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González-Ramírez LC, Djabayan-Djibeyan P, Prato JG, García Ríos CA, Carrero JC, Trelis M, Fuentes MV. Field study of parasitic contamination of fruits, vegetables and leafy greens in the Ecuadorian Andes. F1000Res 2024; 12:532. [PMID: 38273962 PMCID: PMC10808852 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.132957.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Raw vegetables have been considered vehicles of enteroparasites. South American countries are among the most important exporters of fresh vegetables, including Ecuador, which has a tropical climate and soils rich in organic matter that allow it to harvest throughout the year for sale to different countries. The aim of the study was to assess the occurrence of the parasitic contamination of fruits, vegetables and leafy greens grown in an agricultural area of the Ecuadorian Andes. Methods A cross-sectional field study was conducted with snowball sampling on 1,416 samples (516 fruits, 488 vegetables, and 412 leafy greens). Each sample were washed with water, and the resulting solution after removing the vegetables, was subjected to 24-hour sedimentation. The concentrated sediment underwent microscopic analysis. Results The overall positivity for parasitic contamination was 63.4%, with leafy greens having the highest contamination rate (76.9%) (P<0.0001), surpassing vegetables (67.8%) and fruits (48.4%). Cabbage (100%), onions (84%), and strawberries (60.2%) emerged as the most contaminated within their respective groups. Protozoa were more prevalent (49.6%) than helminths (15.5%) (P<0.0001). Blastocystis sp. (33.5%) ranked highest, followed by Eimeria spp. (26.3%), Entamoeba spp. (10.3%), Giardia spp. (8.3%), Balantidium spp. (6.9%), Cryptosporidium spp. (6.6%), Cyclospora spp. (4.4%), Cystoisospora spp. (0.5%), Strongylida (15.5%), and Ascaris spp. (0.4%). Conclusions The study reveals that vegetables and fruits for human consumption from this area of the Ecuadorian Andes are highly contaminated with various parasites, constituting a possible source of infection for humans and animals in this area, or in non-endemic areas where these products are marketed. The finding emphasizes the need for strict hygienic measures in agricultural crops, which will be properly achieved through the treatment of soil, manure and water used for cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Carolina González-Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigación "Análisis de Muestras Biológicas y Forenses", Carrera de Laboratorio Clínico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, Riobamba, Chimborazo Province, 060103, Ecuador
| | - Pablo Djabayan-Djibeyan
- Grupo de Investigación "Salud Pública", Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, Riobamba, Chimborazo Province, 060103, Ecuador
| | - José G. Prato
- Grupo de Investigación “Estudios Interdisciplinarios”, Ingeniería Ambiental, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, Riobamba, Chimborazo Province, 060103, Ecuador
| | - Cecilia Alejandra García Ríos
- Grupo de Investigación "Salud Pública", Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, Riobamba, Chimborazo Province, 060103, Ecuador
- Facultad de Salud Pública, Escuela Superior Politecnica de Chimborazo, Riobamba, Chimborazo Province, 060103, Ecuador
| | - Julio César Carrero
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - María Trelis
- Research Group "Parasites and Health", Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Parasitologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Burjassot/Valencia, Comunidad Valenciana, 46010, Spain
- Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Universitat de València - Health Research Institute La Fe (IISLAFE), Valencia, Valencian Community, 46026, Spain
| | - Màrius Vicent Fuentes
- Research Group "Parasites and Health", Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Parasitologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Burjassot/Valencia, Comunidad Valenciana, 46010, Spain
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Bruno JG, Sivils J, Natarajan M, Mohan S. DNA Aptamer-Based Staining and Fluorescence Microscopy for Rapid Detection of Cyclospora Cayetanensis Oocysts. J Fluoresc 2023:10.1007/s10895-023-03533-4. [PMID: 38109032 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03533-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
There are no commercial antibodies for detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis, only a relatively slow polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). However, DNA aptamers have recently been developed by our group against known proteins and whole oocysts of C. cayetanensis and shown to specifically detect the oocysts when attached on their 5' ends to red-emitting fluorophores and used as probes for fluorescence microscopy. Aptamers developed against recombinant wall protein 2 and TA4 antigen-like protein as well as whole oocysts specifically stained C. cayetanensis oocysts while exhibiting little, if any, staining of numerous other waterborne parasite species. Interestingly, the aptamers stained both exterior cell wall moieties and internal structures, suggesting that the aptamers penetrate the oocysts even without added detergents.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Bruno
- Nanohmics Inc., 6201 E. Oltorf Street Suite 400, Austin, TX, 78741, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Sivils
- Nanohmics Inc., 6201 E. Oltorf Street Suite 400, Austin, TX, 78741, USA
| | - Mohan Natarajan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Sumathy Mohan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
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Almeria S, Chacin-Bonilla L, Maloney JG, Santin M. Cyclospora cayetanensis: A Perspective (2020-2023) with Emphasis on Epidemiology and Detection Methods. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2171. [PMID: 37764015 PMCID: PMC10536660 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclospora cayetanensis infections are prevalent worldwide, and the parasite has become a major public health and food safety concern. Although important efforts have been dedicated to advance toward preventing and reducing incidences of cyclosporiasis, there are still several knowledge gaps that hamper the implementation of effective measures to prevent the contamination of produce and water with Cyclospora oocysts. Some of these data gaps can be attributed to the fact that access to oocysts is a limiting factor in C. cayetanensis research. There are no animal models or in vivo or in vitro culture systems to propagate the oocysts needed to facilitate C. cayetanensis research. Thus, researchers must rely upon limited supplies of oocysts obtained from naturally infected human patients considerably restricting what can be learnt about this parasite. Despite the limited supply of C. cayetanensis oocysts, several important advances have happened in the past 3 years. Great progress has been made in the Cyclospora field in the areas of molecular characterization of strains and species, generation of genomes, and development of novel detection methods. This comprehensive perspective summarizes research published from 2020 to 2023 and evaluates what we have learnt and identifies those aspects in which further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Almeria
- Center for Food Safety and Nutrition (CFSAN), Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment (OARSA), Division of Virulence Assessment, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
| | | | - Jenny G. Maloney
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA;
| | - Monica Santin
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA;
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Arida J, Shipley A, Almeria S. Molecular Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in Two Main Types of Farm Soil Using Real-Time PCR Assays and Method Modification for Commercial Potting Mix. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1506. [PMID: 37375008 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclospora cayetanensis is a foodborne protozoan parasite that causes outbreaks of diarrheal illness (cyclosporiasis) with clear seasonality worldwide. In the environment, C. cayetanensis oocysts are very robust, and contact with contaminated soil may serve as an important vehicle in the transmission of this organism, and it is considered a risk factor for this infection. The present study evaluated a flotation concentration method, previously shown to provide the best detection results when compared with DNA isolation directly from soil samples, in two main types of farm soil, silt loam soil and sandy clay loam, as well as in commercial potting mix samples inoculated with different numbers of C. cayetanensis oocysts. The flotation method was able to detect as few as 10 oocysts in 10 g of either type of farm soil without modifications, but needed an extra wash and samples of reduced size for the processing of the commercial potting mix to be able to detect 20 oocysts/5 g. A recently modified real-time PCR method for the detection of C. cayetanensis based on a mitochondrial gene target was also evaluated using selected samples of each type of soil. This comparative study confirmed that the concentration of oocysts in soil samples by flotation in high-density sucrose solutions is a sensitive method that can detect low numbers of oocysts in different types of soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Arida
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment (OARSA), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
- Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (JIFSAN), University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Alicia Shipley
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Sonia Almeria
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment (OARSA), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
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Trelis M, Sáez-Durán S, Puchades P, Castro N, Miquel A, Gozalbo M, Fuentes MV. Survey of the occurrence of Giardia duodenalis cysts and Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in green leafy vegetables marketed in the city of Valencia (Spain). Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 379:109847. [PMID: 35905648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of vegetables usually consumed without prior culinary treatment is known to contribute to the prevalence of foodborne diseases. Cysts and oocysts can contaminate food, which can then be the source of infection in humans. The aim of the study was to assess the occurrence of Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. (oo)cysts in green leafy vegetables marketed in the city of Valencia (Spain) combining parasitological methods, two real-time qPCRs and light microscopy. An experimental field study was conducted on 129 vegetable samples, 64 from conventional farms and 65 from ecological (organic) farms. The samples were washed with water, and the resulting solution after removing the vegetables, was subjected to 24-hour sedimentation. The concentrated sediment was used for the search for protozoa. A positive result by both real-time PCRs, or a positive result by one qPCR and confirmation by microscopy was established as a positivity criterion. Giardia duodenalis was detected in 23.0 % of the samples, and Cryptosporidium spp. in 7.8 %. G. duodenalis (41.5 %) and Cryptosporidium spp. (20.0 %) were more frequent in ecological crops. The high level of contamination detected in organic vegetables may be due to the type of fertilizers and the quality of the water used for their irrigation and reinforces the need to take extreme hygiene measures in vegetables that are consumed raw.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Trelis
- Parasite & Health Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain; Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, University of Valencia-Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Sandra Sáez-Durán
- Parasite & Health Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Pablo Puchades
- Parasite & Health Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Nicole Castro
- Parasite & Health Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Miquel
- Parasite & Health Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Mónica Gozalbo
- Area of Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Valencia, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Màrius Vicent Fuentes
- Parasite & Health Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain.
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Shipley A, Arida J, Almeria S. Comparative Evaluation of an Easy Laboratory Method for the Concentration of Oocysts and Commercial DNA Isolation Kits for the Molecular Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis in Silt Loam Soil Samples. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071431. [PMID: 35889150 PMCID: PMC9322252 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclospora cayetanensis is a protozoan parasite that causes foodborne outbreaks of diarrheal illness (cyclosporiasis) worldwide. Contact with soil may be an important mode of transmission for C. cayetanensis and could play a role in the contamination of foods. However, there is a scarcity of detection methods and studies for C. cayetanensis in soil. Traditional parasitology concentration methods can be useful for the detection of C. cayetanensis, as found for other protozoa parasites of similar size. The present study evaluated a concentration method using flotation in saturated sucrose solution, subsequent DNA template preparation and qPCR following the Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) Chapter 19b method. The proposed flotation method was compared to three commercial DNA isolation kits (Fast DNATM 50 mL SPIN kit for soil (MP Biomedicals, Irvine, CA, USA), Quick-DNATM Fecal/Soil Microbe Midiprep kit (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA, USA) and DNeasy® PowerMax® Soil Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany)) for the isolation and detection of DNA from experimentally seeded C. cayetanensis soil samples (5−10 g with 100 oocysts). Control unseeded samples were all negative in all methods. Significantly lower cycle threshold values (CT) were observed in the 100 oocyst C. cayetanensis samples processed via the flotation method than those processed with each of the commercial DNA isolation kits evaluated (p < 0.05), indicating higher recovery of the target DNA with flotation. All samples seeded with 100 oocysts (n = 5) were positive to the presence of the parasite by the flotation method, and no inhibition was observed in any of the processed samples. Linearity of detection of the flotation method was observed in samples seeded with different levels of oocysts, and the method was able to detect as few as 10 oocysts in 10 g of soil samples (limit of detection 1 oocyst/g). This comparative study showed that the concentration of oocysts in soil samples by flotation in high-density sucrose solutions is an easy, low-cost, and sensitive method that could be implemented for the detection of C. cayetanensis in environmental soil samples. The flotation method would be useful to identify environmental sources of C. cayetanensis contamination, persistence of the parasite in the soil and the role of soil in the transmission of C. cayetanensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Shipley
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment (OARSA), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (A.S.); (J.A.)
| | - Joseph Arida
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment (OARSA), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (A.S.); (J.A.)
- Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (JIFSAN), University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Sonia Almeria
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment (OARSA), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA; (A.S.); (J.A.)
- Correspondence:
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Bartosova B, Koudela B, Slana I. Detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis, Echinococcus multilocularis, Toxocara spp. and microsporidia in fresh produce using molecular methods: - A review. Food Waterborne Parasitol 2021; 23:e00124. [PMID: 34169159 PMCID: PMC8209397 DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2021.e00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The current trend for a healthy lifestyle corresponds with a healthy diet, which is associated with regular and frequent consumption of raw fruit and vegetables. However, consumption of ready-to-eat (RTE) food without heat treatment or sufficient washing may pose a risk to consumers. Among the well-known protozoan parasites associated with RTE food and water are Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Toxoplasma gondii. These belong among prioritized parasitic pathogens, as they are associated with numerous disease outbreaks in humans all around the world. Nevertheless, other parasitic agents such as Cyclospora cayetanensis, Toxocara cati, Toxocara canis, Echinococcus multilocularis and zoonotic microsporidia should not be neglected. Although these selected parasites belong to phylogenetically diverse groups, they have common characteristics associated with fresh produce and each of them poses a health risk to humans. Ensuring healthy food is produced requires the standartization of laboratory methods for the detection of parasitic agents. This article reviews the molecular methods currently used in laboratories for detection of Cyclospora cayetanensis, Toxocara cati, Toxocara canis, Echinococcus multilocularis and zoonotic microsporidia in fresh produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Bartosova
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, Brno 621 00, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého 1-3, Brno 612 42, Czech Republic
| | - B. Koudela
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého 1-3, Brno 612 42, Czech Republic
| | - I. Slana
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, Brno 621 00, Czech Republic
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Bhunia AK, Bisha B, Gehring AG, Brehm-Stecher BF. Advances in Foodborne Pathogen Analysis. Foods 2020; 9:foods9111635. [PMID: 33182540 PMCID: PMC7696508 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As the world population has grown, new demands on the production of foods have been met by increased efficiencies in production, from planting and harvesting to processing, packaging and distribution to retail locations. These efficiencies enable rapid intranational and global dissemination of foods, providing longer “face time” for products on retail shelves and allowing consumers to make healthy dietary choices year-round. However, our food production capabilities have outpaced the capacity of traditional detection methods to ensure our foods are safe. Traditional methods for culture-based detection and characterization of microorganisms are time-, labor- and, in some instances, space- and infrastructure-intensive, and are therefore not compatible with current (or future) production and processing realities. New and versatile detection methods requiring fewer overall resources (time, labor, space, equipment, cost, etc.) are needed to transform the throughput and safety dimensions of the food industry. Access to new, user-friendly, and point-of-care testing technologies may help expand the use and ease of testing, allowing stakeholders to leverage the data obtained to reduce their operating risk and health risks to the public. The papers in this Special Issue on “Advances in Foodborne Pathogen Analysis” address critical issues in rapid pathogen analysis, including preanalytical sample preparation, portable and field-capable test methods, the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in zoonotic pathogens and non-bacterial pathogens, such as viruses and protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K. Bhunia
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology (Courtesy), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Correspondence: (A.K.B.); (B.B.); (A.G.G.); (B.F.B.-S.); Tel.: +1-765-494-5443 (A.K.B.); +1-307-766-3140 (B.B.); +1-215-233-6491 (A.G.G.); +1-515-294-6469 (B.F.B.-S.)
| | - Bledar Bisha
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
- Correspondence: (A.K.B.); (B.B.); (A.G.G.); (B.F.B.-S.); Tel.: +1-765-494-5443 (A.K.B.); +1-307-766-3140 (B.B.); +1-215-233-6491 (A.G.G.); +1-515-294-6469 (B.F.B.-S.)
| | - Andrew G. Gehring
- Molecular Characterization of Foodborne Pathogens, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
- Correspondence: (A.K.B.); (B.B.); (A.G.G.); (B.F.B.-S.); Tel.: +1-765-494-5443 (A.K.B.); +1-307-766-3140 (B.B.); +1-215-233-6491 (A.G.G.); +1-515-294-6469 (B.F.B.-S.)
| | - Byron F. Brehm-Stecher
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Correspondence: (A.K.B.); (B.B.); (A.G.G.); (B.F.B.-S.); Tel.: +1-765-494-5443 (A.K.B.); +1-307-766-3140 (B.B.); +1-215-233-6491 (A.G.G.); +1-515-294-6469 (B.F.B.-S.)
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