Quality Assessment of Chilled and Frozen Fish-Mini Review

Effect of cytochrome c release on the mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis and quality deterioration of black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) postmortem storage

Apoptosis was associated with decreased sensory quality attributes of fish during postmortem storage. Based on cytochrome c (cyt-c) release plays a crucial role in apoptosis, the study aims to investigate the factors regulating cyt-c release and whether cyt-c acts as an endogenous pro-oxidant to trigger lipid oxidation. Within 12 h postmortem, dramatic changes in the intramuscular environment (glycogen from 1.57 mg/g to 0.65 mg/g; ATP reduced by 92.91%; pH value reaching the lowest (pH = 7.14)) and the mitochondrial environment (accumulation of mitochondrial ROS and Ca2+ levels) are induced mitochondrial swelling and opening of the MPTP (increased 34.35% and 31.91%), leading to the release of cyt-c from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm and the activation of caspase-3. This leads to lipid oxidation and degradation of myofibrillar proteins, accelerating quality deterioration in color and texture. The results suggest that cyt-c is involved in lipid oxidation during postmortem through the apoptotic mitochondrial pathway.

Study on quality characteristics, shelf-life prediction and frying mass transfer of breaded tilapia nuggets

Deep-fried breaded tilapia nuggets (DFBTNs) have good market prospects as a tilapia deep-processed product. In this study, we used pre-optimized DFBTNs to simulate the mass change from storage to consumption and investigated the changes in storage shelf-life and frying mass transfer kinetics of DFBTNs. Microbial growth trend and shelf-life prediction models at different storage temperatures were developed using a modified Gompertz equation. The R2 of the fitted equations were all greater than 0.98, and the predicted shelf-life of the products was close to the actual measurement time. The ability of the electronic nose and tongue to differentiate between odor and taste can be used as a secondary indicator to determine whether a product is spoiled or not. During the reheating process of deep-frying, the batter shell moisture decreased (18.69 %→6.89 %), and the oil content increased (2.76 %→27.35 %). The mass transfer coefficient k fitted by Fick's second law for moisture evaporation was 0.0086, and the mass transfer coefficient k fitted by the first-order kinetic equation for oil absorption was 0.1137. This study is informative for storing and consuming DFBTNs, which can provide a basis for the deep processing and high-value utilization of tilapia.

Formaldehyde contamination in seafood industry: an update on detection methods and legislations

Seafood is abundant in high-quality protein, healthy fats (n-3 and n-6 PUFAs), minerals (calcium, magnesium, copper, selenium, and so on), and vitamin D. Functional compounds in seafood can protect against lifestyle-related diseases. Having had all the merits mentioned, it is also a highly putrefiable food item. To maintain quality and prolong seafood's shelf life, various chemicals have been added, including nitrite, sulfur dioxide, and formaldehyde. In this review, we summarize the uses, the incidence of added formalin contamination, and the approved limit for seafood products. Additionally, worldwide regulations or standards for the use of formalin in seafood products, as well as recent changes relevant to new methods, are highlighted. Although strict limits and regulations have been placed on the utilization of formaldehyde for seafood preservation, there are few incidences reported of formalin/formaldehyde detection in seafood products around Asian countries. In this context, various qualitative and quantitative detection methods for formaldehyde have been developed to ensure the presence of formaldehyde within acceptable limits. Besides this, different rules and regulations have been forced by each country to control formaldehyde incidence. Although it is not an issue of formaldehyde incidence in European countries, strict regulations are implemented and followed.

Enhanced water and oxygen barrier properties of deacetylated konjac glucomannan/high acyl gellan gum water gradient film for improved frozen fish fillet preservation

The use of konjac glucomannan (KGM)/high acyl gellan gum (HAGG) edible film with single-sided unsaturated water swelling, designated as a water gradient film (WGF), has been shown to effectively enhance the preservation quality of frozen fish fillets. This study investigates the potential of using partially deacetylated konjac glucomannan (DKGM)/HAGG WGFs to enhance the preservation of frozen fish fillets. The partial deacetylation of KGM improved the water vapour and oxygen barrier properties of the frozen KGM/HAGG WGF, which exhibited a combination of film and ice structural characteristics. This improvement is attributed to strengthened interactions between DKGM and HAGG, resulting in a more structured film matrix that exhibited reduced permeability to both water vapour and oxygen. Furthermore, the improved interactions between DKGM and HAGG led to the formation of smaller polysaccharide ice crystals, which in turn increased the oxygen diffusion path along the intercrystalline boundaries, further decreasing oxygen permeability. Over a 90-day freezing period, the DKGM/HAGG WGF significantly outperformed traditional KGM/HAGG WGF, ice glazing, and polyethylene film packaging in preserving the quality of frozen fish fillets. This study provides a promising strategy for the design and development of DKGM-based WGFs for frozen fish fillet preservation applications.

Sea cucumber significance: Drying techniques and India's comprehensive status

Sea cucumbers, members of the echinoderm class Holothuroidea, are marine invertebrates with ecological significance and substantial commercial value. With approximately 1700 species, these organisms contribute to marine ecosystems through nutrient cycling and face various threats, including overfishing and habitat loss. Despite their importance, they are extensively exploited for diverse applications, from seafood to pharmaceuticals. This study investigates sea cucumbers' nutritional profile and bioactive elements, emphasizing their role as sources of essential compounds with potential health benefits. The demand for sea cucumbers, especially in dried form, is significant, prompting exploration into various drying techniques. Examining the global trade in sea cucumbers highlights their economic importance and the conservation challenges they face. Conservation efforts, such as awareness campaigns and international collaboration, are evaluated as essential steps in combating illicit trade and promoting the sustainable stewardship of sea cucumber populations. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Around 1700 species of sea cucumbers were identified as vital ecological scavengers in the Holothuroidea class. High commercial value due to their health benefits, particularly their demonstrated inhibitory effect against various types of cancer. "Beche-de-mer" holds a 90% market share and is regarded as a luxury food item in Southeast Asian countries. Due to overexploitation, the species is classified as Schedule I under the Wildlife Protection Act (WPA) in India, prompting the implementation of a blanket ban on their harvesting to ensure its conservation.

Applying innovative technological interventions in the preservation and packaging of fresh seafood products to minimize spoilage - A systematic review and meta-analysis

Seafood, being highly perishable, faces rapid deterioration in freshness, posing spoilage risks and potential health concerns without proper preservation. To combat this, various innovative preservation and packaging technologies have emerged. This review delves into these cutting-edge interventions designed to minimize spoilage and effectively prolong the shelf life of fresh seafood products. Techniques like High-Pressure Processing (HPP), Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP), bio-preservation, and active and vacuum packaging have demonstrated the capability to extend the shelf life of seafood products by up to 50%. However, the efficacy of these technologies relies on factors such as the specific type of seafood product and the storage temperature. Hence, careful consideration of these factors is essential in choosing an appropriate preservation and packaging technology.

The Cryoprotective Effect of an Antifreeze Collagen Peptide Complex Obtained by Enzymatic Glycosylation on Tilapia

Antifreeze peptides have become effective antifreeze agents for frozen products, but their low quantity of active ingredients and high cost limit large-scale application. This study used the glycosylation of fish collagen peptides with glucosamine hydrochloride catalyzed by transglutaminase to obtain a transglutaminase-catalyzed glycosylation product (TGP) and investigate its antifreeze effect on tilapia. Compared with the blank group, the freshness (pH value of 6.31, TVB-N value of 21.7 mg/100 g, whiteness of 46.28), textural properties (especially hardness and elasticity), and rheological properties of the TGP groups were significantly improved. In addition, the protein structures of the samples were investigated using UV absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results showed that the tertiary structure of the TGP groups changed to form a dense polymer. Therefore, this approach can reduce the denaturation and decomposition of muscle fibers and proteins in fish meat more effectively and has a better protective effect on muscle structure and protein aggregation, improving the stability of fish meat. This study reveals an innovative method for generating antifreeze peptides by enzymatic glycosylation, and glycosylated fish collagen peptide products can be used as new and effective green antifreeze agents in frozen foods.

The Effects of Four Different Thawing Methods on Quality Indicators of Amphioctopus neglectus

Amphioctopus neglectus is a species of octopus that is favored by consumers due to its rich nutrient profile. To investigate the influence of different thawing methods on the quality of octopus meat, we employed four distinct thawing methods: air thawing (AT), hydrostatic thawing (HT), flowing water thawing (FWT), and microwave thawing (MT). We then explored the differences in texture, color, water retention, pH, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), total sulfhydryl content, Ca2+-ATPase activity, and myofibrillar protein, among other quality indicators in response to these methods, and used a low-field nuclear magnetic resonance analyzer to assess the water migration that occurred during the thawing process. The results revealed that AT had the longest thawing time, leading to oxidation-induced protein denaturation, myofibrillar protein damage, and a significant decrease in water retention. Additionally, when this method was utilized, the content of TVB-N was significantly higher than in the other three groups. HT, to a certain extent, isolated the oxygen in the meat and thus alleviated protein oxidation, allowing higher levels of Ca2+-ATPase activity, sulfhydryl content, and springiness to be maintained. However, HT had a longer duration: 2.95 times that of FWT, resulting in a 9.84% higher cooking loss and a 28.21% higher TVB-N content compared to FWT. MT had the shortest thawing time, yielding the lowest content of TVB-N. However, uneven heating and in some cases overcooking occurred, severely damaging the protein structure, with a concurrent increase in thawing loss, W value, hardness, and shear force. Meanwhile, FWT improved the L*, W* and b* values of octopus meat, enhancing its color and water retention. The myofibrillar protein (MP) concentration was also the highest after FWT, with clearer subunit bands in SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, indicating that less degradation occurred and allowing greater springiness, increased Ca2+-ATPase activity, and a higher sulfhydryl content to be maintained. This suggests that FWT has an inhibitory effect on oxidation, alleviating protein oxidation degradation and preserving the quality of the meat. In conclusion, FWT outperformed the other three thawing methods, effectively minimizing adverse changes during thawing and successfully maintaining the quality of octopus meat.

Assessment of fish adulteration using SnO2 nanopetal-based gas sensor and machine learning

The work presents the identification of fish adulteration and quality assessment by incorporating a chemiresistive gas sensor and machine learning (ML) techniques. Highly sensitive SnO2 nanopetals were synthesized chemically and integrated with interdigitated electrodes to fabricate a sensor device. The sensor was calibrated with formaldehyde (37 %) with a theoretical detection limit of 75 ppb and further utilized to detect the vapors emitted from fresh and formalin-adulterated fish. An extensive sensing investigation was conducted with freshly caught Rohu fish samples. The sensing behavior was examined for all the samples at different time intervals to estimate the spoilage level. The classification between fresh and adulterated fish samples was obtained with 100 % accuracy by employing ML tools. Moreover, the storage duration and spoilage level of fish samples were quantified using regression models. This work emphasizes the potential of nanomaterials combined with machine learning for the accurate detection of adulteration in food systems.

Quality evaluation of improved and traditionally dried Bombay duck (Harpodon nehereus) through biochemical, microbiological, and organoleptic analysis

The study was conducted to compare the quality and shelf life of traditionally dried (collected from the local markets) Bombay duck (Harpodon nehereus) with improved dried products (produced using a newly developed fish dryer) to assess its suitability. The quality of these products was evaluated through organoleptic, water reconstitution, nutritional, chemical, and microbiological characteristics. The organoleptic quality of improved dried fish was excellent while those produced traditionally were with grayish and dark brown color, rancid odor, and soft and fragile texture with insect infestation. The water reconstitution properties of the improved dried sample were 75.71% and 89.39% at room temperature and 80 °C, respectively, which were comparatively higher than the traditional dried products. The protein, ash, and contents were significantly higher in improved dried fish products while the lipid and total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) content were much lower than those of market-dried samples. The total viable counts (TVC) of bacteria were significantly higher in the traditional products which indicated poor quality. To find out the best storage method, dried fish was kept at three different conditions: in the open air at room temperature, in a sealed pack at room temperature, and a sealed pack at refrigeration temperature (4 °C). The shelf life of the products in different storage conditions was evaluated by estimating their moisture, protein, lipid, ash, TVB-N, and TVC values. The products kept at 4 °C temperature was found almost unaltered in terms of their nutritional properties after 4-months storage period. Results indicated that the newly developed fish dryer produced high-quality dried fish products with longer shelf life can be expected if the dried fish is stored at 4 °C refrigeration temperature. Our findings will be a valuable tool for the fish processors to ease the fish drying process and its storage that will enable them to commercially supply good quality dried Harpodon nehereus in the market chain at a low-cost.

Research progress of fishy odor in aquatic products: From substance identification, formation mechanism, to elimination pathway

Fishy odor in aquatic products has a significant impact on the purchasing decisions of consumers. The production of aquatic products is a complex process involving culture, processing, transportation, and storage, which contribute to decreases in flavor and quality. This review systematically summarizes the fishy odor composition, identification methods, generation mechanism, and elimination methods of fishy odor compounds from their origin and formation to their elimination. Fishy odor compounds include aldehydes (hexanal, heptanal, and nonanal), alcohols (1-octen-3-ol), sulfur-containing compounds (dimethyl sulfide), and amines (trimethylamine). The mechanism of action of various factors affecting fishy odor is revealed, including environmental factors, enzymatic reactions, lipid oxidation, protein degradation, and microbial metabolism. Furthermore, the control and removal of fishy odor are briefly summarized and discussed, including masking, elimination, and conversion. This study provides a theoretical basis from source to elimination for achieving targeted regulation of the flavor of aquatic products, promoting industrial innovation and upgrading.

Investigation of the Alternations in Lipid Oxidation and Lipase Activity in Air-Dried Hairtail (Trichiurus lepturus) during Chilled Storage

The effects of water content and water activity on the lipid stability of air-dried hairtail (Trichiurus haumela) were investigated during chilled storage. Air-dried hairtail samples with high and low water contents were comparatively analyzed over 8 days of storage at 4 °C. The results indicated that the decreases in water activity and increases in the NaCl content significantly inhibited lipid oxidation in the air-dried hairtail samples. The peroxidation value (PV), conjugated diene value (CD), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) value, and p-anisidine value (p-AnV) of the air-dried hairtail significantly increased with the extension of storage time. The low water content significantly inhibited the activity of neutral and alkaline lipase, in addition to lipoxygenase, and retarded the rapid increases in the non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) content in the hairtail samples. The correlation analysis results showed that the TBARS, p-AnV, and lipase activity were positively correlated in the air-dried hairtail samples, and the lower water content significantly inhibited the progress of lipid oxidation. This study offers a theoretical framework for the industrial processing and storage of air-dried hairtail products.

The Research Field of Meat Preservation: A Scientometric and Visualization Analysis Based on the Web of Science

Meat plays a significant role in human diets, providing a rich source of high-quality protein. With advancements in technology, research in the field of meat preservation has been undergoing dynamic evolution. To gain insights into the development of this discipline, the study conducted an analysis and knowledge structure mapping of 1672 papers related to meat preservation research within the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) spanning from 2001 to 2023. And using software tools such as VOSviewer 1.6.18 and CiteSpace 5.8.R3c allowed for the convenient analysis of the literature by strictly following the software operation manuals. Moreover, the knowledge structure of research in the field of meat preservation was synthesized within the framework of "basic research-technological application-integration of technology with fundamental research," aligning with the research content. Co-cited literature analysis indicated that meat preservation research could be further categorized into seven collections, as well as highlighting the prominent role of the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of plant essential oils in ongoing research. Subsequently, the future research direction and focus of the meat preservation field were predicted and prospected. The findings of this study could offer valuable assistance to researchers in swiftly comprehending the discipline's development and identifying prominent research areas, thus providing valuable guidance for shaping research topics.

Microbial Profile of Fresh and Semicooked Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Hygienic Practice of Fish Handlers in Hawassa, Ethiopia

Despite its high nutritional quality, fish is a highly perishable food item. This study aimed at assessing the microbial quality and safety of fresh and semicooked Nile tilapia fish fillets and the food safety practices of fish handlers in Hawassa City. The microbial load of 40 for each of raw and semicooked fillet samples was estimated by the standard plate count method, and the dominant flora as well as common bacterial pathogens were identified following phenotypic procedures. Moreover, a survey was conducted to assess the hygienic conditions and food safety practices of 30 fish handlers. The mean microbial load of the raw fillet samples in log10CFUg-1 was 8.42 for aerobic mesophilic bacteria (AMBC), 2.52 for total coliforms (TCC), and 3.41 for a count of staphylococci (CS). On the other hand, the respective parameters for the semicooked fillets in log10CFUg-1 were 6.68 (AMBC), 2.52 (TCC), and 3.17 (CS). The mean AMBC of all the fresh raw fillet samples exceeded the recommended maximum permissible limits. The mean SC of raw fillets from three of the eight vendors and one semicooked fillet were at a potentially hazardous level (>4 log units). Moreover, Salmonella species were isolated from 30% to 25% of raw and semicooked samples, respectively. The mesophilic bacterial flora of both types of samples was dominated by Bacillus species, Salmonella species, E coli, and Staphylococcus species. Most fish handlers did not practice hygienic food handling and lacked basic sanitation amenities like clean water and soap for hand washing. Moreover, nearly all the fish handlers did not have any formal education. These findings call for public health intervention measures like the provision of training in good hygienic practices and certification for fish vendors in the chain.

Quality Evaluation of Mackerel Fillets Stored under Different Conditions by Hyperspectral Imaging Analysis

This study was designed to compare the quality changes in mackerel fillets stored under different conditions by using hyperspectral imaging (HSI) techniques. Fillets packaged in vacuum were stored for six days under five different conditions: refrigerated at 4°C (R group); iced at 5±3°C (I group); kept at an ambient of 17±2°C (A group); frozen at -18°C for 24 h and thawed in a refrigerator at 4°C for 5 h on the sampling day (FTR group); FTR thawed in tap water instead of thawing in a refrigerator (FTW group). The FTR group had the lowest total bacterial count, drip loss, 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, volatile basic nitrogen, and texture profile analysis values among groups during the entire storage period (p<0.05). Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the FTR group had less damage, while the other groups had shrunken muscle tissues. HSI integrated with the partial least squares model yielded reliable and efficient results, with high R2cv values, for several quality parameters of the mackerel fillets. Overall, the FTR group, involving freezing and thawing in a refrigerator, appears to be the most favorable option for maintaining the quality of mackerel fillets, which could be practically implemented in the industry. HSI is a suitable and effective technique for determining the quality of mackerel fillets stored under different conditions.

Investigation of cryoprotectants-treated surimi protein deterioration during chilled and frozen storage: Functional properties and kinetic modeling

The relative cryoprotective effects of flaxseed protein hydrolysate and pectin in comparison with conventional cryoprotectant (sucrose + sorbitol + sodium tripolyphosphates) on stabilization of proteins in surimi of Capoor (Cyprinus carpio) were investigated during freezing (-20°C for 4 months) and chilling storage (4°C for 10 days). Although pectin caused to improve water-holding capacity (27.8%; 4°C and 21.5%; -20°C) on account of highly more inhibitory impact on the ice crystals growth, the protein denaturation may have occurred. It can be related to higher reduction in the amount of salt extractable protein (%) and the immeasurable value of thiol group in surimi formulation containing pectin compared with other cryoprotectants. The results of modeling surimi samples showed that salt extractable protein and sulfhydryl content were in good agreement with the first-order reaction model at -20°C and second-order kinetic model at 4°C. In comparison with other samples, samples treated with flaxseed protein showed the lowest reaction rate constant during chilled and frozen storage. The results confirmed that flaxseed protein with no sweetness and considerable caloric value had a cryoprotective effect similar to sucrose + sorbitol + polyphosphate and even better.

Analysis of metabolite differences between South Korean and Chinese yellow goosefish (Lophius litulon) using capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry

The yellow goosefish is a benthic fish that belongs to the family Lophiidae and order Lophiiformes and is distributed in the Yellow and East China Seas. This study aimed to distinguish between yellow goosefish from different geographical origins by analyzing their metabolites. Capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to analyze metabolite profiles in the muscle tissues of yellow goosefish to distinguish between Korean and Chinese yellow goosefish. In total, 271 putative metabolites were extracted using 50% acetonitrile in water. Principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used to distinguish different geographical origins using the metabolite profiles obtained. The R2 and Q2 values of the OPLS-DA model were 0.856 and 0.695, respectively, indicating that the model was well-fitted and had good predictability. The heat map revealed that nucleic acid and amino compounds differed between the Korean and Chinese fish, and the variable importance in the projection scores obtained from OPLS-DA showed that there were geographical differences in the primary metabolites (5'-methylthioadenosine, adenosine, uridine 5-diphosphate, guanosine 5-diphosphate, urea, homocarnosine, O-acetylcarnitine, cycloleucine, cycloleucine S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, ethanolamine, myo-inositol 1-phosphate), which were identified as potential candidate biomarkers.

Insights into electrospun pullulan-carboxymethyl chitosan/PEO core-shell nanofibers loaded with nanogels for food antibacterial packaging

Nisin, a natural substance from Lactococcus lactis, displays a promising antibacterial ability against the gram-positive bacteria. However, it is susceptible to the external environment, i.e. temperature, pH, and food composition. In this study, a dual stabilization method, coaxial electrospinning, was applied to protect nisin in food packaging materials and the effect of nisin concentration on the properties of the nanofibers was investigated. The core-shell nanofibers with pullulan as a core layer and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS)/polyethylene oxide (PEO) as shell layer were prepared, and then the prepared CMCS-nisin nanogels (CNNGs) using a self-assembly method were loaded into the core layer of the nanofibers as antibacterial agents. The result revealed that the smooth surface can be observed on the nanofibers by microstructure characterization. The CNNGs-loaded nanofibers exhibited enhanced thermal stability and mechanical strength, as well as excellent antibacterial activity. Importantly, the as-formed nanofibers were applied to preserve bass fish and found that the shelf life of bass fish packed by CNNGSs with nisin at a concentration of 8 mg/mL was effectively extended from 9 days to 15 days. Taken together, the CNNGs can be well stabilized with the core-shell nanofibers, thus exerting significantly improved antimicrobial stability and bioactivity. This special structure exerts a great potential for application as food packaging materials to preserve aquatic products.

Physicochemical and microstructural mechanisms for quality changes in lightly salted tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fillets during frozen storage

BACKGROUND

Frozen tilapia fillet has become a leading aquatic product. High drip loss, dry and fibrous mouthfeel, and an unappealing appearance are its main problems. It was hypothesized that light salting could improve the quality, and that the preparation conditions would affect the storage stability of frozen tilapia fillets.

RESULTS

The quality changes of lightly salted tilapia fillets were evaluated during frozen storage, and the underlying mechanisms were studied from the physicochemicaland microstructural perspectives. Though the salt content was 1.5% in all samples,the amount of ice crystals in frozen tissues decreased with the descending water content and freezing point (P < 0.05). No intracellular voids were observed in the samples prepared under proper salting conditions, and the myofibers were plump and smooth after freezing-thawing, which contributed to the high water-holding capacity of lightly salted fillets. After 28 days,the water-binding capacity of the salted groups was 14.69%-18.62% higher than that of their unsalted counterparts (P < 0.05). The reduced protein solubility in the salted fillets was likely to have occurred because the solubilized and unfolded proteins interacted more easily during frozen storage. The oxidation degree of myofibrillar proteins was also affected by salting condition, and the fillets with less oxidized sulfhydryl groups maintained high springiness after 28 days of frozen storage.

CONCLUSION

The salting condition of 9% NaCl solution for 1 h was recommended for the preparation of lightly salted fillets from freshwater fish, taking into account quality, processing efficiency, and storage stability. The enhanced water-holding capacity and texture of lightly salted tilapia fillets were attributed to modified physicochemical and microstructural properties. These results could provide a scientific basis for the processing and storage of high-quality, frozen, lightly salted fillets from freshwater fish. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Downregulation of Peroxidase Activity of Platinum Cube Enables Minute-Time Scale Colorimetric Signaling of Hypoxanthine for Fish Freshness Monitoring

Due to its unique biological composition, aquatic products, especially fish, are extremely perishable compared to other muscle products. Herein, we proposed an artificial nanozyme-based colorimetric detection of hypoxanthine (Hx), the indicator of fish freshness, in a minute-time scale without the assistance of a natural enzyme (hypoxanthine oxidase). The principle is based on the interaction between Hx and polyvinylpyrrolidone-modified platinum cubic nanomaterials (PVP-PtNC), in which the catalytic active sites of PVP-PtNC's surface were blocked by Hx. This causes the downregulation of PVP-PtNC's catalytic ability and weakened its ability to catalyze the oxidization of 3,3',5,5'-Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) by H₂O₂. Accordingly, the decrease in the UV-vis absorption and the weakening of the colorimetric reaction color is proportional to the Hx concentration. On this basis, a target-triggered colorimetric method for detecting Hx is developed for fish freshness monitoring with a fast detection speed, low cost, high accuracy, and simplified operation. Experiments reveal that the correlation response of Hx is from 0.5 μM to 10 mM with a limit of detection of 0.16 μM. In particular, the Hx detected from real fish indicates that the method possesses a promising potential for practical application. All of these features are expected to promote the development of online detection tools for food safety monitoring.

Conditions of the Stepwise Cooling Algorithm for Stable Supercooling Preservation and Freshness of Pork Loin

Supercooling has the advantage of maintaining the freshness of foods without a phase transition. However, it is hard to sustain the supercooled state. Static temperature control, one of the various supercooling technologies, is used for stable supercooling storage. In this experiment, the effect of following external factors in maintaining the supercooled state of foods was investigated. Three main parameters had an effect on the supercooled state of food: (1) properly setting the lower-temperature limit of the supercooling algorithm, (2) slow cooling to the target temperature, and (3) minimizing temperature fluctuation. Accordingly, the following stepwise cooling algorithm for pork loin was designed: a lower-temperature limit of −3.0 °C and a storage period = 36 h followed by a lower-temperature limit of −3.5 °C for 24 h. The samples conserved at −3.0 °C displayed a 100% supercooled state. Physicochemical properties including drip loss, cooking loss, texture, color, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN), and total aerobic count (TAC) of pork loin were analyzed. The drip loss values of the supercooled meat samples were lower than those of the superchilled ones. Furthermore, TVBN and TAC of the treated samples were not significantly different from those of the fresh samples (p > 0.05). In conclusion, supercooling storage extended the freshness and quality of pork loin better than refrigerated storage.

Research progress on quality deterioration mechanism and control technology of frozen muscle foods

Freezing can prolong the shelf life of muscle foods and is widely used in their preservation. However, inevitable quality deterioration can occur during freezing, frozen storage, and thawing. This review explores the eating quality deterioration characteristics (color, water holding capacity, tenderness, and flavor) and mechanisms (irregular ice crystals, oxidation, and hydrolysis of lipids and proteins) of frozen muscle foods. It also summarizes and classifies the novel physical-field-assisted-freezing technologies (high-pressure, ultrasound, and electromagnetic) and bioactive antifreeze (ice nucleation proteins, antifreeze proteins, natural deep eutectic solvents, carbohydrate, polyphenol, phosphate, and protein hydrolysates), regulating the dynamic process from water to ice. Moreover, some novel thermal and nonthermal thawing technologies to resolve the loss of water and nutrients caused by traditional thawing methods were also reviewed. We concluded that the physical damage caused by ice crystals was the primary reason for the deterioration in eating quality, and these novel techniques promoted the eating quality of frozen muscle foods under proper conditions, including appropriate parameters (power, time, and intermittent mode mentioned in ultrasound-assisted techniques; pressure involved in high-pressure-assisted techniques; and field strength involved in electromagnetic-assisted techniques) and the amounts of bioactive antifreeze. To obtain better quality frozen muscle foods, more efficient technologies and substances must be developed. The synergy of novel freezing/thawing technology may be more effective than individual applications. This knowledge may help improve the eating quality of frozen muscle foods.

Tracking spoilage bacteria in the tuna microbiome

Like other seafood products, tuna is highly perishable and sensitive to microbial spoilage. Its consumption, whether fresh or canned, can lead to severe food poisoning due to the activity of specific microorganisms, including histamine-producing bacteria. Yet, many grey areas persist regarding their ecology, conditions of emergence, and proliferation in fish. In this study, we used 16S rRNA barcoding to investigate postmortem changes in the bacteriome of fresh and brine-frozen yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), until late stages of decomposition (i.e. 120 h). The results revealed that despite standard refrigeration storage conditions (i.e. 4°C), a diverse and complex spoilage bacteriome developed in the gut and liver. The relative abundance of spoilage bacterial taxa increased rapidly in both organs, representing 82% of the bacterial communities in fresh yellowfin tuna, and less than 30% in brine-frozen tuna. Photobacterium was identified as one of the dominant bacterial genera, and its temporal dynamics were positively correlated with histamine concentration in both gut and liver samples, which ultimately exceeded the recommended sanitary threshold of 50 ppm in edible parts of tuna. The results from this study show that the sanitary risks associated with the consumption of this widely eaten fish are strongly influenced by postcapture storage conditions.

Edible Xanthan/Propolis Coating and Its Effect on Physicochemical, Microbial, and Sensory Quality Indices in Mackerel Tuna (Euthynnus affinis) Fillets during Chilled Storage

Worldwide aquaculture production is increasing, but with this increase comes quality and safety related problems. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop potent technologies to extend the shelf life of fish. Xanthan gum is commonly used in the food industry because of its high-water solubility, stability of its aqueous solutions in a wide pH range, and high viscosity. One of its modern food applications is its use as a gelling agent in edible coatings building. Therefore, in this study, the effect of xanthan coating containing various concentrations (0, 1, 2%; w/v) of ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) on physicochemical, microbial, and sensory quality indices in mackerel fillets stored at 2 °C for 20 days was evaluated. The pH, peroxide value, K-value, TVB-N, TBARS, microbiological and sensory characteristics were determined every 5 days over the storage period (20 days). Samples treated with xanthan (XAN) coatings containing 1 and 2% of EEP were shown to have the highest level of physicochemical protection and maximum level of microbial inhibition (p < 0.05) compared to uncoated samples (control) over the storage period. Furthermore, the addition of EEP to XAN was more effective in notably preserving (p < 0.05) the taste and odor of coated samples compared to control.

The impact of aromatic plant-derived bioactive compounds on seafood quality and safety

Plant-derived bioactive compounds have been extensively studied and used within food industry for the last few decades. Those compounds have been used to extend the shelf-life and improve physico-chemical and sensory properties on food products. They have also been used as nutraceuticals due to broad range of potential health-promoting properties. Unlike the synthetic additives, the natural plant-derived compounds are more acceptable and often regarded as safer by the consumers. This chapter summarizes the extraction methods and sources of those plant-derived bioactives as well as recent findings in relation to their health-promoting properties, including cardio-protective, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, immuno-modulatory and neuro-protective properties. In addition, the impact of applying those plant-derived compounds on seafood products is also investigated by reviewing the recent studies on their use as anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, coloring and flavoring agents as well as freshness indicators. Moreover, the current limitations of the use of plant-derived bioactive compounds as well as future prospects are discussed. The discoveries show high potential of those compounds and the possibility to apply on many different seafood. The compounds can be applied as individual while more and more studies are showing synergetic effect when those compounds are used in combination providing new important research possibilities.

Rapid quality deterioration of harpiosquillid mantis shrimp (Harpiosquilla raphidea) during iced storage

Changes in physicochemical, textural, microbial, and sensory quality of harpiosquillid mantis shrimp (Harpiosquilla raphidea) (HMS) during 10 days of iced storage were studied. Weight and cooking losses were increased during storage (p < 0.05). Drastic decrease in myosin heavy chain was found after 2 days of storage. Increases in total volatile basic nitrogen, trimethylamine, peroxide value, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances with coincidentally augmented pH were found during the storage (p < 0.05). For microbiological analyses, total viable counts exceeded the limit at day 6. Melanosis score increased with a decreased L* value as storage time increased. Rapid decreases in hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness were associated with pasty and softened texture, which was supported by looser arrangement of muscle fiber along with gapping. This was reconfirmed by lowered shear force. Based on the quality evaluation, HMS could maintain the freshness and quality for not longer than 2 days in ice.

Anisakicidal Effects of R (+) Limonene: An Alternative to Freezing Treatment in the Industrial Anchovy Marinating Process

Anisakiasis is a fish-borne zoonotic disease caused by the ingestion of raw/undercooked fishes or cephalopods parasitized by members of the genus Anisakis. Freezing ensures the inactivation of viable Anisakis larvae; however, since it affects the organoleptic properties of food, essential oils and their compounds were proposed as an alternative. In this study, fresh anchovy fillets were experimentally parasitized with L3 Anisakis larvae to test the anisakicidal efficacy of R (+) limonene (LMN) in marinated fishery products. The anisakicidal effectiveness and organoleptic influence of several LMN concentrations (0.5%, 1%, and 5%) were tested during the marinating process (MS) and storage in sunflower seed oil (SO) of marinated anchovy fillets. Double treatment (DT) with 1% LMN was also performed both during marination and subsequent storage in oil. MS treatment resulted only in a reduction in larvae viability after 48 h, while a complete inactivation was observed in SO after 8, 10, and 20 days of treatment with 5%, 1%, and 0.5% LMN, respectively. DT was the most effective with complete larval inactivation after 7 days. Only 5% LMN influenced the sensory characteristics of the fillets, resulting, however, in a pleasant lemon-like odor and taste. Considering the results obtained, LMN might be a suitable natural alternative to manage Anisakis risk in the fishery industry.

Seasonal Pattern of the Effect of Slurry Ice during Catching and Transportation on Quality and Shelf Life of Gilthead Sea Bream

The objective of the present study was the evaluation of the effect of slurry ice, as an alternative cooling medium during harvesting and transportation, on the quality parameters (e.g., microbiological stability, sensory attributes, physicochemical changes) and shelf life of fish. The effect of seasonal variability of seawater temperature on fish preservation using the tested cooling media was also investigated. Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) was slaughtered and transported in different mixtures of conventional flake ice and slurry ice for 24 h. Three mixtures of ice were tested as T: slaughtered in flake ice and transported in flake ice (control), TC: slaughtered in slurry ice and transported in flake ice, T50: slaughtered and transported in slurry ice 50%–flake ice 50%. Samples were subsequently stored isothermally at 0 °C for shelf-life evaluation. Three independent experiments were performed at three different periods, i.e., January, April, and September, referring to a sea water temperature range of 13.3–26.8 °C. Higher sea water temperatures at catching led to lower microbial growth rates and proteolytic enzyme activities and longer shelf life of refrigerated whole fish. The partial replacement of conventional flake ice with slurry ice improved the quality and extended the shelf life of fish at 0 °C by 2–7 days. The results of the study support that the use of slurry ice may enable better quality maintenance and significant shelf-life extension of whole gilthead sea bream.

Improving the Quality of Frozen Fillets of Semi-Dried Gourami Fish (Trichogaster pectoralis) by Using Sorbitol and Citric Acid

Semi-dried gourami fish (Trichogaster pectoralis) is popularly consumed domestically and exported as a frozen product. This study was conducted to prevent deterioration quality in frozen fish fillets during storage. This research aims to investigate the effects of sorbitol and citric acid at concentrations of 2.5% and 5% (w/w) of frozen gourami fish fillets compared to the fillets soaked in distilled water on physicochemical properties, such as cooking loss, cooking yield, drip loss, pH, TBARS, color, and texture profile analyses (TPA) during storage at -18 ± 2 °C for a period of 0, 20, and 40 days. The fish soaked in sorbitol and citric acid solutions had significantly (p < 0.05) higher protein and fat contents than the control sample. Sorbitol was able to retain moisture in the product; therefore, the drip loss and cooking loss were the lowest, and cooking yield was the highest among other samples (p < 0.05). The addition of 5% (w/v) citric acid in frozen fish fillets can significantly retard the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) (p < 0.05) during storage when compared to fish soaked in sorbitol solution kept for the same period. However, the addition of citric acid resulted in low quality in texture and color of frozen fish fillets. The use of sorbitol was the best alternative in frozen fish fillet product due to reducing the negative effects of freezing quality of the products and generating a cryoprotective effect compared to the fillets soaked in distilled water.

Techno-Economic Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic System for Fishery Cold Storage Based on Ownership Models and Regulatory Boundaries in Indonesia

With Indonesia’s marine resources abundance, it is appropriate for Indonesia’s economic growth to gear towards the fisheries sector. Fishery management in Indonesia is still not operating optimally due to a lack of fisheries management infrastructure. This study took place at the Fish Auction Place in Dadap Village, West Java, Indonesia. The actual problem is a fluctuation in fish catch due to seasonal factors that cause instability in fish prices and fishermen’s incomes. Furthermore, there is no cold storage for storing fish when the fish are abundant so that the quality of the fish will decrease. However, fishery cold storage is energy-intensive equipment, and there is a lack of electricity infrastructure in that coastal area. Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are the key for rural electricity because RES prices are lower, especially on-grid solar photovoltaic (PV), than fossil fuel-based. Consequently, the application of solar PV in Indonesia is still not optimal due to limited regulations. Regulations that hinder the economic value of On-grid PV system are the excess energy compensation percentage and the inverter capacity limitation. Therefore, in this study, we have modelled six regulatory scenarios related to On-grid PV system. The scenarios are how the current 65% excess energy compensation is changed to 85% and 100% (1:1 ratio) and remove the regulation regarding inverter capacity limitation. Furthermore, the ownership model of cold storage is also considered by dividing it into two models, which are commercial-based and community-based. These ownership models have different financial instruments. The simulation gives a new result by changing regulation assumptions that On-grid PV system has a lower Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) than existing regulation because it can produce threefold more electricity to the utility grid with higher inverter capacity. Furthermore, the community-based cold storage rental price can be 16 % cheaper on average with all energy system topologies than the commercial-based ownership model. Then, by reducing the capital costs of solar modules and batteries in 2030, solar PV system’s LCOE will be lower by an average of 20%. It will result in an average reduction of 10% on cold storage rental prices. Finally, sensitivity analysis of the energy system is also conducted in this study. The result is that On-grid PV system is the most secure energy source against price fluctuations.