1
|
MacQuarrie CJK, Derry V, Gray M, Mielewczyk N, Crossland D, Ogden JB, Boulanger Y, Fidgen JG. Effect of a severe cold spell on overwintering survival of an invasive forest insect pest. CURRENT RESEARCH IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 5:100077. [PMID: 39027355 PMCID: PMC11256554 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2024.100077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Cold temperatures can play a significant role in the range and impact of pest insects. Severe cold events can reduce the size of insect outbreaks and perhaps even cause outbreaks to end. Measuring the precise impact of cold events, however, can be difficult because estimates of insect mortality are often made at the end of the winter season. In late January 2023 long-term climate models predicted a significant cold event to occur over eastern North America. We used this event to evaluate the immediate impact on hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand) overwintering mortality at four sites on the northern edge of the insects invaded range in eastern North America. We observed complete mortality, partial mortality and no effects on hemlock woolly adelgid mortality that correlated with the location of populations and strength of the cold event. Our data showed support for preconditioning of overwintering adelgids having an impact on their overwintering survival following this severe cold event. Finally, we compared the climatic conditions at our sites to historical weather data and previous observations of mortality in Nova Scotia. The cold event observed in February 2023 resulted in the coldest temperatures observed at these sites, including the period within which hemlock woolly adelgid invaded, suggesting cold conditions, especially under anthropogenic climate forcing, may not be a limiting factor in determining the ultimate northern range of hemlock woolly adelgid in eastern North America.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris J K MacQuarrie
- Natural Resources Canada Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, 1219 Queen St. E. Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario P6A 2E5, Canada
| | - Victoria Derry
- Natural Resources Canada Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, 1219 Queen St. E. Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario P6A 2E5, Canada
| | - Meghan Gray
- Natural Resources Canada Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre, 1219 Queen St. E. Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario P6A 2E5, Canada
| | - Nicole Mielewczyk
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 709 Main St. W. Hamilton, Ontario L8S 1A2, Canada
| | - Donna Crossland
- Medway Community Forest Coop, 9793 Trunk 8, Caledonia, Nova Scotia B0T 1B0, Canada
| | - Jeffrey B Ogden
- Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources and Renewables, 23 Creighton Rd., Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia B0N 2H0, Canada
| | - Yan Boulanger
- Natural Resources Canada Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre. 1055 rue du PEPS, Québec, Québec, G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Jeffrey G Fidgen
- Natural Resources Canada Canadian Forest Service, Atlantic Forestry Centre. 1350 Regent St. South, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5P7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Foley JR, McAvoy TJ, Saint-Amant R, Régnière J, Biggs A, Wright E, Mayfield AE, Brewster C, Salom SM. Temperature-dependent Development, Survival, and Oviposition of Laricobius osakensis (Coleoptera: Derodontidae): A Specialist Predator of Adelges tsugae (Hemiptera: Adelgidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:688-699. [PMID: 35848900 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvac047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A predator, Laricobius osakensis Montgomery and Shiyake (Coleoptera: Derodontidae), is being mass-produced and released for the biological control of the invasive hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae). To better understand and predict the seasonality of this predator in North America, the development and reproduction of L. osakensis were evaluated at constant temperatures ranging from 5 to 22°C. The predicted seasonal biology was compared with data from field collections. L. osakensis did not complete development from egg to adult at the two lowest temperatures tested, 5 and 8°C, but did so at the highest temperature of 22°C. The minimum development thresholds were estimated for eggs (4.2°C), first (1.8°C), second (5.5°C), third (4.6°C), and fourth instar (4.1°C), prepupa (3.6°C), and pupa (7.5°C). Oviposition rates were significantly greater at 5 and 10°C than at 20 and 25°C. Head capsule width significantly increased for each of the four larval instars with a mean of 0.19, 0.26, 0.35, and 0.44 mm, respectively. Laboratory and field data were used to develop a phenology forecasting model to predict the occurrence of all developmental stages of L. osakensis. This model will allow land managers to more accurately predict the optimal timing for L. osakensis larval sampling throughout its established range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah R Foley
- USDA Agriculture Research Services, Invasive Plant Research Lab, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Thomas J McAvoy
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Rémi Saint-Amant
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jacques Régnière
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Abby Biggs
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Erika Wright
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | - Carlyle Brewster
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, NC, USA
| | - Scott M Salom
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mina M, Messier C, Duveneck MJ, Fortin M, Aquilué N. Managing for the unexpected: Building resilient forest landscapes to cope with global change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:4323-4341. [PMID: 35429213 PMCID: PMC9541346 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Natural disturbances exacerbated by novel climate regimes are increasing worldwide, threatening the ability of forest ecosystems to mitigate global warming through carbon sequestration and to provide other key ecosystem services. One way to cope with unknown disturbance events is to promote the ecological resilience of the forest by increasing both functional trait and structural diversity and by fostering functional connectivity of the landscape to ensure a rapid and efficient self-reorganization of the system. We investigated how expected and unexpected variations in climate and biotic disturbances affect ecological resilience and carbon storage in a forested region in southeastern Canada. Using a process-based forest landscape model (LANDIS-II), we simulated ecosystem responses to climate change and insect outbreaks under different forest policy scenarios-including a novel approach based on functional diversification and network analysis-and tested how the potentially most damaging insect pests interact with changes in forest composition and structure due to changing climate and management. We found that climate warming, lengthening the vegetation season, will increase forest productivity and carbon storage, but unexpected impacts of drought and insect outbreaks will drastically reduce such variables. Generalist, non-native insects feeding on hardwood are the most damaging biotic agents for our region, and their monitoring and early detection should be a priority for forest authorities. Higher forest diversity driven by climate-smart management and fostered by climate change that promotes warm-adapted species, might increase disturbance severity. However, alternative forest policy scenarios led to a higher functional and structural diversity as well as functional connectivity-and thus to higher ecological resilience-than conventional management. Our results demonstrate that adopting a landscape-scale perspective by planning interventions strategically in space and adopting a functional trait approach to diversify forests is promising for enhancing ecological resilience under unexpected global change stressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mina
- Centre for Forest ResearchUniversité du Québec à MontréalMontréalQCCanada
- Institute for Alpine EnvironmentEurac ResearchBozen/BolzanoItaly
| | - Christian Messier
- Centre for Forest ResearchUniversité du Québec à MontréalMontréalQCCanada
- Institut des Sciences de la Forêt TempéréeUniversité du Québec en OutaouaisRiponQCCanada
| | - Matthew J. Duveneck
- Harvard ForestHarvard UniversityPetershamMassachusettsUSA
- Liberal Arts DepartmentNew England ConservatoryBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Marie‐Josée Fortin
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Núria Aquilué
- Centre for Forest ResearchUniversité du Québec à MontréalMontréalQCCanada
- Forest Sciences and Technology Centre of Catalonia CTFCSolsonaSpain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chandler JL, Elkinton JS, Orwig DA. High Rainfall May Induce Fungal Attack of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) Leading to Regional Decline. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:286-293. [PMID: 34792131 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA; Adelges tsugae Annand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae)) is the cause of widespread mortality of Carolina and eastern hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana Engelmann and T. canadensis (L.) Carrière) throughout the eastern United States (U.S.). Since its arrival in the northeastern U.S., HWA has steadily invaded and established throughout eastern hemlock stands. However, in 2018, anecdotal evidence suggested a sharp, widespread HWA decline in the northeastern U.S. following above-average summer and autumn rainfall. To quantify this decline in HWA density and investigate its cause, we surveyed HWA density in hemlock stands from northern Massachusetts to southern Connecticut and analyzed HWA density and summer mortality in Pennsylvania. As native fungal entomopathogens are known to infect HWA in the northeastern U.S. and rainfall facilitates propagation and spread of fungi, we hypothesized high rainfall facilitates fungal infection of aestivating nymphs, leading to a decline in HWA density. We tested this hypothesis by applying a rain-simulation treatment to hemlock branches with existing HWA infestations in western MA. Our results indicate a regional-scale decline and subsequent rebound in HWA density that correlates with 2018 rainfall at each site. Experimental rain treatments resulted in higher proportions of aestivating nymphs with signs of mortality compared to controls. In conjunction with no evidence of increased mortality from extreme winter or summer temperatures, our results demonstrate an indirect relationship between high rainfall and regional HWA decline. This knowledge may lead to better prediction of HWA population dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Chandler
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Joseph S Elkinton
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - David A Orwig
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Parikh GL, Webster CR, Vucetich JA. A Microhistological Investigation of Winter Diets of White-Tailed Deer in Relict Eastern Hemlock Stands, Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Northeast Nat (Steuben) 2021. [DOI: 10.1656/045.028.0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grace L. Parikh
- Ecosystem Science Center, College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Christopher R. Webster
- Ecosystem Science Center, College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - John A. Vucetich
- Ecosystem Science Center, College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Toland AA, Wantuch HA, Mullins DE, Kuhar TP, Salom SM. Seasonal Assessment of Supercooling Points for Two Introduced and One Native Laricobius spp. (Coleoptera: Derodontidae), Predators of Adelgidae. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10120426. [PMID: 31779092 PMCID: PMC6955739 DOI: 10.3390/insects10120426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand, is an invasive insect that threatens hemlock species in eastern North America. Several species from the genus Laricobius are predators of A. tsugae in its native areas of Asia and the western United States. Two Laricobius species have been released as biological control agents: Laricobius nigrinus Fender, and Laricobius osakensis Montgomery and Shiyake. Laricobius rubidus LeConte is an adelgid predator native to the Eastern United States, where it can feed and complete development on A. tsugae opportunistically. Laboratory assays were conducted to assess the cold hardiness of these three Laricobius species, including two distinct populations of L. osakensis, by measuring the supercooling points of each species from November 2016 through March 2017. This information may be useful for choosing the best-suited biological control agent for a particular region to control A. tsugae. There was a significant difference between the overall mean supercooling point of L. rubidus compared to the other Laricobius spp. There were also significant differences of supercooling points between L. rubidus and both strains of L. osakensis in January, and significant differences between L. rubidus and all other strains in February. L. rubidus appear better adapted to cold extremes in the eastern U.S. than imported Laricobius spp.
Collapse
|
7
|
Simler-Williamson AB, Rizzo DM, Cobb RC. Interacting Effects of Global Change on Forest Pest and Pathogen Dynamics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110218-024934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pathogens and insect pests are important drivers of tree mortality and forest dynamics, but global change has rapidly altered or intensified their impacts. Predictive understanding of changing disease and outbreak occurrence has been limited by two factors: ( a) tree mortality and morbidity are emergent phenomena determined by interactions between plant hosts, biotic agents (insects or pathogens), and the environment; and ( b) disparate global change drivers co-occur, obscuring net impacts on each of these components. To expand our understanding of changing forest diseases, declines, and outbreaks, we adopt a framework that identifies and organizes observed impacts of diverse global change drivers on the primary mechanisms underlying agent virulence and host susceptibility. We then discuss insights from ecological theory that may advance prediction of forest epidemics and outbreaks. This approach highlights key drivers of changing pest and pathogen dynamics, which may inform forest management aimed at mitigating accelerating rates of tree mortality globally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - David M. Rizzo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA;,
| | - Richard C. Cobb
- Department of Natural Resources Management and Environmental Science, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California 93407, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Drought-Affected Populus simonii Carr. Show Lower Growth and Long-Term Increases in Intrinsic Water-Use Efficiency Prior to Tree Mortality. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9090564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Three-North Shelter Forest (TNSF) is a critical ecological barrier against sandstorms in northern China, but has shown extensive decline and death in Populus simonii Carr. in the last decade. We investigated the characteristics—tree-ring width, basal area increment (BAI), carbon isotope signature (13Ccor), and intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE)—of now-dead, dieback, and non-dieback trees in TNSF shelterbelts of Zhangbei County. Results from the three groups were compared to understand the long-term process of preceding drought-induced death and to identify potential early-warning proxies of drought-triggered damage. The diameter at breast height (DBH) was found to decrease with the severity of dieback, showing an inverse relationship. In all three groups, both tree-ring width and BAI showed quadratic relationships with age, and peaks earlier in the now-dead and dieback groups than in the non-dieback group. The tree-ring width and BAI became significantly lower in the now-dead and dieback groups than in the non-dieback group from 17 to 26 years before death, thus, these parameters can serve as early-warning signals for future drought-induced death. The now-dead and dieback groups had significantly higher δ13Ccor and iWUEs than the non-dieback group at 7–16 years prior to the mortality, indicating a more conservative water-use strategy under drought stress compared with non-dieback trees, possibly at the cost of canopy defoliation and long-term shoot dieback. The iWUE became significantly higher in the now-dead group than in the dieback group at 0–7 years before death, about 10 years later than the divergence of BAI. After the iWUE became significantly different among the groups, the now-dead trees showed lower growth and died over the next few years. This indicates that, for the TNSF shelterbelts studied, an abrupt iWUE increase can be used as a warning signal for acceleration of impending drought-induced tree death. In general, we found that long-term drought decreased growth and increased iWUE of poplar tree. Successive droughts could drive dieback and now-dead trees to their physiological limits of drought tolerance, potentially leading to decline and mortality episodes.
Collapse
|
10
|
First Report on Establishment of Laricobius osakensis (Coleoptera: Derodontidae), a Biological Control Agent for Hemlock Woolly Adelgid, Adelges tsugae (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), in the Eastern U.S. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9080496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) is an invasive insect species native to Japan causing significant hemlock mortality in the eastern United States. Laricobius spp. have been targeted as biological control agents because they are adelgid specialists. Laricobius osakensis Montgomery and Shiyake is native to the same region of Japan from which the strain of HWA found in the eastern United States originated. Studies in Japan found that it is phenologically synchronous with HWA. Following approval to release L. osakensis from quarantine in 2010, approximately 32,000 were released at a total of 61 sites starting in 2012. In winter of 2014 and 2015, periods of extreme cold temperatures throughout the eastern USA, as well as the polar vortex, resulted in extensive mortality to HWA, which likely delayed the establishment of L. osakensis. The ability of the beetle to survive and establish in the eastern United States is reported here. In the first year of this study (2015–2016), limited numbers of L. osakensis were recovered, as HWA populations were still rebounding. In the second year (2016–2017), 147 L. osakensis were collected at 5 of 9 sites sampled, coinciding with rebounding HWA populations. Larval recovery was much greater than adult recovery throughout the study. HWA density was directly correlated with warmer plant hardiness zones and recovery of Laricobius beetles was significantly correlated with HWA density. Our results suggest that L. osakensis is successfully establishing at several of the sampled release sites and that the best predictor of its presence at a site is the HWA density.
Collapse
|
11
|
Wilson CM, Schaeffer RN, Hickin ML, Rigsby CM, Sommi AF, Thornber CS, Orians CM, Preisser EL. Chronic impacts of invasive herbivores on a foundational forest species: a whole‐tree perspective. Ecology 2018; 99:1783-1791. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire M. Wilson
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Rhode Island Kingston Rhode Island 02881 USA
| | - Robert N. Schaeffer
- Department of Biological Sciences Tufts University Medford Massachusetts 02155 USA
- Department of Entomology Washington State University Pullman Washington 99164 USA
| | - Mauri L. Hickin
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Rhode Island Kingston Rhode Island 02881 USA
- USDA‐APHIS Buzzards Bay Massachusetts 02542 USA
| | - Chad M. Rigsby
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Rhode Island Kingston Rhode Island 02881 USA
| | - Amanda F. Sommi
- Department of Biological Sciences Tufts University Medford Massachusetts 02155 USA
| | - Carol S. Thornber
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Rhode Island Kingston Rhode Island 02881 USA
- Department of Natural Resources Science University of Rhode Island Kingston Rhode Island 02881 USA
| | - Colin M. Orians
- Department of Biological Sciences Tufts University Medford Massachusetts 02155 USA
| | - Evan L. Preisser
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Rhode Island Kingston Rhode Island 02881 USA
| |
Collapse
|