Phytochemicals in Daucus carota and Their Health Benefits-Review Article

FT-IR-based fingerprint combined with unsupervised chemometric analysis revealed particle sizes and aqueous-ethanol ratio alter the chemical composition and nutraceutical value of Daucus carota

This study reported the effects of particle size of dry powder and the optimum solvent extraction on the nutraceutical value of carrot by observing its FT-IR fingerprint, TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity. The dried-powdered carrot was ultrasound-assisted extracted using EtOH, water, and EtOH-water. The TFC, TPC, and antioxidant activity were analysed by a colorimetric method using a spectrophotometry UV-Vis. The chemotaxonomy of samples was analysed using FT-IR combined with chemometrics analysis. The TFC, TPC, and antioxidant capacity were significantly different for each sample with the highest TFC, TPC, and antioxidant obtained on particle size 149 μm with EtOH-water (50:50) as the most prominent solvent (19.51 mgQE/g, 9.90 mgGAE/g, IC50: 16.7 ± 0.89 µg/mL). FT-IR profiling of samples also illustrates a minor different pattern of the spectrum, indicating there is a difference in their chemical composition. The particle size and EtOH-water ratio influence the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of carrots.

Ecophysiological and nutritional characterisation of two morphotypes of Cakile maritima subsp. maritima Scop. from Puglia region, Southern Italy

Cakile maritima subsp. maritima Scop. (sea rocket) is a succulent halophyte with significant potential as a nutritious food source, being rich in essential nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. This annual species exhibits two distinct leaf morphotypes: entire lamina (EL) and pinnatifid lamina (PL). Our understanding of their ecophysiological and nutritional profiles is still limited. The present study investigated the wild EL and PL sea rocket plants from southern Italy during their vegetative stage. The bio-morphological traits (leaf mass area-LMA, dry matter and chlorophyll concentrations), main inorganic ions, key antioxidants (carotenoids, anthocyanins, phenols, flavonoids, glucosinolates, vitamin C as ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acid), and antioxidant activity (by FRAP, DPPH, ABTS assays) were analyzed. Additionally, photosynthetic gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured. PL plants showed thicker leaves (higher LMA) and greater accumulation of photo-protective pigments (carotenoids and anthocyanins), despite similar chlorophyll levels. The PL plants also demonstrated higher photosynthetic activity, transpiration rates, and stomatal conductance, with reduced non-photochemical quenching. The EL morphotype had higher cation (K, Mg, Ca, Na) and vitamin C (135.3 mg 100 g-1 FW) concentrations, while no significant disparities were observed between the morphotypes in phenolic concentration (208.5 mg g.a.e. 100 g-1 FW), flavonoids (71.5 mg q.e. 100 g-1 FW), or glucosinolates (61 mg g-1 FW). Interestingly, while the EL type had higher vitamin C, the PL morphotype showed superior antioxidant activity (FRAP, DPPH) and seems to be better adapted to water/nutrient scarcity typical of southern Italy. Both morphotypes offer potential as high-nutritional foods, however, future research should investigate the genotype-specific production of antioxidant compounds in EL and PL plants in response to environmental stresses, including salinity for potential exploitation as a new crop.

Insights into the current status of bioactive value, postharvest processing opportunities and value addition of black carrot

Black carrots are a type of carrot that is naturally dark purple or black in color. They are a good source of antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, and have been shown to have several health benefits, including reducing the risk of cancer, heart disease, and diabetes. This review article discusses the bioactive compounds present in black carrot, including anthocyanins, phenolic acids, carotenoids, and organic acids and sugars. It also compares the bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity of black carrot with other carrot varieties. Furthermore, it discusses various postharvest processing methods, both conventional and novel, such as encapsulation, drying, and microbial decontamination, highlighting their effects on preserving and stabilizing the bioactive compounds. The review also emphasizes the incorporation of black carrot into different food products, including dairy items, beverages, and baked goods, and their impact on nutritional enhancement. The article provides knowledge on utilizing black carrot for improved nutritional and functional outcomes.

Sensory, textural, physico-chemical and enzymatic characterization of melted cheese with added potato and carrot peels

Food waste is one of the biggest societal problems in the globe due to its detrimental consequences on the environment. According to estimates from the Food and Agriculture Organization, this comes to about 1.3 billion tonnes per year. The current study aims to produce sustainable food products with high nutritional value by incorporating food waste. For the extraction of economically relevant products such as dietary fibers, biopolymers, natural antioxidants, and food additives, potato and carrot peel represent an inexpensive, valuable, and conveniently available resource. Cheese is a functional dairy product that people eat for its high nutritional content, which aids in the treatment of conditions including diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and digestive problems in addition to giving them energy. Thus a control sample and 10 samples of melted cheese with various amounts of potato and carrot peelings were prepared. To explore the nutritional value of potato and carrot peels in melted cheese, an analysis was conducted on the fluctuation of physicochemical (acidity, pH, dry matter, water activity, and salt content) and enzymatic (L-lactic acid, lactose, D-glucose, and D-galactose) parameters. Consumer acceptability of the products was assessed by textural and sensory analysis. During the whole storage period, the samples of melted cheese with potato and carrot peels recorded higher values than the control sample, the results obtained for them being better. Samples with added potato or carrot wastes were more stable over time, as compared to control samples.

Effect of Electrohydrodynamic Drying on Drying Characteristics and Physicochemical Properties of Carrot

This study investigates the effects of electrohydrodynamic (EHD) drying technology on the drying kinetics, microstructure, quality, and nutritional components of carrots, along with conducting experiments on EHD drying under different voltage gradients. The experimental results showed that EHD drying technology could significantly increase the drying rate and the effective moisture diffusion coefficient. Within a certain range, the drying rate was directly proportional to the voltage. When the range was exceeded, the increase in voltage had a minimal effect on the drying rate. In terms of quality, the EHD drying group's color, shrinkage rate, and rehydration performance were superior to the control group, and different voltages had no significant effect on the shrinkage rate and rehydration performance. The retention of carotenoids in the EHD drying group was 1.58 to 2 times that of the control group. EHD drying had a negative impact on the total phenolic content and vitamin A content of dried carrot slices. Based on the results of infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the dehydrated carrot slices showed wrinkling due to water loss, with numerous pores, a generally intact structure, and retained functional groups. EHD drying had a significant impact on the secondary structure of proteins, where an increase in voltage led to an increase in disordered structure, with a smaller proportion of disordered structure in the lower voltage group compared to the control group, and a similar proportion of disordered structure between the higher voltage group and the control group. Results from low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) showed that EHD drying could retain more bound water compared to the control group, with the best retention of cellular bound water at a voltage of 26 kV and the best retention of cellular immobilized water at a voltage of 38 kV, indicating the superiority of EHD drying in preserving cellular structure. This study provided a theoretical basis and experimental foundation for the application of electrohydrodynamic drying technology to carrot drying, and promoted the practical application of EHD drying technology.

Chemical Composition, Functional and Anticancer Properties of Carrot

Plants are a valuable source of drugs for cancer treatment. Daucus carota has been investigated for its health properties. In particular, Daucus carota L. subsp. Sativus, the common edible carrot root, has been found to be rich in bioactive compounds such as carotenoids and dietary fiber and contains many other functional components with significant health-promoting features, while Daucus carota L. subsp. Carrot (Apiacae), also known as wild carrot, has been usually used for gastric ulcer therapy, diabetes, and muscle pain in Lebanon. Here, we review the chemical composition of Daucus carota L. and the functional properties of both edible and wild carrot subspecies. Then, we focus on compounds with anticancer characteristics identified in both Daucus carota subspecies, and we discuss their potential use in the development of novel anticancer therapeutic strategies.

Population genomics identifies genetic signatures of carrot domestication and improvement and uncovers the origin of high-carotenoid orange carrots

Here an improved carrot reference genome and resequencing of 630 carrot accessions were used to investigate carrot domestication and improvement. The study demonstrated that carrot was domesticated during the Early Middle Ages in the region spanning western Asia to central Asia, and orange carrot was selected during the Renaissance period, probably in western Europe. A progressive reduction of genetic diversity accompanied this process. Genes controlling circadian clock/flowering and carotenoid accumulation were under selection during domestication and improvement. Three recessive genes, at the REC, Or and Y2 quantitative trait loci, were essential to select for the high α- and β-carotene orange phenotype. All three genes control high α- and β-carotene accumulation through molecular mechanisms that regulate the interactions between the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway, the photosynthetic system and chloroplast biogenesis. Overall, this study elucidated carrot domestication and breeding history and carotenoid genetics at a molecular level.

Bio-yogurt with the inclusion of phytochemicals from carrots (Daucus carota): a strategy in the design of functional dairy beverage with probiotics

The development of yogurt with functional characteristics from bioactive compounds such as fiber, antioxidants, and probiotics represents a novel strategy in designing value-added dairy beverages. However, biotechnological challenges are present in these bioprocesses, such as the selection of probiotic strains, as well as the correlation with the physicochemical characteristics of the fermentative metabolism of probiotic microorganisms. Therefore, yogurt could be a vehicle for including probiotic bacteria, bioactive compounds, and phytochemicals that allow synergistic effects in the development of bioprocesses with potential benefits for the host's health. Therefore, this article aims to review the current conditions of bio-yogurt production, discuss the physicochemical and bioactive composition (sugars, fiber, vitamins), and include phytochemicals from carrots to establish synergistic relationships with probiotic microorganisms to obtain a functional dairy beverage.

Effects of Phytochemicals from Fermented Food Sources in Alzheimer's Disease In Vivo Experimental Models: A Systematic Review

The socioeconomic burden of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) stems from its characteristic multifactorial etiology and, implicitly, the difficulties associated with its treatment. With the increase in life expectancy and health awareness, nutraceuticals and functional foods are filling in the gaps left by the limitation of classical medical treatment in chronic conditions associated with lifestyle factors, such as neurological disorders. Processes, such as fermentation that enhance food phytochemical content are garnering increased attention due to their functional and health-related properties. This systematic review aims to provide an overview of the evidence of phytochemicals from fermented food sources inducing therapeutic outcomes and cognitive benefits from in vivo experimental models of Alzheimer's Disease. The present systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Searches were performed in the following databases: MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Science Citation Index Expanded (Web of Science) by two independent reviewers. Titles and abstracts yielded by the search were screened for eligibility against the inclusion criteria. The search strategy yielded 1899 titles, encompassing studies from 1948 to 2022. After the removal of duplicates, and screening of titles, abstracts, and full texts, thirty three studies obtained from the original search strategy and seven studies from references satisfied the inclusion criteria and were included in the present systematic review. Several studies have emphasized the potential of fermentation to yield small-molecule phytochemicals that are not present in raw products. When these phytochemicals are combined, their collective strength has demonstrated the ability to exceed the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective benefits of individual phytochemicals when given in their pure form. Among the various fermented foods that have been studied, soy isoflavones obtained through fermentation have shown the most substantial evidence of altering phytochemical content and improving outcomes in animal models of AD. While promising in initial results, other fermented foods and traditional medicines require more detailed research in order to establish their effectiveness and proper utilization. As is, many of the experimental designs lacked phytochemical analysis of the used fermented product or comparison with the non-fermented counterpart. This, coupled with proper reporting in animal studies, will significantly raise the quality of performed studies as well as the weight of obtained results.

Use of Inverse Method to Determine Thermophysical Properties of Minimally Processed Carrots during Chilling under Natural Convection

The aim of this study was to determine the thermophysical properties and process parameters of cylindrical carrot pieces during their chilling. For this, the temperature of the central point of the product, initially at 19.9 °C, was recorded during chilling under natural convection, with the refrigerator air temperature maintained at 3.5 °C. A solver was created for the two-dimensional analytical solution of the heat conduction equation in cylindrical coordinates. This solver and the experimental data set were coupled to the LS Optimizer (V. 7.2) optimization software to simultaneously determine not only the values of thermal diffusivity (α) and heat transfer coefficient (hH), but also the uncertainties of these values. These values were consistent with those reported in the literature for carrots; in this study, the precision of these values and the confidence level of the results (95.4%) were also presented. Furthermore, the Biot numbers were greater than 0.1 and less than 40, indicating that the mathematical model presented in this study can be used to simultaneously estimate α and hH. A simulation of the chilling kinetics using the values obtained for α and hH showed good agreement with the experimental results, with a root mean square error RMSE = 9.651 × 10^-3 and a chi-square χ² = 4.378 × 10^-3.

Untargeted metabolomics-based approach using UHPLC-HRMS to authenticate carrots (Daucus carota L.) based on geographical origin and production mode

Carrots produced in different agricultural regions with organic or conventional mode were analyzed by untargeted UHPLC-HRMS using reversed-phase and HILIC modes. Data were first treated separately, and further combined to possibly improve results. An in-house data processing workflow was applied to identify relevant features after peak detection. Based on these features, discrimination models were built using chemometrics. A tentative annotation of chemical markers was performed using online databases and UHPLC-HRMS/MS analyses. An independent set of samples was analyzed to assess the discrimination potential of these markers. Carrots produced in the New Aquitaine region could be successfully discriminated from carrots originating from the Normandy region by an OLPS-DA model. Arginine and 6-methoxymellein could be identified as potential markers with the C18-silica column. Additional markers (N-acetylputrescine, l-carnitine) could be identified thanks to the polar column. Discrimination based on production mode was more challenging: some trend was observed but model metrics remained unsatisfactory.

Feeding an unsalable carrot total-mixed ration altered bacterial amino acid degradation in the rumen of lambs

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of a total-mixed ration including unsalable carrots at 45% DM on the rumen microbiome; and the plasma, rumen and liver metabolomes. Carrots discarded at processing were investigated as an energy-dense substitute for barley grain in a conventional feedlot diet, and improved feed conversion efficiency by 25%. Here, rumen fluid was collected from 34 Merino lambs at slaughter (n = 16 control; n = 18 carrot) after a feeding period of 11-weeks. The V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced to profile archaeal and bacterial microbe communities. Further, a comprehensive, targeted profile of known metabolites was constructed for blood plasma, rumen fluid and biopsied liver metabolites using a gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) metabolomics approach. An in vitro batch culture was used to characterise ruminal fermentation including gas and methane (CH₄) production. In vivo rumen microbial community structure of carrot fed lambs was dissimilar (P < 0.01; PERMANOVA), and all measures of alpha diversity were greater (P < 0.01), compared to those fed the control diet. Unclassified genera in Bacteroidales (15.9 ± 6.74% relative abundance; RA) were more abundant (P < 0.01) in the rumen fluid of carrot-fed lambs, while unclassified taxa in the Succinivibrionaceae family (11.1 ± 3.85% RA) were greater (P < 0.01) in the control. The carrot diet improved in vitro ruminal fermentation evidenced as an 8% increase (P < 0.01) in DM digestibility and a 13.8% reduction (P = 0.01) in CH₄ on a mg/ g DM basis, while the control diet increased (P = 0.04) percentage of propionate within total VFA by 20%. Fourteen rumen fluid metabolites and 27 liver metabolites were influenced (P ≤ 0.05) by diet, while no effect (P ≥ 0.05) was observed in plasma metabolites. The carrot diet enriched (impact value = 0.13; P = 0.01) the tyrosine metabolism pathway (acetoacetic acid, dopamine and pyruvate), while the control diet enriched (impact value = 0.42; P ≤ 0.02) starch and sucrose metabolism (trehalose and glucose) in rumen fluid. This study demonstrated that feeding 45% DM unsalable carrots diversified bacterial communities in the rumen. These dietary changes influenced pathways of tyrosine degradation, such that previous improvements in feed conversion efficiency in lambs could be explained.

Characterization of Purple Carrot Germplasm for Antioxidant Capacity and Root Concentration of Anthocyanins, Phenolics, and Carotenoids

The present study characterized a genetically and phenotypically diverse collection of 27 purple and two non-purple (one orange and one yellow) carrot accessions for concentration of root anthocyanins, phenolics, and carotenoids, and antioxidant capacity estimated by four different methods (ORAC, DPPH, ABTS, FRAP), in a partially replicated experimental design comprising data from two growing seasons (2018 and 2019). Broad and significant (p < 0.0001) variation was found among the accessions for all the traits. Acylated anthocyanins (AA) predominated over non-acylated anthocyanins (NAA) in all the accessions and years analyzed, with AA accounting for 55.5-100% of the total anthocyanin content (TAC). Anthocyanins acylated with ferulic acid and coumaric acid were the most abundant carrot anthocyanins. In general, black or solid purple carrots had the greatest TAC and total phenolic content (TPC), and the strongest antioxidant capacities, measured by all methods. Antioxidant capacity, estimated by all methods, was significantly, positively, and moderately-to-strongly correlated with the content of all individual anthocyanins pigments, TAC, and TPC, in both years (r = 0.59-0.90, p < 0.0001), but not with the carotenoid pigments lutein and β-carotene; suggesting that anthocyanins and other phenolics, but not carotenoids, are major contributors of the antioxidant capacity in purple carrots. We identified accessions with high concentration of chemically stable AA, with potential value for the production of food dyes, and accessions with relatively high content of bioavailable NAA that can be selected for increased nutraceutical value (e.g., for fresh consumption).

Pathways Affected by Falcarinol-Type Polyacetylenes and Implications for Their Anti-Inflammatory Function and Potential in Cancer Chemoprevention

Polyacetylene phytochemicals are emerging as potentially responsible for the chemoprotective effects of consuming apiaceous vegetables. There is some evidence suggesting that polyacetylenes (PAs) impact carcinogenesis by influencing a wide variety of signalling pathways, which are important in regulating inflammation, apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, etc. Studies have shown a correlation between human dietary intake of PA-rich vegetables with a reduced risk of inflammation and cancer. PA supplementation can influence cell growth, gene expression and immunological responses, and has been shown to reduce the tumour number in rat and mouse models. Cancer chemoprevention by dietary PAs involves several mechanisms, including effects on inflammatory cytokines, the NF-κB pathway, antioxidant response elements, unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway, growth factor signalling, cell cycle progression and apoptosis. This review summarises the published research on falcarinol-type PA compounds and their mechanisms of action regarding cancer chemoprevention and also identifies some gaps in our current understanding of the health benefits of these PAs.

Nutritional, antioxidant, and antimicrobial assessment of carrot powder and its application as a functional ingredient in probiotic soft cheese

Carrots (the main source of carotenoids) have multiple nutritional and health benefits. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the compositional, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of carrot powder and to examine its effect on the sensory characteristics, chemical properties, and microbial viability of probiotic soft cheese at a rate of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6%. The carrot was turned into powder before being analyzed and incorporated as an ingredient in making probiotic soft cheese. Probiotic soft cheese was made from buffalo milk. The buffalo milk (∼6.9% fat, 4.4% protein, 9.2% milk solids not fat, and 0.7% ash) was pasteurized at 75 ± 1°C for 5 min and cooled to 40-42°C. The milk was then divided into 4 aliquots. Sodium chloride (local market, Assiut, Egypt) was added at a ratio of 5% followed by starter cultures. The carrot powder (4.5% moisture, 4.8% ash, 2.7% fat, 8.2% protein, 11.9% fibers, and 72.3% carbohydrate) was added at a rate of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6%, followed by addition of 0.02 g/kg rennet. The cheese was cut again into cubes, pickled in jars filled with whey, and stored for 28 d at 6 ± 1°C. The results of this study illustrated the nutritional and antioxidant properties of carrot powder. Incorporation of carrot powder in probiotic soft cheese affected the moisture and salt content at 0 d. The total bacteria count decreased from 7.5 to 7.3 log cfu/g in the cheese when carrot powder was used at a rate of 0.6%. The reduction of total bacteria count was noticed during the 28 d of storage by adding carrot powder. Furthermore, lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacterium longum counts elevated with adding carrot powder during the 28 d of storage.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Compounds from Edible Plants with Anti-Cancer Activity and Their Potential Use as Drugs

Food is our daily companion, performing numerous beneficial functions for our bodies. Many of them can help to alleviate or prevent ailments and diseases. In this review, an extensive bibliographic search is conducted in various databases to update information on unprocessed foods with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that can aid in treating diseases such as cancer. The current state of knowledge on inflammatory processes involving some interleukins and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is reviewed. As well as unprocessed foods, which may help reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, both of which are important factors in cancer development. Many studies are still needed to take full advantage of the food products we use daily.

Anti-Colorectal Cancer Effects of Fucoidan Complex-Based Functional Beverage Through Retarding Proliferation, Cell Cycle and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Signaling Pathways

BACKGROUND

Fucus vesiculosus-derived fucoidan, a multifunctional bioactive polysaccharide sourced from marine organisms, exhibits a wide range of therapeutic properties, including its anti-tumor effects. While previous research has reported on its anti-cancer potential, limited studies have explored its synergistic capabilities when combined with other natural bioactive ingredients. In this current study, we present the development of an integrative functional beverage, denoted as VMW-FC, which is composed of a fucoidan complex (FC) along with a blend of various herbal components, including vegetables (V), mulberries and fruits (M), and spelt wheat (W).

OBJECTIVE

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a significant cause of mortality, particularly in metastatic cases. Therefore, the urgent need for novel alternative medicines that comprehensively inhibit CRC persists. In this investigation, we assess the impact of VMW-FC on CRC cell proliferation, cell cycle dynamics, metastasis, in vivo tumorigenesis, and potential side effects.

METHODS

Cell growth was assessed using MTT and colony formation assays, while metastatic potential was evaluated through wound healing and transwell migration assays. The underlying signaling mechanisms were elucidated through qPCR and western blot analysis. In vivo tumor formation and potential side effects were evaluated using a subcutaneous tumor-bearing NOD/SCID mouse model.

RESULTS

Our findings demonstrate that VMW-FC significantly impedes CRC proliferation and migration in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, it induces sub-G1 cell cycle arrest and an increase in apoptotic cell populations, as confirmed through flow-cytometric analysis. Notably, VMW-FC also suppresses xenograft tumor growth in NOD/SCID mice without causing renal or hepatic toxicity.

CONCLUSION

The integrative herbal concoction VMW-FC presents a promising approach for inhibiting CRC by slowing proliferation and migration, inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and suppressing markers associated with proliferation (Ki-67, PCNA, and CDKs) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) (Vimentin, N-cadherin, and β-catenin).

Influence of Root Color and Tissue on Phytochemical Contents and Antioxidant Activities in Carrot Genotypes

This study monitored changes in major carotenoids (lutein, ⍺-carotene, and β-carotene), free sugars (fructose, glucose, and sucrose), ascorbic acid, vitamin E, phytosterols (campesterol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol), fatty acid composition, total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total anthocyanin content, and antioxidant activities (AA); ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6sulfonic acid) [ABTS] assays, in the inner and outer root tissues of nine carrot genotypes with orange, white, and purple roots. The results showed a differential accumulation of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities depending on root tissue and color. Carotenoids, free sugars, and total phytosterol contents were higher in genotypes with orange roots than in other genotypes. Ascorbic acid, TPC, TFC, total anthocyanin, and AA were highest in purple-colored carrots while vitamin E content was higher in white/purple carrots. Root color was highly related to the accumulation of individual carotenoids, vitamin E isomers, and total anthocyanin content most prominently among the analyzed bioactive compounds and AA. Free sugar and carotenoid contents were relatively higher in outer tissues than in inner tissues. Furthermore, ascorbic acid, TPC, TFC, and AA were statistically higher or similar in outer tissues when compared to inner tissues in all genotypes. In contrast, trends in vitamin E and phytosterol content were inconsistent between the inner and outer tissues, depending on the genotype. Although fatty acid composition was affected by both root color and tissue, the results were not significant. Thus, the phytochemical profile and content were highly dependent on root color and tissue in carrot genotypes. This may be useful in the food processing and pharmaceutical industries for the extraction of targeted bioactive compounds.

Effect of gum Arabic and ethanol pretreatments on drying kinetics and quality attributes of dried carrot slices

Carrot is an important root vegetable to the food industry and consumers due to its nutritional and health benefits. Given the high moisture content and low shelf life of fresh carrots, preserving this highly demanded vegetable is vital. This current research modelled the drying kinetics and evaluated the quality of ultrasonic-assisted gum Arabic and ethanol pretreated and oven-dried carrot slices. Fresh carrots were processed into thin slices and immersed in 3% gum Arabic (GA), ethanol (99.9%), and distilled water (control), followed by ultrasonication (frequency: 50 Hz, power: 500 W, temperature: 25 °C) for 10 min and drying in a hot air oven at 50 °C. The loss of moisture from the carrots was periodically recorded, converted to moisture ratio before fitted to eleven semi-theoretical thin layer drying mathematical models. The effects of the pretreatments on the retention of bioactive compounds and carrots' physical and chemical properties were also evaluated. From the tested models, the Diffusion, Modified Henderson and Pabis, and Two-term models showed the best fitting (R² = 0.9944-0.9985; RSME = 0.0103-0.0227) to the experimental data from 3% GA and ethanol pretreated carrots, while control samples followed the Aghbasho model (R² = 0.9999; RMSE = 0.0033). Overall, the 3% GA pretreated carrot slices exhibited better colour (yellowness: 25.82-34.50; total colour differences: 8.12-13.06), water activity (0.37-0.44), total phenolic content (1.34-2.99 mg GAE/100 g DM), β-carotene (7.63-13.07 mg/100 g DM), and DPPH radical scavenging activity (5.67-8.02 mM AAE/100 g DM) than ethanol pretreated carrot slices and control samples. At the same time, 3 % GA pretreatment did not affect the drying rate of the carrot slices. The total soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio, rehydration capacity, and shrinkage ratio did not significantly (p > 0.05) vary among the treatments. The findings of this study can be used to develop an optimal drying protocol for pretreated carrot slices and to produce shelf-stable carrot products that can be used dried, rehydrated, or in combination with other products.

Probing the physicochemical characteristics of carrot sauce during storage

Globally, the prevalence of vit-A deficiency disorders i.e., xerophthalmia and nyctalopia is increasing especially in teenagers due to lifestyle shifts and undernutrition. This research was designed to develop carrot-supplemented tomato sauce to overcome vit-A deficiency and its related disorders. The carrot sauce was formulated with the addition of 50, 60, and 70% carrot pulp in tomato paste. The prepared sauce samples were tested for physical and biochemical changes in beta carotene (BC), lycopene, viscosity, pH, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, total plate count, and sensory parameters for 12 weeks. A non-significant effect of storage on BC, lycopene, and total soluble solids was observed. The total plate count, acidity, pH, and viscosity were influenced significantly. Sauce containing 60% of the carrot paste showed good sensory characteristics and 42.39 μg/g BC for the whole period of storage. It is concluded that carrot sauce can be used as tomato ketchup replacers to boost the overall quality of life by fighting against vit-A deficiency disorders.

Genome-wide identification and characterization profile of phosphatidy ethanolamine-binding protein family genes in carrot

Members of the family of Phosphatidy Ethanolamine-Binding Protein (PEBP) have been shown to be key regulators of the transition of plants from vegetative to reproductive phases. Here, a total of 12 PEBP proteins were identified in the carrot (Daucus carota L.) genome and classified into FT-like (4), TFL1-like (6), and MFT-like 2) subfamilies, that had different lengths (110-267 aa) and were distributed unevenly across seven chromosomes. Moreover, 13 and 31 PEBP proteins were identified in other two Apiaceae species, celery (Apium graveolens L.) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). The phylogenetic and evolutionary results of these PEBP family proteins were obtained based on the protein sequences. In the three Apiaceae species, purifying selection was the main evolutionary force, and WGD, segmental duplication, and dispersed duplication have played key roles in the PEBP family expansion. The expression analysis showed that carrot PEBP genes exhibited relatively broad expression patterns across various tissues. In the period of bolting to flowering, the carrot FT-like subfamily genes were upregulated as positive regulators, and TFL1-like subfamily genes remained at lower expression levels as inhibitors. More interestingly, the members of carrot FT-like genes had different temporal-spatial expression characteristics, suggesting that they have different regulatory functions in the carrot reproductive phase. In summary, this study contributes to our understanding of the PEBP family proteins and provides a foundation for exploring the mechanism of carrot bolting and flowering for the breeding of cultivars with bolting resistance.

The Therapeutic Efficacy of Punica granatum and Its Bioactive Constituents with Special Reference to Photodynamic Therapy

Punica granatum (P. granatum) is a fruit-bearing tree from the Punicaceae family, indigenous to Iran. This plant has healing qualities that have drawn the interest of the medical community as an alternative treatment for malignancies and non-malignancies. Its healing quality is due to the phytochemicals present in the plant. These include ellagic acid, punicic acid, phenols, and flavonoids. In traditional medicine, P. granatum has been used in treating diseases such as dysentery, bleeding disorders, leprosy, and burns. This review explores the effects of the phytochemical constituents of P. granatum on photodynamic therapy for cancer, chronic inflammation, osteoarthritis, and viral infections. Its antioxidant and antitumor effects play a role in reduced free radical damage and cancer cell proliferation. It was concluded that P. granatum has been used for many disease conditions for a better therapeutic outcome. This paper will give visibility to more studies and expand the knowledge on the potential use of P. granatum in photodynamic cancer treatment.

Extracts from Frangula alnus Mill. and Their Effects on Environmental and Probiotic Bacteria

The bark of Frangula alnus Mill (FAM), the so-called alder buckthorn, has been widely investigated for its medicinal properties, especially its laxative effects and the bioactive properties of the plant material extract. Still, there is no wider study devoted to its antibacterial properties. This is important in the context of its impact on probiotic gut bacteria. The aim of the research was to recognize the effect of FAM extract on bacterial cells, and to determine how the bioactive properties and composition of the extract are influenced by the type of solvent used for the extraction. To find the most suitable conditions for the FAM extraction, we used four solvent solutions with different polarities, including water, methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol. We assessed the quality and composition of the extracts with spectral analysis, using spectrophotometric (FTIR, UV-Vis) and chromatographic methods (GC-MS). Finally, we analyzed the extractant impact of the extracts on the selected bacterial cells. The results showed that the chemical diversity of the extracts increased with the increase in solvent polarity, in which the abundance of frangulin, the main bioactive compound in buckthorn bark, was confirmed. Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 17400 was particularly sensitive to the action of extracts, whereas other strains of the Pseudomonas genus showed practically no adverse effects. Ethanolic extracts had the strongest effect on most of the selected bacteria strains. We found that the probiotic Lactobacillus strain, which represents intestinal microflora, has no direct effect on probiotic microorganisms. The research shown FAM extracts can be safe for probiotic bacteria present in human gut microflora. Moreover, the study indicated that contact with the extracts may reduce the total permeability of the bacterial membranes. This opens up the possibility of using FAM extracts as a factor regulating transport into cells, which may be used to support the action of other bioactive substances.

Genome-Wide Identification and Evolution Analysis of R2R3-MYB Gene Family Reveals S6 Subfamily R2R3-MYB Transcription Factors Involved in Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Carrot

The taproot of purple carrot accumulated rich anthocyanin, but non-purple carrot did not. MYB transcription factors (TFs) condition anthocyanin biosynthesis in many plants. Currently, genome-wide identification and evolution analysis of R2R3-MYB gene family and their roles involved in conditioning anthocyanin biosynthesis in carrot is still limited. In this study, a total of 146 carrot R2R3-MYB TFs were identified based on the carrot transcriptome and genome database and were classified into 19 subfamilies on the basis of R2R3-MYB domain. These R2R3-MYB genes were unevenly distributed among nine chromosomes, and Ka/Ks analysis suggested that they evolved under a purified selection. The anthocyanin-related S6 subfamily, which contains 7 MYB TFs, was isolated from R2R3-MYB TFs. The anthocyanin content of rhizodermis, cortex, and secondary phloem in ‘Black nebula’ cultivar reached the highest among the 3 solid purple carrot cultivars at 110 days after sowing, which was approximately 4.20- and 3.72-fold higher than that in the ‘Deep purple’ and ‘Ziwei’ cultivars, respectively. The expression level of 7 MYB genes in purple carrot was higher than that in non-purple carrot. Among them, DcMYB113 (DCAR_008994) was specifically expressed in rhizodermis, cortex, and secondary phloem tissues of ‘Purple haze’ cultivar, with the highest expression level of 10,223.77 compared with the control ‘DPP’ cultivar at 70 days after sowing. DcMYB7 (DCAR_010745) was detected in purple root tissue of ‘DPP’ cultivar and its expression level in rhizodermis, cortex, and secondary phloem was 3.23-fold higher than that of secondary xylem at 110 days after sowing. Our results should be useful for determining the precise role of S6 subfamily R2R3-MYB TFs participating in anthocyanin biosynthesis in carrot.

Can Bioactive Compounds in Beetroot/Carrot Juice Have a Neuroprotective Effect? Morphological Studies of Neurons Immunoreactive to Calretinin of the Rat Hippocampus after Exposure to Cadmium

Cadmium ions (Cd²⁺) penetrate the blood-brain barrier and can, among other effects, influence intracellular calcium metabolism, leading to neurodegeneration. In the presented work, we estimated the effect of Cd²⁺ on the expression of calretinin in the neurons of the rat hippocampus and analyzed the reverse effect of freshly pressed beetroot/carrot juice in this context. In the 12-week lasting experiment, 32 8-week-old male Wistar rats were divided into four experimental groups (n = 8): the control group (C) received pure tap water; the Cd group (Cd)-received Cd²⁺ dissolved in tap water (5 mg Cd²⁺/kg b.w.); and two groups received beetroot/carrot juice: the BCJ group was administered only juice, and the Cd + BCJ group received juice with the addition of Cd²⁺ (5 mg Cd²⁺/kg b.w.). The exposition to low doses of Cd²⁺ caused a significant decrease in calretinin-immunoreactive (Cr-IR) neurons compared to the non-exposed groups. Moreover, the addition of Cd²⁺ to tap water reduced the numbers and length of Cr-IR nerve fibers. The negative effect of Cd²⁺ was significantly attenuated by the simultaneous supplementation of beetroot/carrot juice (Cd + BCJ). The study showed that the bioactive compounds in the beetroot/carrot juice can modulate Ca²⁺ levels in neurons, and thus, potentially act as a neuroprotective factor against neuronal damage.

A Review on Medicinal Plants Having Anticancer Properties of Northeast India and Associated Endophytic Microbes and their Future in Medicinal Science

Human beings are affected by different diseases and suffer to different extents. Cancer is one of the major human disease and millions of people suffered from cancer and end their lives every year. Peoples are dependent on herbal medicines since prehistoric time especially from developing countries. It is very common to have different side effects of modern synthetic medicines; hence now-a-days importance of herbal medicines due to no or least side effects increases all parts of the world. But the major problems of using herbal medicines are that plants can produce very limited amount of medicinally important bioactive metabolites and they have very long growth periods. Therefore endophytes are the excellent alternative of plant derived metabolites. Endophytic microbes can synthesize exactly same type of metabolites as the plant produces. North East India is a treasure of plant resources; various types of medicinal plants are present in this region. Different types of indigenous tribes are inhabited in this region who used different plants in traditional system for treating various disease. But with increasing demand it is sometimes not sufficient to manage the demand of medicines, therefore for massive production endophytic study is crucial. In spite of having huge plant resources very limited endophytic studies are observed in this region. In this review, we studied different plants with their endophytes of NE India showing anticancer properties.

Plants and their Bioactive Compounds as a Possible Treatment for Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Multi-Organ Dysfunction Syndrome

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE

Traumatic brain injury is an outcome of the physical or mechanical impact of external forces on the brain. Thus, the silent epidemic has complex pathophysiology affecting the brain along with extracranial or systemic complications in more than one organ system, including the heart, lungs, liver, kidney, gastrointestinal and endocrine system. which is referred to as Multi-Organ Dysfunction Syndrome. It is driven by three interconnected mechanisms such as systemic hyperinflammation, paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity, and immunosuppression-induced sepsis. These multifaceted pathologies accelerate the risk of mortality in clinical settings by interfering with the functions of distant organs through hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, acute lung injury, neurogenic pulmonary edema, reduced gastrointestinal motility, Cushing ulcers, acute liver failure, acute kidney injury, coagulopathy, endocrine dysfunction, and many other impairments. The pharmaceutical treatment approach for this is highly specific in its mode of action and linked to a variety of side effects, including hallucinations, seizures, anaphylaxis, teeth, bone staining, etc. Therefore, alternative natural medicine treatments are widely accepted due to their broad complementary or synergistic effects on the physiological system with minor side effects.

CONCLUSION

This review is a compilation of the possible mechanisms behind the occurrence of multiorgan dysfunction and reported medicinal plants with organoprotective activity that have not been yet explored against traumatic brain injury and thereby, highlighting the marked possibilities of their effectiveness in the management of multiorgan dysfunction. As a result, we attempted to respond to the hypothesis against the usage of medicinal plants to treat neurodegenerative diseases.

Agri-Food Surplus, Waste and Loss as Sustainable Biobased Ingredients: A Review

Ensuring a sustainable supply of food for the world’s fast growing population is a major challenge in today’s economy, as modern lifestyle and increasing consumer concern with maintaining a balanced and nutritious diet is an important challenge for the agricultural sector worldwide. This market niche for healthier products, especially fruits and vegetables, has increased their production, consequently resulting in increased amounts of agri-food surplus, waste, and loss (SWL) generated during crop production, transportation, storage, and processing. Although many of these materials are not utilized, negatively affecting the environmental, economic, and social segments, they are a rich source of valuable compounds that could be used for different purposes, thus preventing the losses of natural resources and boosting a circular economy. This review aimed to give insights on the efficient management of agri-food SWL, considering conventional and emerging recovery and reuse techniques. Particularly, we explored and summarized the chemical composition of three worldwide cultivated and consumed vegetables (carrots, broccoli and lettuce) and evaluate the potential of their residues as a sustainable alternative for extracting value-added ingredients for the development of new biodynamic products.

Are Organic Certified Carrots Richer in Health-Promoting Phenolics and Carotenoids than the Conventionally Grown Ones?

The aim of the present study was to determine the concentrations of polyphenols and carotenoids by means of HPLC/UV-Vis in certified organic and non-organic carrots (Daucus carota L.) of two cultivars (Flacoro and Nantejska). The analyzed carrot root samples contained, on average, 4.29 ± 0.83 mg/100g f.w. of carotenoids (mainly β-carotene) and 9.09 ± 2.97 mg/100g f.w. of polyphenols, including 4.44 ± 1.42 mg/100g f.w. of phenolic acids and 4.65 ± 1.96 mg/100g f.w. of flavonoids. Significant effects of the production system on the carotenoids (total) and β-carotene concentration were found, with higher concentrations of these compounds generally identified in conventionally cultivated roots (4.67 ± 0.88 mg/100g f.w.) vs. organically grown ones (4.08 ± 0.74 mg/100g f.w.). There was a noticeable inter-sample (inter-farm) variation in the concentration of polyphenols in carrot roots. Despite a general trend towards higher concentrations of these compounds in the organic carrots (9.33 ± 3.17 mg/100g f.w.) vs. conventional carrots (8.64 ± 2.58 mg/100g f.w.), and in those of Nantejska (9.60 ± 2.87 mg/100g f.w.) vs. Flacoro (8.46 ± 3.02 mg/100g f.w.) cultivar, no consistent, statistically significant impact of the production system and/or cultivar on the level of these bioactive compounds was identified. More efforts should be encouraged to ensure that organic crops reaching the market consistently contain the expected high levels of health-promoting bioactive compounds, which could be brought through their shelf-life and all processing steps, in order to meet consumers’ expectations and provide the expected health benefits.

Delving into the Nutraceutical Benefits of Purple Carrot against Metabolic Syndrome and Cancer: A Review

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) constitutes a group of risk factors that may increase the risk of cancer and other health problems. Nowadays, researchers are focusing on food compounds that could prevent many chronic diseases. Thus, people are shifting from dietary supplements towards healthy nutritional approaches. As a nutritious and natural food source, purple carrot (Daucus carota spp. Sativus var. atrorubens Alef.) roots could have an important role in the prevention of MetS as well as cancer. This review provides deep insight into the role of purple carrot’s main bioactive compounds and their effectiveness against MetS and cancer. Phenolic compounds, such as anthocyanin, present in purple carrot roots may be especially productive in avoiding or delaying the onset of cardiovascular disease (CVDs), obesity, diabetes, and cancer. Anthocyanins and other phenolics are successful in reducing metabolic changes and inflammation by inhibiting inflammatory effects. Many researchers have made efforts to employ this vegetable in the prevention and treatment of MetS and cancer. However, more advanced studies are required for the identification of its detailed role, effectiveness, suitable intake, and the effect of its bioactive compounds against these diseases.

Medicinal Herbs from Phyto-informatics: An aid for Skin Burn Management

Skin burn injury is the most common cause of trauma that is still considered a dreadful condition in healthcare emergencies around the globe. Due to the availability of a variety of regimes, their management remains a dynamical challenge for the entire medical and paramedical community. Indeed, skin burn injuries are accompanied by a series of several devastating events that lead to sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndromes. Hence the challenge lies in to develop better understanding as well as clear diagnostic criteria and predictive biomarkers which are important in their management. Though there are several regimes available in the market, there are still numerous limitations and challenges in the management. In this review article, we have discussed the various biomarkers that could be targeted for managing skin burn injuries. Instead of focusing on allopathic medication which has its adverse events per se, we have discussed the history, ethnopharmacology properties, and prospects of identified phytomedicines from a well-established herbal informatics model. This review article not only discusses the benefits of scrutinized phytocompounds but also leads to develop novel druggable Phyto-compounds to target skin burn injury at lower cost with no adverse effects.

The Anti-Cancer Effects of Red-Pigmented Foods: Biomarker Modulation and Mechanisms Underlying Cancer Progression

Cancer is one the most malignant diseases that is a leading cause of death worldwide. Vegetables and fruits contain beneficial nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, folates, dietary fibers, and various natural bioactive compounds. These can prevent the pathological processes of many cancers and reduce cancer related mortality. Specifically, the anti-cancer effect of vegetables and fruits is largely attributable to the natural bioactive compounds present within them. A lot of bioactive compounds have very specific colors with pigments and the action of them in the human body varies by their color. Red-pigmented foods, such as apples, oranges, tomatoes, cherries, grapes, berries, and red wine, have been widely reported to elicit beneficial effects and have been investigated for their anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative properties, as well as anti-cancer effect. Most of the anti-cancer effects of bioactive compounds in red-pigmented foods arise from the suppression of cancer cell invasion and metastasis, as well as the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. In this review, we assessed publications from the last 10 years and identified 10 bioactive compounds commonly studied in red-pigmented foods: lycopene, anthocyanin, β-carotene, pectin, betaine, rutin, ursolic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin. We focused on the mechanisms and targets underlying the anti-cancer effect of the compounds and provided rationale for further investigation of the compounds to develop more potent anti-cancer treatment methods.

The genetic control of polyacetylenes involved in bitterness of carrots (Daucus carota L.): Identification of QTLs and candidate genes from the plant fatty acid metabolism

BACKGROUND

Falcarinol-type polyacetylenes (PAs) such as falcarinol (FaOH) and falcarindiol (FaDOH) are produced by several Apiaceae vegetables such as carrot, parsnip, celeriac and parsley. They are known for numerous biological functions and contribute to the undesirable bitter off-taste of carrots and their products. Despite their interesting biological functions, the genetic basis of their structural diversity and function is widely unknown. A better understanding of the genetics of the PA levels present in carrot roots might support breeding of carrot cultivars with tailored PA levels for food production or nutraceuticals.

RESULTS

A large carrot F₂ progeny derived from a cross of a cultivated inbred line with an inbred line derived from a Daucus carota ssp. commutatus accession rich in PAs was used for linkage mapping and quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. Ten QTLs for FaOH and FaDOH levels in roots were identified in the carrot genome. Major QTLs for FaOH and FaDOH with high LOD values of up to 40 were identified on chromosomes 4 and 9. To discover putative candidate genes from the plant fatty acid metabolism, we examined an extended version of the inventory of the carrot FATTY ACID DESATURASE2 (FAD2) gene family. Additionally, we used the carrot genome sequence for a first inventory of ECERIFERUM1 (CER1) genes possibly involved in PA biosynthesis. We identified genomic regions on different carrot chromosomes around the found QTLs that contain several FAD2 and CER1 genes within their 2-LOD confidence intervals. With regard to the major QTLs on chromosome 9 three putative CER1 decarbonylase gene models are proposed as candidate genes.

CONCLUSION

The present study increases the current knowledge on the genetics of PA accumulation in carrot roots. Our finding that carrot candidate genes from the fatty acid metabolism are significantly associated with major QTLs for both major PAs, will facilitate future functional gene studies and a further dissection of the genetic factors controlling PA accumulation. Characterization of such candidate genes will have a positive impact on carrot breeding programs aimed at both lowering or increasing PA concentrations in carrot roots.

Peeling Affects the Nutritional Properties of Carrot Genotypes

Peeling may result in changes in carrot’s nutritional properties; therefore, the present study focused on its effect on the retention of principal nutrients (minerals, sugars, organic acids) and antioxidants (carotenoids and phenols) in the peeled roots of two landraces (‘Carota a punta lunga’—CPL and ‘Carota a punta tonda’—CPT) and a hybrid cultivar (‘Presto’) grown in the area of the “Salterns of Margherita di Savoia” area (Puglia region). The peel had a higher concentration of cations (+92%), organic acids (+103%), carotenoids (+42%), and phenolic acids (seven times) than root flesh. For each chemical class, the most abundant components were K, malic acid, ß-carotene, and chlorogenic acid, respectively. The two landraces stand out for the accumulation of the phenolic acids and ß-carotene, whereas the peel of ‘Presto’ was distinguished by the concentration of Ca and ascorbic and pyruvic acids. The root flesh had a greater accumulation of simple sugars, nitrate (mainly in CPL), oxalic acid, and in particular in the flesh of ‘Presto’, of Na and Cl. For local varieties, peel removal seems to impact the nutritional and antioxidative properties of carrots more consistently compared to the advanced cultivar, since it represents on average 21% and 59% of the total carotenoids and phenols, respectively, of the intact roots.

Daucus carota subsp. maximus (Desf.) Ball from Pantelleria, Sicily (Italy): isolation of essential oils and evaluation of their bioactivity

Daucus is a genus of economically important plants belonging to Apiaceae family spread in temperate regions. Species of this genus are used as food and several biological properties have reported. The chemical composition of the essential oils from different organs (roots, stems and flowers) of Daucus carota subsp. maximus, a species not previously investigated, was analyzed by GC-MS. Our results showed the presence of β-phellandrene as the most abundant component of stems and flowers and of γ-terpinene as a major compound of the oil from the roots. Flower essential oil caused a greater increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) cells compared to stem and root essential oils. The antimicrobial activity of the flower and stem oil were more effective, compared to root oil, against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

Physicochemical, Oxidative Stability and Sensory Properties of Frankfurter-Type Sausage as Influenced by the Addition of Carrot (Daucus carota) Paste

This study examined the addition of carrot paste (CP) at levels of 3%, 5%, and 10% as a potential antioxidant in frankfurter-type sausages, denoted as F1, F2, and F3. F0, was a control sample with no addition of CP. All formulated samples were stored for 14 days during which their physicochemical, oxidative stability, and sensory properties were evaluated. Results showed that the pH of frankfurter-type sausages was not affected by the addition of CP, however, higher pH values were observed in CP-enriched samples on the first day of production and subsequent storage days. Cooking loss (CL) in frankfurter-type sausages was in the range of 2.20% to 2.87%, with the CP-enriched samples having a lower CL percentage, particularly F3 samples, compared to the control. Protein and fat content were lower in CP-enriched samples, but ash content increased. CP-enriched frankfurter-type sausages recorded significantly higher polyphenol contents compared to the control. Total polyphenol content in CP-enriched samples F1, F2, and F3 was higher throughout storage compared to the control. Lower peroxide values were also recorded in CP-enriched samples F1 (2.5 meq/kg), F2 (2.4 meq/kg), and F3 (2.2 meq/kg) compared to the control (2.9 meq/kg), demonstrating greater 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) antioxidant activity than the control samples. Formulations treated with 10% CP gained significantly higher scores for color, texture, and overall acceptability. Principal component analysis showed that higher inclusion levels of CP in formulation improved the sensory quality and oxidative stability. In conclusion, CP could be used to enhance the oxidative stability of frankfurter-type sausage without negatively influencing the sensory quality.

Ca' Granda, Hortus simplicium: Restoring an Ancient Medicinal Garden of XV-XIX Century in Milan (Italy)

This work is based on the study of 150 majolica vases dated back to the mid XVII century that once preserved medicinal remedies prepared in the ancient Pharmacy annexed to the Ospedale Maggiore Ca' Granda in Milan (Lombardy, Italy). The Hortus simplicium was created in 1641 as a source of plant-based ingredients for those remedies. The main objective of the present work is to lay the knowledge base for the restoration of the ancient Garden for educational and informative purposes. Therefore, the following complementary phases were carried out: (i) the analysis of the inscriptions on the jars, along with the survey on historical medical texts, allowing for the positive identification of the plant ingredients of the remedies and their ancient use as medicines; (ii) the bibliographic research in modern pharmacological literature in order to validate or refute the historical uses; (iii) the realization of the checklist of plants potentially present in cultivation at the ancient Garden, concurrently with the comparison with the results of a previous in situ archaeobotanical study concerning pollen grains. For the species selection, considerations were made also regarding drug amounts in the remedies and pedoclimatic conditions of the study area. Out of the 150 vases, 108 contained plant-based remedies, corresponding to 148 taxa. The remedies mainly treated gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders. At least one of the medicinal uses was validated in scientific literature for 112 out of the 148 examined species. Finally, a checklist of 40 taxa, presumably hosted in the Hortus simplicium, was assembled.

Black carrot anthocyanins exhibit neuroprotective effects against MPP+ induced cell death and cytotoxicity via inhibition of oxidative stress mediated apoptosis

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common chronic neurodegenerative disease induced by the death of dopaminergic neurons. Anthocyanins are naturally found antioxidants and well-known for their preventive effects in neurodegenerative disorders. Black carrots (Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus var. atrorubens Alef.) are a rich source of anthocyanins predominantly including acylated cyanidin-based derivatives making them more stable. However, there have been no reports analysing the neuroprotective role of black carrot anthocyanins (BCA) on PD. In order to investigate the potential neuroprotective effect of BCA, human SH-SY5Y cells were treated with MPP+ (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium) to induce PD associated cell death and cytotoxicity. Anthocyanins were extracted from black carrots and the composition was determined by HPLC-DAD. SH-SY5Y cells were co-incubated with BCA (2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 µg/ml) and 0.5 mM MPP+ to determine the neuroprotective effect of BCA against MPP+ induced cell death and cytotoxicity. Results indicate that BCA concentrations did not have any adverse effect on cell viability. BCA revealed its cytoprotective effect, especially at higher concentrations (50, 100 µg/ml) by increasing metabolic activity and decreasing membrane damage. BCA exhibited antioxidant activity via scavenging MPP+ induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protecting dopaminergic neurons from ROS mediated apoptosis. These results suggest a neuroprotective effect of BCA due to its high antioxidant and antiapoptotic activity, along with the absence of cytotoxicity. The elevated stability of BCA together with potential neuroprotective effects may shed light to future studies in order to elucidate the mechanism and further neuro-therapeutic potential of BCA which is promising as a neuroprotective agent.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10616-021-00500-4.

Carrot AOX2a Transcript Profile Responds to Growth and Chilling Exposure

Alternative oxidase (AOX) is a key enzyme of the alternative respiration, known to be involved in plant development and in response to various stresses. To verify the role of DcAOX1 and DcAOX2a genes in carrot tap root growth and in response to cold stress, their expression was analyzed in two experiments: during root growth for 13 weeks and in response to a cold challenge trial of 7 days, in both cases using different carrot cultivars. Carrot root growth is initially characterized by an increase in length, followed by a strong increase in weight. DcAOX2a presented the highest expression levels during the initial stages of root growth for all cultivars, but DcAOX1 showed no particular trend in expression. Cold stress had a negative impact on root growth, and generally up-regulated DcAOX2a with no consistent effect on DcAOX1. The identification of cis-acting regulatory elements (CAREs) located at the promoters of both genes showed putative sequences involved in cold stress responsiveness, as well as growth. However, DcAOX2a promoter presented more CAREs related to hormonal pathways, including abscisic acid and gibberellins synthesis, than DcAOX1. These results point to a dual role of DcAOX2a on carrot tap root secondary growth and cold stress response.

The effect of soil biostimulant Agriful on the selected quantitative and qualitative parameters of carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.)

The research task was focused on an important type of root vegetable – carrot (Daucus carota L.), cultivar ´Romance F1´ (family: Apiaceae). The main goal was to verify the application of soil biostimulant Agriful (based on humic and fulvic acids) and its impact on the yield potential and quality of carrot roots. Nowadays, it is the common need to intensify and increase crop production because of the growing human population and look for environmentally friendly cultivation methods. In general, biostimulants are biologically based products and their purpose is to stimulate the natural nutritional processes in cultivated crops. In the realized experiment, Agriful (treatment of 5 L/300 L water/ha) was applied twice per vegetation period by spraying over the pivot. The increase of average root weight after the application of Agriful was found, concretely about +4.47% compared to the control variant. The higher root weight after Agriful application resulted in a higher total yield of carrot about +2.84% compared to the control variant. The quality of consumable parts of carrots were evaluated based on the classification of roots into quality classes according to the valid standard for fresh carrot marketing (UNECE FFV-10). In the ´Extra class´, there was an increase in the average yield after the application of Agriful about +5.4%; The average carrot yield in ´Class I´ was decreased about -1.0% and the root ratio in the ´Class II´ decreased about -1.9%. The ratio of ´Non-standard´ carrot roots was lower about -2.5%. Based on evaluating qualitative substance content (total carotenoids, refractometric dry matter), the positive influence of the effect of Agriful application was found. The content of total carotenoids was higher about +8.7% compared to the control variant. The refractometric dry matter was higher about +4.1% compared to the control variant. The obtained results can be used in further research on biostimulants and it is possible to create clear recommendations for using Agriful for small growers. It should be useful to verify these results in another vegetation period for recommendation to large-scale producers of carrots.

Analysis of chemical compounds’ content in different varieties of carrots, including qualification and quantification of sugars, organic acids, minerals, and bioactive compounds by UPLC

Twelve carrot varieties in different colours and sizes were investigated for chemical properties (dry matter, ash, pectins, titratable acidity, and pH), contents of vitamin C, sugar, organic acids, mineral (sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, and magnesium), and anti-oxidant activities (ABTS, FRAP, and ORAC). Moreover, total polyphenolics and total tetraterpenoids of colourful carrot varieties were presented. According to the study, sucrose was the dominant sugar and isocitric acid was the most common organic acid in carrot samples. In the case of mineral content, potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, and iron were identified, while copper was not identified in carrots. Additionally, most of the analyzed carrots were a good source of pectins (average—1.3%), except for mini-orange carrot. Purple-coloured carrot samples demonstrated the highest results for total sugar (11.2 g/100 g fm), total organic acid (2.8 g/100 g fm), total polyphenolic contents (224.4 mg/100 g fm), and anti-oxidant activities (17.1 mmol Trolox equivalents/100 g dm). In turn, the lowest results were observed in normal yellow carrot for total polyphenols (7.3 mg/100 g fm), and anti-oxidant activities (2.5 mmol Trolox equivalents/100 g dm); besides, the lowest total tetraterpenoids were determined in micro-white carrot—0.2 mg/100 g fm.