1
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de Sá SVM, Faria MA, Fernandes JO, Cunha SC. Investigating the individual and mixture cytotoxicity of co-occurring aflatoxin B1, enniatin B, and sterigmatocystin on gastric, intestinal, hepatic, and renal cellular models. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 188:114640. [PMID: 38583501 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the individual and combined effects of the mycotoxins, Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), Enniatin B (ENNB) and Sterigmatocystin (STG), on the cellular viability of gastric (NCI-N87), intestinal (Caco-2), hepatic (Hep-G2) and renal (Hek-293) cells, shedding light on synergistic or antagonistic effects using a constant ratio combination design proposed by Chou-Talalay. These toxins are prevalent in cereal-based foods, frequently consumed by children which raises concerns about their exposure to these mycotoxins. This population is particularly vulnerable to the effects of these toxins due to their underdeveloped organs and incompletely structured physiological processes. Results showed that ENB was the most toxic of the three mycotoxins across all cell lines, while STG and AFB1 showed lower toxicity. The combination of ENNB + STG was found to be the most potent in terms of binary mixtures. In regard to ternary combinations, Caco-2 cells are more sensitive to the tested mycotoxins, whereas NCI-N87 cells show lower levels of cell damage. Worrying dose reduction values (>10-fold) were found for ENNB in binary and ternary combinations at low exposure levels. These findings are significant for establishing initial reference values, which play a pivotal role in estimating reference doses that are subsequently incorporated into the broader risk assessment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraia V M de Sá
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel A Faria
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - José O Fernandes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara C Cunha
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
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2
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Jacobson T, Bae Y, Kler JS, Iyer R, Zhang R, Montgomery ND, Nunes D, Pleil JD, Funk WE. Advancing Global Health Surveillance of Mycotoxin Exposures using Minimally Invasive Sampling Techniques: A State-of-the-Science Review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:3580-3594. [PMID: 38354120 PMCID: PMC10903514 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are a heterogeneous group of toxins produced by fungi that can grow in staple crops (e.g., maize, cereals), resulting in health risks due to widespread exposure from human consumption and inhalation. Dried blood spot (DBS), dried serum spot (DSS), and volumetric tip microsampling (VTS) assays were developed and validated for several important mycotoxins. This review summarizes studies that have developed these assays to monitor mycotoxin exposures in human biological samples and highlights future directions to facilitate minimally invasive sampling techniques as global public health tools. A systematic search of PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase (Elsevier), and CINAHL (EBSCO) was conducted. Key assay performance metrics were extracted to provide a critical review of the available methods. This search identified 11 published reports related to measuring mycotoxins (ochratoxins, aflatoxins, and fumonisins) using DBS/DSS and VTS assays. Multimycotoxin assays adapted for DBS/DSS and VTS have undergone sufficient laboratory validation for applications in large-scale population health and human biomonitoring studies. Future work should expand the number of mycotoxins that can be measured in multimycotoxin assays, continue to improve multimycotoxin assay sensitivities of several biomarkers with low detection rates, and validate multimycotoxin assays across diverse populations with varying exposure levels. Validated low-cost and ultrasensitive minimally invasive sampling methods should be deployed in human biomonitoring and public health surveillance studies to guide policy interventions to reduce inequities in global mycotoxin exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler
A. Jacobson
- Department
of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Yeunook Bae
- Department
of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Jasdeep S. Kler
- University
of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ramsunder Iyer
- Department
of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Runze Zhang
- Department
of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Nathan D. Montgomery
- Department
of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Denise Nunes
- Galter
Health Sciences Library, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Joachim D. Pleil
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Public
Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - William E. Funk
- Department
of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
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3
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Boshra MH, El-Housseiny GS, Farag MMS, Aboshanab KM. Evaluation of ELISA and immunoaffinity fluorometric analytical tools of four mycotoxins in various food categories. AMB Express 2023; 13:123. [PMID: 37922052 PMCID: PMC10624774 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01629-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins (MTs) are secondary toxic metabolites that can contaminate food, impacting quality and safety, leading to various negative health effects and serious pathological consequences conferring urgent need to evaluate and validate the currently standard methods used in their analysis. Therefore, this study was aimed to validate ELISA and VICAM immunoaffinity fluorometric, the two common methods used to monitor the level of MTs according to the Egyptian Organization for Standardization and Quality Control. A total of 246 food samples were collected and tested for Aflatoxins (196 samples), Ochratoxin A (139), Zearalenone (70), and Deoxynivalenol (100) using both analytical methods. Results showed that aflatoxins exceeded limits in 42.9, 100, and 13.3% of oily seeds, dried fruits, and chili and spices, respectively. For ochratoxin A, 3.9% of Gramineae and 8% of spices and chili (locally sourced) exceeded the limits, while 17.6% of imported pasta and noodles exceeded the limits for deoxynivalenol. Significant differences for the aflatoxins and ochratoxin A detection among different categories of chocolate, dried fruits, and oily seeds (p-value < 0.05). No zearalenone contamination was detected in the exported, imported, and locally sourced categories. No deoxynivalenol contamination was detected in the tested Gramineae category. In contrast, for pasta and noodles, the imported samples exhibited the highest contamination rate (above the upper limit of 750 µg/kg) with 17.6% of the samples testing positive for deoxynivalenol with no significant difference among different sample categories of Gramineae, pasta, and noodles (p-value > 0.05). In conclusion, our study found no significant differences between the ELISA and immunoaffinity fluorometric analysis in the detection of the respective MTs in various food categories and therefore, they can substitute each other whenever necessary. However, significant differences were observed among different food categories, particularly the local and imported ones, highlighting the urgent need for strict and appropriate control measures to minimize the risk of MTs adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina H Boshra
- Department of Mycotoxins, Central Public Health Laboratories (CPHL), Ministry of Health, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghadir S El-Housseiny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Mohammed M S Farag
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
- Armed Forces College of Medicine (AFCM), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khaled M Aboshanab
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, 11566, Cairo, Egypt.
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4
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Soon-Sinclair JM, Imathiu S, Obadina AO, Dongho Dongmo FF, Kamgain ADT, Moholisa E, Saba CKS, Walekhwa AW, Hunga H, Kussaga J. How Worried Are You about Food Fraud? A Preliminary Multi-Country Study among Consumers in Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries. Foods 2023; 12:3627. [PMID: 37835280 PMCID: PMC10572961 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Food fraud is an old, recurring, and global threat to public health. It poses a serious threat to food security in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Despite the prevalence of food fraud in SSA, little is known about how food fraud is viewed by consumers. This study aims to provide an overview of consumers' concerns about food fraud in SSA. A multi-country survey was conducted in October 2022-31 January 2023, and 838 valid responses were returned. To reduce the large and correlated dataset, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used. Five components were derived from PCA: (i) Staple foods; (ii) Premium food and drink products; (iii) Trust in reliable sources; (iv) Trust in less reliable sources; and (v) Trust in food vendors. The findings revealed Ghanaian (mean rank = 509.47) and Nigerian (mean rank = 454.82) consumers tended to score higher on the measure of food fraud concern suggesting that they were less confident in the safety and quality of the food they consume. Demographic characteristics including age, number of children, personal and family experience of food fraud and PCA components such as 'Staple foods', 'Trust in reliable sources', and 'Trust in food vendors' significantly predicted the model. This is the first preliminary study to provide empirical findings on consumers' concerns about food fraud in SSA. Practical and policy recommendations for the region are suggested. This includes (i) modelling the AfriFoodinTegrity in West Africa across other major regions such as Central, East, and Southern Africa; (ii) establish a regional sub-Saharan Africa Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (SSA-RASFF) platform; and (iii) food safety and food fraud reports could be incorporated into SSA-RASFF portal for information sharing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mei Soon-Sinclair
- Faculty of Allied-Health and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PRI 2HE, UK
| | - Samuel Imathiu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi 00200, Kenya;
| | - Adewale Olusegun Obadina
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta P.M.B 2240, Nigeria;
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa
| | | | - Alex Dimitri Tchuenchieu Kamgain
- Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaoundé 13033, Cameroon;
- Food Evolution Research Laboratory, School of Tourism and Hospitality, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa
| | - Ennet Moholisa
- Agricultural Research Council-Animal Production Institute, Irene 0062, South Africa;
| | - Courage Kosi Setsoafia Saba
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biosciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale P.O. Box TL 1882, Ghana;
| | - Abel Wilson Walekhwa
- Infectious Diseases Epidemiology and Modelling Unit, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 22418, Uganda;
| | - Henry Hunga
- Department of Land Resources Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture, Lilongwe P.O. Box 30291, Malawi;
| | - Jamal Kussaga
- Department of Food Science and Agroprocessing, School of Engineering and Technology, College of Agriculture, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro P.O. Box 3000, Tanzania;
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5
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Kortei NK, Badzi S, Nanga S, Wiafe-Kwagyan M, Amon DNK, Odamtten GT. Survey of knowledge, and attitudes to storage practices preempting the occurrence of filamentous fungi and mycotoxins in some Ghanaian staple foods and processed products. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8710. [PMID: 37248384 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35275-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxigenic fungi can infect and produce potent mycotoxins in foodstuffs prior to harvest, during harvest (field fungi), and in storage after harvest (storage fungi), which when ingested, can result in adverse health effects. This study was aimed at assessing the knowledge, attitudes, and practices adopted by the Ghanaian populace to help mitigate the occurrence of molds and mycotoxins in foods. A cross-sectional survey involving a structured questionnaire was conducted with 642 respondents from twelve regions of Ghana. Descriptive statistics and analyses of variance were calculated. Correct Classification Rate (CCR) was measured to assess the utility of a logistic regression model. The results of the study showed that the majority of 299 (46.6%) of the respondents were between the ages of 18-25. Age and educational level were related to knowledge about the occurrence of fungi and mycotoxins in foods (p < 0.05). More than half the respondents, 50% indicated that they knew of aflatoxins as a major mycotoxin present in food. Higher education directly influenced on the knowledge of mycotoxicosis and the management of stored food to present intoxication by fungal metabolites. 502 (32.9%) knew that consuming foods with toxins could cause stomach aches. The most commonly consumed food commodity despite the presence of visible growth of fungi was bread (35.3%). The average KAP score for knowledge showed that, out of 100%, there was adequate knowledge (63.8%) among the members of the Ghanaian populace. Favorable environmental conditions of high humidity (> 85% ERH) and temperature (> 28-32 °C) enhance the proliferation of fungi in most foods and the attendant production of mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, ochratoxins, and fumonisins are associated with several severe human and animal health conditions; mycotoxicosis was associated with high fever, pain, vomiting, suppression of immunity, cancer, etc. when these foods are consumed on regular basis for a prolonged length of time. Future examination of the food items used for the School Feeding Programme in Ghana will offer opportunities to examine the risks of feeding youth with fungal-contaminated food preparations from providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nii Korley Kortei
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana.
| | - Sandra Badzi
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Salifu Nanga
- School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Basic Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana
| | - Michael Wiafe-Kwagyan
- College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Biology, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 55, Legon, Ghana
| | - Denick Nii Kotey Amon
- College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Biology, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 55, Legon, Ghana
| | - George Tawia Odamtten
- College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Biology, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 55, Legon, Ghana
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6
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Mesfin A, Lachat C, Gebreyesus SH, Roro M, Tesfamariam K, Belachew T, De Boevre M, De Saeger S. Mycotoxins Exposure of Lactating Women and Its Relationship with Dietary and Pre/Post-Harvest Practices in Rural Ethiopia. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040285. [PMID: 37104223 PMCID: PMC10143280 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins can be transferred to breast milk during lactation. Hence, the presence of multiple mycotoxins (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, and M1, alpha and beta zearalanol, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins B1, B2, B3, and hydrolyzed B1, nivalenol, ochratoxin A, ochratoxin alpha, and zearalenone) in breast milk samples was assessed in our study. Furthermore, the relationship between total fumonisins and pre/post-harvest and the women's dietary practices was examined. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was used to analyze the 16 mycotoxins. An adjusted censored regression model was fitted to identify predictors of mycotoxins, i.e., total fumonisins. We detected only fumonisin B2 (15% of the samples) and fumonisin B3 (9% of the samples) while fumonisin B1 and nivalenol were detected only in a single breast milk sample. No association between total fumonisins and pre/post-harvest and dietary practices was found (p < 0.05). The overall exposure to mycotoxins was low in the studied women, although fumonisins contamination was not negligible. Moreover, the recorded total fumonisins was not associated with any of the pre/post-harvest and dietary practices. Therefore, to better identify predictors of fumonisin contamination in breast milk, longitudinal studies with food samples in addition to breast milk samples and with larger sample sizes are needed for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addisalem Mesfin
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma 1000, Ethiopia
- Department of Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture, Hawassa University, Hawassa 1000, Ethiopia
| | - Carl Lachat
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- MYTOX-SOUTH® International Thematic Network, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Seifu Hagos Gebreyesus
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa 1000, Ethiopia
| | - Meselech Roro
- Department of Reproductive Health and Health Service Management, School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa 1000, Ethiopia
| | - Kokeb Tesfamariam
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ambo University, Ambo 1000, Ethiopia
| | - Tefera Belachew
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma 1000, Ethiopia
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- MYTOX-SOUTH® International Thematic Network, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- MYTOX-SOUTH® International Thematic Network, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, Gauteng 2028, South Africa
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7
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Krausová M, Braun D, Buerki-Thurnherr T, Gundacker C, Schernhammer E, Wisgrill L, Warth B. Understanding the Chemical Exposome During Fetal Development and Early Childhood: A Review. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 63:517-540. [PMID: 36202091 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-051922-113350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Early human life is considered a critical window of susceptibility to external exposures. Infants are exposed to a multitude of environmental factors, collectively referred to as the exposome. The chemical exposome can be summarized as the sum of all xenobiotics that humans are exposed to throughout a lifetime. We review different exposure classes and routes that impact fetal and infant metabolism and the potential toxicological role of mixture effects. We also discuss the progress in human biomonitoring and present possiblemodels for studying maternal-fetal transfer. Data gaps on prenatal and infant exposure to xenobiotic mixtures are identified and include natural biotoxins, in addition to commonly reported synthetic toxicants, to obtain a more holistic assessment of the chemical exposome. We highlight the lack of large-scale studies covering a broad range of xenobiotics. Several recommendations to advance our understanding of the early-life chemical exposome and the subsequent impact on health outcomes are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdaléna Krausová
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; , ,
| | - Dominik Braun
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; , ,
| | - Tina Buerki-Thurnherr
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Particles Biology Interactions, St. Gallen, Switzerland;
| | - Claudia Gundacker
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; .,Exposome Austria, Research Infrastructure and National EIRENE Hub, Austria
| | - Eva Schernhammer
- Exposome Austria, Research Infrastructure and National EIRENE Hub, Austria.,Center for Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; .,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lukas Wisgrill
- Exposome Austria, Research Infrastructure and National EIRENE Hub, Austria.,Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria;
| | - Benedikt Warth
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; , , .,Exposome Austria, Research Infrastructure and National EIRENE Hub, Austria
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8
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Aasa A, Fru F, Adelusi O, Oyeyinka S, Njobeh P. A review of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in feeds and food commodities in West Africa. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2022. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2021.2766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fungal contamination is a threat to food safety in West Africa with implications for food and feed due to their climate, which is characterised by high temperatures and high relative humidity, which are environmental favourable for fast fungal growth and mycotoxin production. This report gives perspective on studies on toxigenic fungi (Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium) and their toxins, mainly aflatoxins, fumonisins and ochratoxins commonly found in some West African countries, including Benin, Burkina Faso, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo. Only four of these countries have mycotoxins regulations in place for feeds and food products (Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, and Senegal). Food commodities that are widely consumed and were thoroughly investigated in this region include cereals, peanuts, cassava chips (flakes), cassava flour, chilies, peanuts, locust beans, melon, and yam products. In conclusion, authorities and scientists needed to consider research and approaches to monitor mycotoxins in foods and feeds produced and consumed in West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.O. Aasa
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - F.F. Fru
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - O.A. Adelusi
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - S.A. Oyeyinka
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - P.B. Njobeh
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
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9
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Detection of multi-mycotoxins in rooibos and other consumed teas in South Africa by a modified QuEChERS method and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Kpoda DS, Bandé M, Compaoré AM, Bazié RBS, Meda RN, Somda S, Meda DS, Kpoda HBN, Somé SA, Sakana L, Kaboré F, Ouangrawa S, Sié A, Ouattara M, Bakyono R, Meda C, Ilboudo B, Tapsoba L, Semporé E, Konaté B, Mien A, Sanon S, Ouattara AS, Kabré E, Hien H. Nutritional, Microbiological, and Toxicological Quality Assessment of Foods Sold in Urban and Suburban Markets in Burkina Faso. Health Secur 2022; 20:298-307. [PMID: 35917509 PMCID: PMC10818053 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2022.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Food safety risks are becoming a public health problem with important socioeconomic consequences for human wellbeing, especially for pregnant women and infants. In this article, we describe findings from microbiological, toxicological, and nutritional quality assessments of foods from 5 localities in Burkina Faso, with the aim to provide baseline data on the quality of food and the risks to mothers and children. Samples for assessment included food sold in markets, stores, and restaurants (eg, cereals, oilseeds, vegetables, edible oils, powdered milk, dried fish, packaged water, ready-to-eat meals). The research team selected the samples using the random route method and analyzed them at the National Public Health Laboratory in Ouagadougou between January and December 2020. A total of 443 food samples were collected, of which 101 were analyzed for microbial contamination, 360 were analyzed for the presence of toxins, and 59 were analyzed for their nutritional value. The microbiological quality of 11.88% of the food samples was unsatisfactory, and 41.50% were contaminated with aflatoxins. At least 1 pesticide residue and cyfluthrin were detected in 58.10% of samples. The most detected contaminant (cyfluthrin) was found in 79.10% of the analyzed samples. A peroxide index higher than the normal value (10 mEq/kg) was found in 3.38% of the oil samples and 76.27% of the oil samples had a vitamin A content lower than the recommended limit of 11 mg/kg. This study is the first in Burkina Faso that provides baseline data on the quality of food and potential health risks to mothers and children in Burkina Faso. Considering the level of contaminants reported in this article, it is imperative to enhance routine monitoring of foods in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dissinviel S. Kpoda
- Dissinviel S. Kpoda, PhD, is an Assistant Professor, Centre Universitaire de Ziniaré and Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Biotechnologie Microbienne, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou
| | - Moumouni Bandé
- Moumouni Bandé, MSc, is a PhD Student, Unité de Formation et de la Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou
| | - Abdou M. Compaoré
- Abdou M. Compaoré, PhD, is a Research Officer, Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Ouagadougou
| | - Raoul B. S. Bazié
- Raoul B. S. Bazié, PhD, is an Assistant Professor and Elie Kabré, PhD, is a Professor, Biochemistry, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou
| | - Romaric N. Meda
- Romaric N. Meda, PhD, is a Research Officer, Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Ouagadougou
| | - Serges Somda
- Serges M. A. Somda, PhD, is an Assistant Professor, Université Nazi Boni, and Centre MURAZ/Institut National de Santé Publique, Bobo-Dioulasso
| | - Dimitri S. Meda
- Dimitri S. Meda, PharmD, is Director, Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Ouagadougou
| | - Hervé B. N. Kpoda
- Hervé B. N. Kpoda, MD, MSc, CT, is a PhD Student, Centre MURAZ/Institut National de Santé Publique, Bobo-Dioulasso
| | - Satouro A. Somé
- Satouro A. Somé, MD, MPH, is a Research Officer, Centre MURAZ/Institut National de Santé Publique, Bobo-Dioulasso
| | - Leticia Sakana
- Leticia Sakana, MPH, is a Research Officer, Centre MURAZ/Institut National de Santé Publique, Bobo-Dioulasso
| | - Firmin Kaboré
- Firmin Kaboré, MD, PhD, is a Research Officer, Centre MURAZ/Institut National de Santé Publique, Bobo-Dioulasso
| | - Soumeya Ouangrawa
- Soumeya Ouangrawa, PhD, is a Research Officer, Centre MURAZ/Jhpiego, Ouagadougou
| | - Ali Sié
- Ali Sié, MD, PhD, is Director, Centre de recherche en santé de Nouna, Nouna
| | - Mamadou Ouattara
- Mamadou Ouattara, MPH, is a Research Officer, Centre de recherche en santé de Nouna, Nouna
| | - Richard Bakyono
- Richard Bakyono, PharmD, MSc, is a Research Officer, Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Ouagadougou
| | - Clément Meda
- Clément Meda, MD, MPM, PhD, is an Assistant Professor, Institut supérieur des sciences de la santé, Université Nazi Boni, and Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Souro Sanou, Bobo-Dioulasso
| | - Bernard Ilboudo
- Bernard Ilboudo, PhD, is a Research Officer, Centre MURAZ/Institut National de Santé Publique, Bobo-Dioulasso
| | - Ludovic Tapsoba
- Ludovic Tapsoba, MSc, is a Research Officer, Institut National de Santé Publique, Ouagadougou
| | - Emmanuelle Semporé
- Emmanuelle Semporé, MPH, is a PhD Student, Institut National de Santé Publique, Ouagadougou
| | - Blahima Konaté
- Blahima Konaté, PhD, is a Research Officer, Institut supérieur des sciences de la santé, and Centre MURAZ/Institut National de Santé Publique, Bobo-Dioulasso
| | - Awa Mien
- Awa Mien, MD, MPH, is a PhD Student, Institut National de Santé Publique, Ouagadougou
| | - Souleymane Sanon
- Souleymane Sanon, PhD, is an Assistant Professor, Institut National de Santé Publique, Ouagadougou
| | - Aboubakar S. Ouattara
- Aboubakar S. Ouattara, PhD, is a Professor, Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Biotechnologie Microbienne, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou
| | - Elie Kabré
- Elie Kabré is Director General, Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Ouagadougou
| | - Hervé Hien
- Hervé Hien, PhD, is Director, Institut National de Santé Publique, Ouagadougou
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11
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Chilaka CA, Obidiegwu JE, Chilaka AC, Atanda OO, Mally A. Mycotoxin Regulatory Status in Africa: A Decade of Weak Institutional Efforts. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:442. [PMID: 35878180 PMCID: PMC9321388 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14070442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Food safety problems are a major hindrance to achieving food security, trade, and healthy living in Africa. Fungi and their secondary metabolites, known as mycotoxins, represent an important concern in this regard. Attempts such as agricultural, storage, and processing practices, and creation of awareness to tackle the menace of fungi and mycotoxins have yielded measurable outcomes especially in developed countries, where there are comprehensive mycotoxin legislations and enforcement schemes. Conversely, most African countries do not have mycotoxin regulatory limits and even when available, are only applied for international trade. Factors such as food insecurity, public ignorance, climate change, poor infrastructure, poor research funding, incorrect prioritization of resources, and nonchalant attitudes that exist among governmental organisations and other stakeholders further complicate the situation. In the present review, we discuss the status of mycotoxin regulation in Africa, with emphasis on the impact of weak mycotoxin legislations and enforcement on African trade, agriculture, and health. Furthermore, we discuss the factors limiting the establishment and control of mycotoxins in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Adaku Chilaka
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Jude Ejikeme Obidiegwu
- National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike, Km 8 Umuahia-Ikot Ekpene Road, Umuahia P.M.B. 7006, Abia State, Nigeria;
| | - Augusta Chinenye Chilaka
- Department of Nutrition and Forage Science, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umuahia P.M.B. 7267, Abia State, Nigeria;
| | | | - Angela Mally
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany;
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12
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Mollay C, Kimanya M, Kassim N, Stoltzfus R. Main complementary food ingredients contributing to aflatoxin exposure to infants and young children in Kongwa, Tanzania. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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13
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Sá SVMD, Monteiro C, Fernandes JO, Pinto E, Faria MA, Cunha SC. Emerging mycotoxins in infant and children foods: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:1707-1721. [PMID: 34486889 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1967282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A proper nutrition is crucial for children's healthy development. Regardless of the usual recommendations to follow a varied diet, some foods can be a source of toxic natural contaminants such as mycotoxins, potent secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi. In addition to the most well-known mycotoxins, many of which are subject to tight regulation regarding the maximum levels allowed in different types of food, there is a large group of mycotoxins, the so-called emerging mycotoxins, about which less knowledge has already been acquired, which have gradually been the target of interest from the scientific community due to their prevalence in most foodstuffs, particularly in cereals and cereal-based products. Alternariol and his metabolite alternariol mono-methyl ether, beauvericin, citrinin, culmorin, enniatins, ergot alkaloids, fusaproliferin, kojic acid, moniliformin, sterigmatocystin, tentoxin and tenuazonic acid are the most representative of them. The current review gathered the information of the last ten years that have been published on the levels of emerging mycotoxins in food products dedicated for infants and children. European Union countries are responsible for most of the reported studies, which showed levels that can reach hundreds of mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraia V M de Sá
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carolina Monteiro
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José O Fernandes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eugénia Pinto
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Miguel A Faria
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara C Cunha
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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14
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Izco M, Vettorazzi A, Forcen R, Blesa J, de Toro M, Alvarez-Herrera N, Cooper JM, Gonzalez-Peñas E, Lopez de Cerain A, Alvarez-Erviti L. Oral subchronic exposure to the mycotoxin ochratoxin A induces key pathological features of Parkinson's disease in mice six months after the end of the treatment. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 152:112164. [PMID: 33819549 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Some epidemiological studies with different levels of evidence have pointed to a higher risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) after exposure to environmental toxicants. A practically unexplored potential etiological factor is a group of naturally-occurring fungal secondary metabolites called mycotoxins. The mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) has been reported to be neurotoxic in mice. To further identify if OTA exposure could have a role in PD pathology, Balb/c mice were orally treated with OTA (0.21, 0.5 mg/kg bw) four weeks and left for six months under normal diet. Effects of OTA on the onset, progression of alpha-synuclein pathology and development of motor deficits were evaluated. Immunohistochemical and biochemical analyses showed that oral subchronic OTA treatment induced loss of striatal dopaminergic innervation and dopaminergic cell dysfunction responsible for motor impairments. Phosphorylated alpha-synuclein levels were increased in gut and brain. LAMP-2A protein was decreased in tissues showing alpha-synuclein pathology. Cell cultures exposed to OTA exhibited decreased LAMP-2A protein, impairment of chaperone-mediated autophagy and decreased alpha-synuclein turnover which was linked to miRNAs deregulation, all reminiscent of PD. These results support the hypothesis that oral exposure to low OTA doses in mice can lead to biochemical and pathological changes reported in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Izco
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 3rd Floor, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
| | - Ariane Vettorazzi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, MITOX Research Group, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, 31008, Spain.
| | - Raquel Forcen
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 3rd Floor, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
| | - Javier Blesa
- HM CINAC, Hospital Universitario HM Puerta del Sur, Av. Carlos V, 70, 28938, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria de Toro
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Core Facility, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain.
| | - Natalia Alvarez-Herrera
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 3rd Floor, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
| | - J Mark Cooper
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, UCL, Gower Street, London, UK.
| | - Elena Gonzalez-Peñas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain.
| | - Adela Lopez de Cerain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, MITOX Research Group, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, 31008, Spain.
| | - Lydia Alvarez-Erviti
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 3rd Floor, 26006, Logroño, Spain.
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15
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Mushroom Nutrition as Preventative Healthcare in Sub-Saharan Africa. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11094221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The defining characteristics of the traditional Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) cuisine have been the richness in indigenous foods and ingredients, herbs and spices, fermented foods and beverages, and healthy and whole ingredients used. It is crucial to safeguard the recognized benefits of mainstream traditional foods and ingredients, which gradually eroded in the last decades. Notwithstanding poverty, chronic hunger, malnutrition, and undernourishment in the region, traditional eating habits have been related to positive health outcomes and sustainability. The research prevailed dealing with food availability and access rather than the health, nutrition, and diet quality dimensions of food security based on what people consume per country and on the missing data related to nutrient composition of indigenous foods. As countries become more economically developed, they shift to “modern” occidental foods rich in saturated fats, salt, sugar, fizzy beverages, and sweeteners. As a result, there are increased incidences of previously unreported ailments due to an unbalanced diet. Protein-rich foods in dietary guidelines enhance only those of animal or plant sources, while rich protein sources such as mushrooms have been absent in these charts, even in developed countries. This article considers the valorization of traditional African foodstuffs and ingredients, enhancing the importance of establishing food-based dietary guidelines per country. The crux of this review highlights the potential of mushrooms, namely some underutilized in the SSA, which is the continent’s little exploited gold mine as one of the greatest untapped resources for feeding and providing income for Africa’s growing population, which could play a role in shielding Sub-Saharan Africans against the side effects of an unhealthy stylish diet.
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16
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Mirza Alizadeh A, Golzan SA, Mahdavi A, Dakhili S, Torki Z, Hosseini H. Recent advances on the efficacy of essential oils on mycotoxin secretion and their mode of action. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:4726-4751. [PMID: 33523705 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1878102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Essential oils, as extracted compounds from plants, are volatile and aromatic liquids which their unique aromatic compounds give each essential oil its distinctive essence. Fungi toxins can induce various adverse health effects like allergy, cancer, and immunosuppression. Moreover, fungal spoilage impacts pharmaceutical and food industries economic state. A drop in the utilization of synthetic compounds as food prophylaxis has occurred due to several factors such as hygiene agents' alerts and stricter legal regulations. Therefore, the applications of natural substances such as essential oils have increased in recent years. Oregano, cinnamon, thyme, rosemary, fennel, clove, palmarosa, and eucalyptus have been the highest employed essential oils against mycotoxigenic fungi and their mycotoxins in studies conducted in the past decade. Essential oils inhibit fungi growth and mycotoxin synthesis via diverse pathways including modified fungal growth rate and extended lag phase, disruption of cell permeability, disruption of the electron transport chain and manipulating gene expression patterns and metabolic processes. In the present review, we will investigate the implications and efficacy of essential oils in preventing the growth of mycotoxigenic fungi, eliminating mycotoxins and their mechanism of actions conducted in the last decade. HighlightsThe most investigated toxigenic genera are Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium Spp.AB1, AG1, OTA and AB2 are the most frequently studied toxinsOregano, cinnamon and thyme are mostly exploited EOs on toxigenic fungi & mycotoxinsOregano, thyme & cinnamon are the most significant antifungals on toxigenic generaCinnamon, oregano & cinnamaldehyde are the fittest antimycotoxins on DON, OTA & AFB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Mirza Alizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Amirhossein Golzan
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aida Mahdavi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Takestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Samira Dakhili
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Torki
- Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Hedayat Hosseini
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Food Safety Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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