 and BA.5 dominated the fourth wave in the state. Epidemiological and viral genome data suggest that age and vaccination with booster doses were the main factors related to clinical outcomes, reducing the number of deaths, irrespective of the Omicron sublineages. Complete genome sequencing of 253 positive samples confirmed the circulation of the BA.1, BA.2, BA.4, and BA.5 subvariants, and phylogenomic analysis demonstrated that the VOC Omicron was introduced through multiple international events, followed by transmission within the state of MG. In addition to the four subvariants, other lineages have been identified at low frequency, including BQ.1.1 and XAG. This integrative study reinforces that the evolution of Omicron sublineages was the most significant factor driving the highest peaks of positive COVID-19 cases without an increase in more severe cases, prevented by vaccination boosters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Luize Camargos Fonseca
- Laboratório de Biologia Integrativa, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Isabela Braga-Paz
- Laboratório de Biologia Integrativa, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Luiza Campos Guerra de Araújo E Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Integrativa, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rillery Calixto Dias
- Laboratório de Biologia Integrativa, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Carolina Senra Alves de Souza
- Subsecretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31585-200, Brazil
| | - Nara Oliveira Carvalho
- Núcleo de Ações e Pesquisa em Apoio Diagnóstico-Nupad, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Brazil
| | - Daniel Costa Queiroz
- Laboratório de Biologia Integrativa, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Hugo José Alves
- Laboratório de Biologia Integrativa, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - João Locke Ferreira de Araújo
- Laboratório de Biologia Integrativa, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Filipe Romero Rebello Moreira
- Departamento de Genetica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Mariane Talon Menezes
- Departamento de Genetica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Diego Menezes
- Laboratório de Biologia Integrativa, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Aryel Beatriz Paz E Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Integrativa, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Jorge Gomes Goulart Ferreira
- Laboratório de Biologia Integrativa, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | | | | | - Natália Virtude Carobin
- Laboratório Institucional de Pesquisa em Biomarcadores, Laboratório de Hematologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas; Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Renée Silva Carvalho
- Subsecretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31585-200, Brazil
| | - Carolina Zaniboni Ferrari
- Subsecretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31585-200, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fernanda Gil Souza
- Laboratório de Biologia Integrativa, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Luisa Aimeé Vargas
- Subsecretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31585-200, Brazil
| | - Marisa de Oliveira Ribeiro
- Institute of Technology in Immunobiology Bio-Manguinhos, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Monica Barcellos Arruda
- Institute of Technology in Immunobiology Bio-Manguinhos, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Patricia Alvarez
- Institute of Technology in Immunobiology Bio-Manguinhos, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Rennan Garcias Moreira
- Laboratório de Biologia Integrativa, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | | | - Adriano de Paula Sabino
- Laboratório Institucional de Pesquisa em Biomarcadores, Laboratório de Hematologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas; Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Silva de Oliveira
- Subsecretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31585-200, Brazil
| | - José Nélio Januário
- Núcleo de Ações e Pesquisa em Apoio Diagnóstico-Nupad, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Brazil
| | | | - Renan Pedra de Souza
- Laboratório de Biologia Integrativa, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Renato Santana Aguiar
- Laboratório de Biologia Integrativa, Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil
- Instituto D'OR de Pesquisa e Ensino, Rio de Janeiro 22281-100, Brazil
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Pereira ABN, Pereira FSH, Araújo JÉDL, Brasil RP, Oliveira AMB, Lima SS, Fonseca RRDS, Laurentino RV, Oliveira-Filho AB, Machado LFA. Clinical-Epidemiological Profile of COVID-19 Patients Admitted during Three Waves of the Pandemic in a Tertiary Care Center, in Belém, Pará, Amazon Region of Brazil. Viruses 2024; 16:1233. [PMID: 39205207 PMCID: PMC11359788 DOI: 10.3390/v16081233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease with a broad clinical spectrum, which may result in hospitalization in healthcare units, intensive care, and progression to death. This study aimed to describe and compare the clinical and epidemiological profile of COVID-19 during the three waves of the disease, in patients admitted to a public hospital in the city of Belém, Pará, in the Amazon region of Brazil. METHODS This descriptive, observational, and cross-sectional study was population-based on individuals who were hospitalized with a diagnosis of COVID-19, confirmed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and who were interviewed and monitored at the public hospital, from February 2020 to April 2022. RESULTS The prevalence was male patients, older than 60 years. The most frequent symptoms were dyspnea, cough, and fever. Systemic arterial hypertension was the most prevalent comorbidity followed by diabetes mellitus. Less than 15% of patients were vaccinated. The nasal oxygen cannula was the most used oxygen therapy interface followed by the non-rebreathing reservoir mask. Invasive mechanical ventilation predominated and the median time of invasive mechanical ventilation ranged from 2 to 6 days among waves. As for the hospital outcome, transfers prevailed, followed by deaths and discharges. CONCLUSION The presence of comorbidities, advanced age, and male sex were important factors in the severity and need for hospitalization of these patients, and the implementation of the vaccination policy was an essential factor in reducing the number of hospital admissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beatriz Nunes Pereira
- Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil;
- Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (S.S.L.); (R.R.d.S.F.); (R.V.L.)
| | - Fernando Sérgio Henriques Pereira
- Belém Health Department, Humberto Maradei Pereira Municipal and Emergency Hospital, Belém 66075-259, PA, Brazil; (F.S.H.P.); (J.É.D.L.A.); (R.P.B.); (A.M.B.O.)
| | - Júlio Éden Davi Lopes Araújo
- Belém Health Department, Humberto Maradei Pereira Municipal and Emergency Hospital, Belém 66075-259, PA, Brazil; (F.S.H.P.); (J.É.D.L.A.); (R.P.B.); (A.M.B.O.)
| | - Rangel Pereira Brasil
- Belém Health Department, Humberto Maradei Pereira Municipal and Emergency Hospital, Belém 66075-259, PA, Brazil; (F.S.H.P.); (J.É.D.L.A.); (R.P.B.); (A.M.B.O.)
| | - Angélica Menezes Bessa Oliveira
- Belém Health Department, Humberto Maradei Pereira Municipal and Emergency Hospital, Belém 66075-259, PA, Brazil; (F.S.H.P.); (J.É.D.L.A.); (R.P.B.); (A.M.B.O.)
| | - Sandra Souza Lima
- Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (S.S.L.); (R.R.d.S.F.); (R.V.L.)
| | - Ricardo Roberto de Souza Fonseca
- Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (S.S.L.); (R.R.d.S.F.); (R.V.L.)
| | - Rogério Valois Laurentino
- Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (S.S.L.); (R.R.d.S.F.); (R.V.L.)
| | - Aldemir Branco Oliveira-Filho
- Study and Research Group on Vulnerable Populations, Institute for Coastal Studies, Federal University of Pará, Bragança 68600-000, PA, Brazil;
| | - Luiz Fernando Almeida Machado
- Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents Post-Graduate Program, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil;
- Virology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (S.S.L.); (R.R.d.S.F.); (R.V.L.)
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Nogueira VG, Reis EA, Godman B, Martin AP, Godói IPD. Acceptability and willingness to pay for a hypothetical HIV vaccine in Brazil and the implications: a cross-sectional study. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2024:1-10. [PMID: 39049463 DOI: 10.1080/14737167.2024.2384543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is one of the greatest public health challenges still facing communities worldwide, and until this moment, no vaccine is available for its prevention. In Brazil, the Rio de Janeiro State has stood out regarding the prevalence of this disease. As a result, an important state to consider the Willingness to Pay (WTP) for a hypothetical HIV vaccine to help with future pricing. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the acceptability and WTP of individuals from Rio de Janeiro State for a hypothetical HIV vaccine with a 70% efficacy. RESULTS 600 individuals were interviewed and the acceptability for this hypothetical vaccine was 77.2%. In addition, 452 participants were eligible for the WTP analysis and would accept a WTP US$79.37 (400 BRL) for this vaccine, a higher value than that found in another study (200 BRL) conducted in the Northern region of Brazil under the same methodological conditions. CONCLUSION Economic studies such as WTP can contribute to discussions regarding the prices and specifications for future vaccines, particularly for a HIV vaccine in countries such as Brazil with over 5,000 municipalities spread across regions with diverse characteristics and challenges in terms of socioeconomic, epidemiological and cultural differences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edna Afonso Reis
- Department of Statistics, Exact Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Brian Godman
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Public Health and Pharmacy Management, Sefako Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Antony Paul Martin
- Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, UK
- QC Medica, York, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - Isabella Piassi Dias Godói
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Health Technology Assessment Center - Management, Economics, Health Education and Pharmaceutical Services (GEESFAR/NATS/UFRJ) of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Brazil
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Filippi M, Demoliner M, Gularte JS, de Abreu Goes Pereira VM, da Silva MS, Girardi V, Hansen AW, Spilki FR. Relative frequency of genomic mutations in SARS-CoV-2 recovered from southern Brazilian cases of COVID-19 through the Gamma, Delta and Omicron waves. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 120:105590. [PMID: 38574833 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
The presence of different mutations in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genome can be related to changes in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection. Besides, these viral alterations associated with factors such as massive number of positive cases, vaccination and reinfections can be important in the viral evolution process. As well as, mutations found at low frequencies may have a more neutral action and consequently be less inclined to negative selection, facilitating their spread through the population. Related to that, we aimed to present mutations that are possibly relevant in the process of viral evolution found in 115 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from samples of individuals residing in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The genome from clinical samples was sequenced using High-Throughput Sequencing (HTS) and analyzed using a workflow to map reads and find variations/SNPs. The samples were separated into 3 groups considering the sample lineage. Of the total number of analyzed sequences, 35 were from the Gamma lineage, 35 from Delta and 45 from Omicron. Amino acid changes present in frequencies lower than 80% of the reads in the sequences were evaluated. 11 common mutations among the samples were found in the Gamma lineage, 1 in the ORF1ab gene, 7 in the S gene, 2 in the ORF6 gene and 1 in the ORF7a gene. While in the Delta lineage, a total of 11 mutations distributed in the ORF1ab, S, ORF7a and N genes, 2, 7, 1 and 1 mutation were found in each gene, respectively. And finally, in the Omicron, 16 mutations were identified, 2 in the ORF1ab gene, 12 in the S gene and 2 in the M gene. In conclusion, we emphasize that genomic surveillance can be a useful tool to assess how mutations play a key role in virus adaptation, and its process of susceptibility to new hosts showing the possible signs of viral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheli Filippi
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Departamento de Virologia, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Meriane Demoliner
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Departamento de Virologia, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Juliana Schons Gularte
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Departamento de Virologia, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Soares da Silva
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Departamento de Virologia, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Viviane Girardi
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Departamento de Virologia, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Alana Witt Hansen
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Departamento de Virologia, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernando Rosado Spilki
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Departamento de Virologia, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Baumann Kreuziger L, Kwon T, Kasthuri RS, Wahid L, Miller PJ, Enders K, Wahed AS, Anstrom KJ, Wang TY, Ortel TL. High-risk subgroups were not identified to benefit from thromboprophylaxis after hospitalization for COVID-19. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2024; 8:102417. [PMID: 38859949 PMCID: PMC11163164 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpth.2024.102417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines-4c (ACTIV-4c) trial investigated prophylactic apixaban for 30 days following hospitalization for COVID-19. The overall incidence of early postdischarge death or thromboembolism was low, and the trial was closed early. Objectives To identify a high-risk patient population who might benefit from postdischarge thromboprophylaxis through subgroup analyses stratified by age, race/ethnicity, obesity, D-dimer elevation, World Health Organization score, and modified International Medical Prevention Registry on Venous Thromboembolism score on 30-day composite outcome of all-cause death, arterial thromboembolism (ATE), and venous thromboembolism (VTE). Methods Cumulative incidences of all-cause death, ATE, and VTE within 30 days were described for each subgroup. Time to death, ATE, or VTE by 30 days was analyzed using Cox proportional hazard models with interaction testing for each subgroup. Results Among 1217 patients randomized to apixaban or placebo group, 32% were >60 years old. Modified International Medical Prevention Registry on Venous Thromboembolism score was ≥4 in 2% and 2 or 3 with an elevated D-dimer in an additional 9% of participants. The overall incidence of the primary endpoint was 2.13% in the apixaban group and 2.31% in the placebo group. At day 30, similar rates of the primary endpoint occurred within subgroups, except for participants aged >60 years. No benefit of thromboprophylaxis was seen in any subgroup. Conclusion The combined incidence of 30-day death, ATE, and VTE was low in patients who survived COVID-19 hospitalization, except in patients over age 60 years. Due to the limited number of events, the findings remain inconclusive; nonetheless, the study did not identify a high-risk subgroup that would derive benefits from extended thromboprophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Baumann Kreuziger
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Taeim Kwon
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Raj S. Kasthuri
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lana Wahid
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Tracy Y. Wang
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
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Razafindrakoto M, Roubaud F, Castilho MR, Pero V, Saboia J. Investigating the 'Bolsonaro effect' on the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic: An empirical analysis of observational data in Brazil. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0288894. [PMID: 38635577 PMCID: PMC11025779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Brazil counts among the countries the hardest hit by the Covid-19 pandemic. A great deal has been said about the negative role played by President Bolsonaro's denialism, but relatively few studies have attempted to measure precisely what impact it actually had on the pandemic. Our paper conducts econometric estimates based on observational data at municipal level to quantitatively assess the 'Bolsonaro effect' over time from March 2020 to December 2022. To our knowledge, this paper presents the most comprehensive investigation of Bolsonaro's influence in the spread of the pandemic from two angles: considering Covid-19 mortality and two key transmission mitigation channels (social distancing and vaccination); and exploring the full pandemic cycle (2020-2022) and its dynamics over time. Controlling for a rich set of relevant variables, our results find a strong and persistent 'Bolsonaro effect' on the death rate: municipalities that were more pro-Bolsonaro recorded significantly more fatalities. Furthermore, evidence suggests that the president's attitude and decisions negatively influenced the population's behaviour. Firstly, pro-Bolsonaro municipalities presented a lower level of compliance with social distancing measures. Secondly, vaccination was relatively less widespread in places more in favour of the former president. Finally, our analysis points to longer-lasting and damaging repercussions. Regression results are consistent with the hypothesis that the 'Bolsonaro effect' impacted not only on Covid-19 vaccination, but has affected vaccination campaigns in general thereby jeopardizing the historical success of the National Immunization Program in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Razafindrakoto
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, LEDa-DIAL Research Unit, IRD, Université Paris-Dauphine, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - François Roubaud
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, LEDa-DIAL Research Unit, IRD, Université Paris-Dauphine, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Marta Reis Castilho
- Institute of Economics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valeria Pero
- Institute of Economics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João Saboia
- Institute of Economics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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de Oliveira LA, de Morais IRB, Barbosa MDS, Beutinger Marchioro S, Leite Machado LOC, Ferreira Marques M, da Silva Ferreira T, de Almeida GB, de Oliveira Barbosa D, Leite Torres AJ, Simionatto S. Immune Response to an Inactivated Vaccine of SARS-CoV-2 (CoronaVac) in an Indigenous Brazilian Population: A Cohort Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:402. [PMID: 38675784 PMCID: PMC11053429 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although the adaptive immune responses to the CoronaVac vaccine are known, their dynamics in indigenous communities remain unclear. In this study, we assessed the humoral and cellular immune responses to CoronaVac (Sinovac Biotech Life Sciences, 2021 NCT05225285, Beijing, China), in immunized Brazilian indigenous individuals. METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study on indigenous Brazilian people between February 2021 and June 2021. Analyses of immune responses were carried out before (T1) and after a vaccination schedule was completed (T2). Demographic data were collected using a questionnaire. RESULTS We initially included 328 patients; among them, 120 (36.6%) had no SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected from 106 patients during follow-up visits, of which 91 samples were analyzed by immunophenotyping assay to detect SARS-CoV-2-specific memory T-cell response. Post-vaccination, the levels of memory B-cells and Natural Killer T-lymphocytes increased. Bororó village residents, females, and Terena ethnic group members had higher levels of anti-spike IgG antibodies post-vaccination, whereas alcohol and tobacco users had lower concentrations. CONCLUSIONS To our best knowledge, this was the first comprehensive assessment of antibody and T-cell responses against CoronaVac vaccination in indigenous patients. Our findings showed that antibody response and T-cell immunity against SARS-CoV-2 were present in most patients following the vaccination schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Albuquerque de Oliveira
- Health Science Research Laboratory, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79804-970, MS, Brazil; (L.A.d.O.); (M.d.S.B.); (L.O.C.L.M.); (M.F.M.); (T.d.S.F.)
| | - Isa Rita Brito de Morais
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, BA, Brazil; (I.R.B.d.M.); (S.B.M.); (G.B.d.A.); (D.d.O.B.); (A.J.L.T.)
| | - Marcelo dos Santos Barbosa
- Health Science Research Laboratory, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79804-970, MS, Brazil; (L.A.d.O.); (M.d.S.B.); (L.O.C.L.M.); (M.F.M.); (T.d.S.F.)
| | - Silvana Beutinger Marchioro
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, BA, Brazil; (I.R.B.d.M.); (S.B.M.); (G.B.d.A.); (D.d.O.B.); (A.J.L.T.)
| | - Layla Oliveira Campos Leite Machado
- Health Science Research Laboratory, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79804-970, MS, Brazil; (L.A.d.O.); (M.d.S.B.); (L.O.C.L.M.); (M.F.M.); (T.d.S.F.)
| | - Michele Ferreira Marques
- Health Science Research Laboratory, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79804-970, MS, Brazil; (L.A.d.O.); (M.d.S.B.); (L.O.C.L.M.); (M.F.M.); (T.d.S.F.)
| | - Tiago da Silva Ferreira
- Health Science Research Laboratory, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79804-970, MS, Brazil; (L.A.d.O.); (M.d.S.B.); (L.O.C.L.M.); (M.F.M.); (T.d.S.F.)
| | - Gabriel Barroso de Almeida
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, BA, Brazil; (I.R.B.d.M.); (S.B.M.); (G.B.d.A.); (D.d.O.B.); (A.J.L.T.)
| | - Dyjaene de Oliveira Barbosa
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, BA, Brazil; (I.R.B.d.M.); (S.B.M.); (G.B.d.A.); (D.d.O.B.); (A.J.L.T.)
| | - Alex José Leite Torres
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, BA, Brazil; (I.R.B.d.M.); (S.B.M.); (G.B.d.A.); (D.d.O.B.); (A.J.L.T.)
| | - Simone Simionatto
- Health Science Research Laboratory, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Dourados 79804-970, MS, Brazil; (L.A.d.O.); (M.d.S.B.); (L.O.C.L.M.); (M.F.M.); (T.d.S.F.)
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8
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Vasconcelos MW, de Barros FRO, Pilonetto JC, Rosa SGB, Gonçalves S, Kuhn BC, De Assis Leite DC, Perseguini JMKC, Gabiatti NC, Wendt SN, Ghisi NDC. Relationship between SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and cases, program breakthrough cases, and deaths in Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brazil. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28882. [PMID: 37350013 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Several vaccines have been produced in 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic to control the infection outbreak. This study demonstrated the success of vaccination in controlling COVID-19 cases and deaths in a small city (41 424 people) with a low population density in Brazil. This study was based on a 1-year dataset since the application of the first dose in January 2021. The results show a reduction in positive cases and deaths as the vaccination coverage increased in the city, mainly after 15 000 inhabitants were vaccinated (35.21% of the population) in July 2021. At the time, 49.06% of administered vaccines were ChAdOx1-S recombinant, 39.80% inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus (CZ02 strain), 9.70% Tozinameran, and 1.44% Ad26.COV2-S recombinant. From August 2021, a marked reduction in daily positive cases and deaths was observed, and incidence (≤2.49 per 1000 inhabitants) and mortality (≤0.02 per 1000 inhabitants) rates remained stabilized until January 2022, when a new outbreak occurred upon the emergence of the Omicron variant. However, the mortality rate (0.07 per 1000 inhabitants) remained low regardless of the Omicron high incidence rate (68.41 per 1000 inhabitants). These data demonstrate the COVID-19 vaccination effectiveness with a threshold of 35.21% of the population vaccinated in this city model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Wust Vasconcelos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia-PPGBIOTEC, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brazil
- Laboratório Multiusuário de Análises Biológicas e Biologia Molecular (BioMol)-UTFPR, Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular-UTFPR, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Flavia Regina Oliveira de Barros
- Laboratório Multiusuário de Análises Biológicas e Biologia Molecular (BioMol)-UTFPR, Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular-UTFPR, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brazil
- Coordenação do curso de Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia (PPZ), Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Cousseau Pilonetto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia-PPGBIOTEC, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brazil
- Laboratório Multiusuário de Análises Biológicas e Biologia Molecular (BioMol)-UTFPR, Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular-UTFPR, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Schelder Gabriel Bertoncello Rosa
- Laboratório Multiusuário de Análises Biológicas e Biologia Molecular (BioMol)-UTFPR, Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular-UTFPR, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sandrieli Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia-PPGBIOTEC, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brazil
- Laboratório Multiusuário de Análises Biológicas e Biologia Molecular (BioMol)-UTFPR, Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular-UTFPR, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Betty Cristiane Kuhn
- Laboratório Multiusuário de Análises Biológicas e Biologia Molecular (BioMol)-UTFPR, Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular-UTFPR, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brazil
- Coordenação do curso de Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Deborah Catharine De Assis Leite
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia-PPGBIOTEC, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brazil
- Laboratório Multiusuário de Análises Biológicas e Biologia Molecular (BioMol)-UTFPR, Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular-UTFPR, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologias Computacionais para o Agronegócio-PPGTCA, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Medianeira, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Juliana Morini Küpper Cardoso Perseguini
- Laboratório Multiusuário de Análises Biológicas e Biologia Molecular (BioMol)-UTFPR, Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular-UTFPR, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Naiana Cristine Gabiatti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia-PPGBIOTEC, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brazil
- Laboratório Multiusuário de Análises Biológicas e Biologia Molecular (BioMol)-UTFPR, Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular-UTFPR, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Simone Neumann Wendt
- Laboratório Multiusuário de Análises Biológicas e Biologia Molecular (BioMol)-UTFPR, Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular-UTFPR, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brazil
- Coordenação do Curso de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Nédia de Castilhos Ghisi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia-PPGBIOTEC, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brazil
- Laboratório Multiusuário de Análises Biológicas e Biologia Molecular (BioMol)-UTFPR, Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular-UTFPR, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná, Brazil
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9
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Percio J, Cabral CM, Fantinato FFST, de Assis DM, Guzmán-Barrera LS, de Araújo WN. Effect of vaccination against Covid-19 one year after its introduction in Brazil. Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines 2022; 8:25. [PMID: 36401301 PMCID: PMC9675092 DOI: 10.1186/s40794-022-00183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Worldwide, several efforts have been made to develop, distribute and administer safe and effective vaccines to reduce morbidity and mortality and control the Covid-19 pandemic. This study aimed to analyze the effect of vaccination against Covid-19, one year after its introduction in Brazil. METHODS An ecological study that analyzed the general effect of vaccination against Covid-19 on disease morbidity and mortality indicators among the Brazilian population aged 18 years or older per epidemiological week (EW), comparing the pre and postvaccination period. Morbidity and mortality indicators were calculated from secondary databases (hospitalization rate, severity, case fatality rate and mortality) and vaccination coverage by age groups (18 to 59 years and 60 years or older). Morbimortality trends were estimated using the JoinPoint model and their association with vaccine coverage using the Poisson model. RESULTS The average weekly percentage change (AWPC) of morbidity and mortality indicators reduced after the introduction of Covid-19 vaccination: hospitalization rate (from 15.3% to -6.0%), severity (from 0.4% to -0.2%), case fatality rate (from 0.3% to -0.2%) and mortality (from 20.5% to -4.3%). The following indicators were inversely associated with the increase in vaccine coverage against Covid-19: hospitalization (IRR: 0.974), mortality (IRR: 0.975) and lethality for people aged 60 years or older (IRR: 0.997). CONCLUSIONS In spite of the three epidemic waves and the circulation of variants of concern, the general effect of vaccination against Covid-19 in reducing the trend of morbidity and mortality from the disease in Brazil was demonstrated. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the mass vaccination program against Covid-19 and may inform future public health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadher Percio
- University of Brasília, UNB, Darcy Ribeiro University Campus, Gleba A, North Sector, Via L3 North, CEP: 70.723-040, Brasília/DF, Brazil
| | - Cibelle Mendes Cabral
- Department of Health Surveillance, Ministry of Health, SRTV 702, Via W5 North, CEP: 70.723-040, Brasília/DF, Brazil
| | | | - Dalva Maria de Assis
- University of Brasília, UNB, Darcy Ribeiro University Campus, Gleba A, North Sector, Via L3 North, CEP: 70.723-040, Brasília/DF, Brazil
| | - Lely Stella Guzmán-Barrera
- Pan-American Organization / World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) in Brazil, Lot 19 - Avenida das Nações, SEN - Asa Norte, Brasília/DF, 70312-970 Brazil
| | - Wildo Navegantes de Araújo
- University of Brasília, UNB, Darcy Ribeiro University Campus, Gleba A, North Sector, Via L3 North, CEP: 70.723-040, Brasília/DF, Brazil
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10
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Castro e Silva A, Bernardes AT, Barbosa EAG, Chagas IASD, Dáttilo W, Reis AB, Ribeiro SP. Successive Pandemic Waves with Different Virulent Strains and the Effects of Vaccination for SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:343. [PMID: 35334975 PMCID: PMC8952817 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10030343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
One hundred years after the flu pandemic of 1918, the world faces an outbreak of a new severe acute respiratory syndrome, caused by a novel coronavirus. With a high transmissibility, the pandemic has spread worldwide, creating a scenario of devastation in many countries. By the middle of 2021, about 3% of the world population had been infected and more than 4 million people had died. Different from the H1N1 pandemic, which had a deadly wave and ceased, the new disease is maintained by successive waves, mainly produced by new virus variants and the small number of vaccinated people. In the present work, we create a version of the SIR model using the spatial localization of persons, their movements, and considering social isolation probabilities. We discuss the effects of virus variants, and the role of vaccination rate in the pandemic dynamics. We show that, unless a global vaccination is implemented, we will have continuous waves of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alcides Castro e Silva
- Laboratory of Complexity Science, Department of Physics, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, ICEB, St. Quatro, 786, Bauxita, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil;
| | - Américo Tristão Bernardes
- Laboratory of Complexity Science, Department of Physics, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, ICEB, St. Quatro, 786, Bauxita, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil;
| | - Eduardo Augusto Gonçalves Barbosa
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais, Graduate Program in Mathematical and Computational Modeling, Ave. Amazonas, 7675, Nova Gameleira, Belo Horizonte 30510-000, MG, Brazil;
| | - Igor Aparecido Santana das Chagas
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, St. Três, 408-462, Bauxita, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil;
| | - Wesley Dáttilo
- Instituto de Ecología AC, Red de Ecoetología, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec, 351, El Haya, Xalapa 91070, Veracruz, Mexico;
| | - Alexandre Barbosa Reis
- Laboratory of Imunopatology, Department of Clinical Analysis, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, NUPEB, St. Três, 408-462, Bauxita, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil;
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (INCT-DT), Salvador 40000-000, BA, Brazil
| | - Sérvio Pontes Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Ecology of Diseases and Forests, Department of Biodiversity, Evolution and Environment, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, ICEB, St. Quatro, 786, Bauxita, Ouro Preto 35400-000, MG, Brazil;
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