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Marques Dos Santos ÂM, Zacarias Mesquita A, Cássia-Oliveira Sebastião RD, Fonseca TCF. Feasibility of new polymeric matrices in the production of ferrous sulphate dosimeters. Appl Radiat Isot 2024; 214:111526. [PMID: 39326349 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2024.111526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
External beam radiotherapy is a treatment modality that employs high doses for curative or palliative purposes. Safety in such treatments, particularly with high-precision equipment, necessitates strict adherence to quality control protocols to ensure the efficacy of oncological treatments. In this context, chemical dosimeters, particularly the Fricke gel, have emerged as valuable tools for quantitatively analysing absorbed radiation doses. These dosimeters can be applied both as tissue-equivalent phantoms and as radiation detectors in radiotherapy centers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of new gelling matrices, comprising common materials such as CMC, GGU, and PVA, for producing ferrous sulphate dosimeters aimed at the relative quantification of radiation dose. A rheological study was conducted for different Fricke gel dosimetric formulations. Initially, the performance of these dosimeters, produced at various gel concentrations, was evaluated in terms of their consistency at room temperature. This was achieved through the straightforward process of humidification the gels with glycerine. These matrices consist of both natural and synthetic polymers that are readily accessible, easy to handle, and can be easily incorporated into the acidic ferrous sulphate solution. Parameters such as the influence of gelling matrix concentration, linearity, and stability were assessed and correlated with those previously investigated for Fricke gel produced with bloom 300 pig skin gelatine (GEL). Ferrous sulphate dosimeters fabricated with sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), guar gum (GGU), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) exhibited a coefficient of variation of less than 1% relative to the dose response evaluated in this study. By using readily available and easily manageable materials, it is possible to replicate dosimeters with a favourable dosimetric response for high-dose measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângela Moreira Marques Dos Santos
- Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Department of Nuclear Engineering, Campus of UFMG, Pampulha, 31.270-901. Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Amir Zacarias Mesquita
- Nuclear Technology Development Center (CDTN) / Brazilian National Nuclear Energy Commission, Campus of UFMG, Pampulha, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Telma Cristina Ferreira Fonseca
- Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Department of Nuclear Engineering, Campus of UFMG, Pampulha, 31.270-901. Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Nuclear Technology Development Center (CDTN) / Brazilian National Nuclear Energy Commission, Campus of UFMG, Pampulha, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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Romeo M, Cottone G, D'Oca MC, Bartolotta A, Gallo S, Miraglia R, Gerasia R, Milluzzo G, Romano F, Gagliardo C, Di Martino F, d'Errico F, Marrale M. Diffusion Correction in Fricke Hydrogel Dosimeters: A Deep Learning Approach with 2D and 3D Physics-Informed Neural Network Models. Gels 2024; 10:565. [PMID: 39330168 PMCID: PMC11431587 DOI: 10.3390/gels10090565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work an innovative approach was developed to address a significant challenge in the field of radiation dosimetry: the accurate measurement of spatial dose distributions using Fricke gel dosimeters. Hydrogels are widely used in radiation dosimetry due to their ability to simulate the tissue-equivalent properties of human tissue, making them ideal for measuring and mapping radiation dose distributions. Among the various gel dosimeters, Fricke gels exploit the radiation-induced oxidation of ferrous ions to ferric ions and are particularly notable due to their sensitivity. The concentration of ferric ions can be measured using various techniques, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or spectrophotometry. While Fricke gels offer several advantages, a significant hurdle to their widespread application is the diffusion of ferric ions within the gel matrix. This phenomenon leads to a blurring of the dose distribution over time, compromising the accuracy of dose measurements. To mitigate the issue of ferric ion diffusion, researchers have explored various strategies such as the incorporation of additives or modification of the gel composition to either reduce the mobility of ferric ions or stabilize the gel matrix. The computational method proposed leverages the power of artificial intelligence, particularly deep learning, to mitigate the effects of ferric ion diffusion that can compromise measurement precision. By employing Physics Informed Neural Networks (PINNs), the method introduces a novel way to apply physical laws directly within the learning process, optimizing the network to adhere to the principles governing ion diffusion. This is particularly advantageous for solving the partial differential equations that describe the diffusion process in 2D and 3D. By inputting the spatial distribution of ferric ions at a given time, along with boundary conditions and the diffusion coefficient, the model can backtrack to accurately reconstruct the original ion distribution. This capability is crucial for enhancing the fidelity of 3D spatial dose measurements, ensuring that the data reflect the true dose distribution without the artifacts introduced by ion migration. Here, multidimensional models able to handle 2D and 3D data were developed and tested against dose distributions numerically evolved in time from 20 to 100 h. The results in terms of various metrics show a significant agreement in both 2D and 3D dose distributions. In particular, the mean square error of the prediction spans the range 1×10-6-1×10-4, while the gamma analysis results in a 90-100% passing rate with 3%/2 mm, depending on the elapsed time, the type of distribution modeled and the dimensionality. This method could expand the applicability of Fricke gel dosimeters to a wider range of measurement tasks, from simple planar dose assessments to intricate volumetric analyses. The proposed technique holds great promise for overcoming the limitations imposed by ion diffusion in Fricke gel dosimeters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Romeo
- Department of Physics and Chemistry "Emilio Segrè", University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 18, I-90128 Palermo, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Catania Division, Via Santa Sofia, 64, I-95123 Catania, Italy
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 16, I-90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Grazia Cottone
- Department of Physics and Chemistry "Emilio Segrè", University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 18, I-90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina D'Oca
- Department of Physics and Chemistry "Emilio Segrè", University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 18, I-90128 Palermo, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Catania Division, Via Santa Sofia, 64, I-95123 Catania, Italy
- ATEN Center, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 18, I-90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Bartolotta
- Department of Physics and Chemistry "Emilio Segrè", University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 18, I-90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Gallo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy "Ettore Majorana", University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Roberto Miraglia
- IRCCS-ISMETT, Radiology Service, Via E. Tricomi, I-90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberta Gerasia
- IRCCS-ISMETT, Radiology Service, Via E. Tricomi, I-90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuliana Milluzzo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Catania Division, Via Santa Sofia, 64, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Romano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Catania Division, Via Santa Sofia, 64, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Cesare Gagliardo
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 129, I-90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Martino
- Centro Pisano Ricerca e Implementazione Clinica Flash Radiotherapy (CPFR@CISUP), Presidio S. Chiara, ed. 18 Via Roma 67, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
- Fisica Sanitaria, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisa AOUP, ed.18 Via Roma 67, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Pisa Division, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-57127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco d'Errico
- School of Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lazzarino 1, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
- School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Maurizio Marrale
- Department of Physics and Chemistry "Emilio Segrè", University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 18, I-90128 Palermo, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Catania Division, Via Santa Sofia, 64, I-95123 Catania, Italy
- ATEN Center, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Edificio 18, I-90128 Palermo, Italy
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3
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Karger CP, Elter A, Dorsch S, Mann P, Pappas E, Oldham M. Validation of complex radiotherapy techniques using polymer gel dosimetry. Phys Med Biol 2024; 69:06TR01. [PMID: 38330494 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad278f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Modern radiotherapy delivers highly conformal dose distributions to irregularly shaped target volumes while sparing the surrounding normal tissue. Due to the complex planning and delivery techniques, dose verification and validation of the whole treatment workflow by end-to-end tests became much more important and polymer gel dosimeters are one of the few possibilities to capture the delivered dose distribution in 3D. The basic principles and formulations of gel dosimetry and its evaluation methods are described and the available studies validating device-specific geometrical parameters as well as the dose delivery by advanced radiotherapy techniques, such as 3D-CRT/IMRT and stereotactic radiosurgery treatments, the treatment of moving targets, online-adaptive magnetic resonance-guided radiotherapy as well as proton and ion beam treatments, are reviewed. The present status and limitations as well as future challenges of polymer gel dosimetry for the validation of complex radiotherapy techniques are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P Karger
- Department of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alina Elter
- Department of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Dorsch
- Department of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Mann
- Department of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Evangelos Pappas
- Radiology & Radiotherapy Sector, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
| | - Mark Oldham
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States of America
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Locarno S, Arosio P, Curtoni F, Piazzoni M, Pignoli E, Gallo S. Microscopic and Macroscopic Characterization of Hydrogels Based on Poly(vinyl-alcohol)-Glutaraldehyde Mixtures for Fricke Gel Dosimetry. Gels 2024; 10:172. [PMID: 38534590 DOI: 10.3390/gels10030172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, hydrogels have emerged as innovative soft materials with widespread applications in the medical and biomedical fields, including drug delivery, tissue engineering, and gel dosimetry. In this work, a comprehensive study of the macroscopic and microscopic properties of hydrogel matrices based on Poly(vinyl-alcohol) (PVA) chemically crosslinked with Glutaraldehyde (GTA) was reported. Five different kinds of PVAs differing in molecular weight and degree of hydrolysis were considered. The local microscopic organization of the hydrogels was studied through the use of the 1H nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry technique. Various macroscopic properties (gel fraction, water loss, contact angle, swelling degree, viscosity, and Young's Modulus) were investigated with the aim of finding a correlation between them and the features of the hydrogel matrix. Additionally, an optical characterization was performed on all the hydrogels loaded with Fricke solution to assess their dosimetric behavior. The results obtained indicate that the degree of PVA hydrolysis is a crucial parameter influencing the structure of the hydrogel matrix. This factor should be considered for ensuring stability over time, a vital property in the context of potential biomedical applications where hydrogels act as radiological tissue-equivalent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Locarno
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Milano, Via G. Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Arosio
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Milano, Via G. Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Curtoni
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Piazzoni
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Milano, Via G. Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Emanuele Pignoli
- Fondazione IRCCS "Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori", Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Salvatore Gallo
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Milano, Via G. Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), 20133 Milano, Italy
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5
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Sevcik A, Rinkevicius Z, Adliene D. Radiation-Driven Polymerisation of Methacrylic Acid in Aqueous Solution: A Chemical Events Monte Carlo Study. Gels 2023; 9:947. [PMID: 38131933 PMCID: PMC10742901 DOI: 10.3390/gels9120947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This study employed a coarse-grained Monte Carlo (MC) simulation to investigate the radiation-induced polymerisation of methacrylic acid (MAA) in an aqueous solution. This method provides an alternative to traditional kinetic models, enabling a detailed examination of the micro-structure and growth patterns of MAA polymers, which are often not captured in other approaches. In this work, we generated multiple clones of a simulation box, each containing a specific chemical composition. In these simulations, every coarse-grained (CG) bead represents an entire monomer. The growth function, defined by the chemical behaviour of interacting substances, was determined through repeated random sampling. This approach allowed us to simulate the complex process of radiation-induced polymerisation, enhancing our understanding of the formation of poly(methacrylic acid) hydrogels at a microscopic level; while Monte Carlo simulations have been applied in various contexts of polymerisation, this study's specific approach to modelling the radiation-induced polymerisation of MAA in an aqueous environment, utilising the data obtained by quantum chemistry modelling, with an emphasis on micro-structural growth, has not been extensively explored in existing studies. This understanding is important for advancing the synthesis of these hydrogels, which have potential applications in diverse fields such as materials science and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandras Sevcik
- Department of Physics, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu 50, 51368 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Zilvinas Rinkevicius
- Department of Physics, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu 50, 51368 Kaunas, Lithuania;
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Brinellvägen 8, 11428 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Diana Adliene
- Department of Physics, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu 50, 51368 Kaunas, Lithuania;
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Sheykholeslami N, Parwaie W, Vaezzadeh V, Babaie M, Farzin M, Geraily G, Karimi AH. Dual application of Polyvinyl Alcohol Glutaraldehyde Methylthymol Blue Fricke hydrogel in clinical practice: Surface dosimeter and bolus. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 197:110827. [PMID: 37086713 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
An essential issue is an accurate evaluation of surface dose distribution for such sensitive treatments. This work aimed to feasibility of the dual application of the Ferrous Polyvinyl Alcohol Glutaraldehyde Methylthymol Blue (PVA-GTA-MTB) gel as a bolus compensator and surface dosimeter in breast radiotherapy. The differences between the surface dose measured using PVA-GTA-MTB gel and film dosimetry in the medial and lateral parts of the breast were 3.74% and 4.18%, respectively. A qualitative comparison of the isodose curves showed that the PVA-GTA-MTB bolus creates a uniform dose distribution similar to the superflab bolus in the target volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin Sheykholeslami
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Wrya Parwaie
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Vahid Vaezzadeh
- Radiation Oncology Research Center, Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Babaie
- Radiation Oncology Research Center, Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Farzin
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazale Geraily
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Radiation Oncology Research Center, Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amir Hossein Karimi
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Radiation Oncology Research Center, Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Gallo S, Locarno S. Gel Dosimetry. Gels 2023; 9:gels9040311. [PMID: 37102923 PMCID: PMC10138228 DOI: 10.3390/gels9040311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of radiation therapy (RT) is to cover tumor tissue homogeneously with a planned dose while minimizing the dose to the surrounding healthy tissue [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Gallo
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli", Università di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Locarno
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli", Università di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Wang K, Zhang W, Qi Y, Hu X, Zhang X, Chang S, Zhang H. Radiation‐sensitive nanogel‐incorporated Fricke hydrogel dosimeters with reduced diffusion rates. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaikai Wang
- College of Materials Science and Technology Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Technology Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing China
| | - Yameng Qi
- College of Materials Science and Technology Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing China
| | - Xiaodan Hu
- College of Materials Science and Technology Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Technology Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing China
| | - Shuquan Chang
- College of Materials Science and Technology Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing China
| | - Haiqian Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Technology Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices Southeast University Nanjing China
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9
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Chemical Overview of Gel Dosimetry Systems: A Comprehensive Review. Gels 2022; 8:gels8100663. [PMID: 36286165 PMCID: PMC9601373 DOI: 10.3390/gels8100663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in radiotherapy technology during the last 25 years have significantly improved both dose conformation to tumors and the preservation of healthy tissues, achieving almost real-time feedback by means of high-precision treatments and theranostics. Owing to this, developing high-performance systems capable of coping with the challenging requirements of modern ionizing radiation is a key issue to overcome the limitations of traditional dosimeters. In this regard, a deep understanding of the physicochemical basis of gel dosimetry, as one of the most promising tools for the evaluation of 3D high-spatial-resolution dose distributions, represents the starting point for developing new and innovative systems. This review aims to contribute thorough descriptions of the chemical processes and interactions that condition gel dosimetry outputs, often phenomenologically addressed, and particularly formulations reported since 2017.
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10
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Krauleidis A, Adliene D, Rutkuniene Z. The Impact of Temporal Changes in Irradiated nMAG Polymer Gels on Their Applicability in Small Field Dosimetry in Radiotherapy. Gels 2022; 8:629. [PMID: 36286130 PMCID: PMC9601347 DOI: 10.3390/gels8100629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As advanced radiotherapy techniques progress to deliver a high absorbed dose to the target volume while minimizing the dose to normal tissues using intensity-modulated beams, arcs or stereotactic radiosurgery, new challenges occur to assure that the high treatment dose is delivered homogeneously to the tumor. Small irradiation field sizes (≤1 cm2) that tightly conform to precise target regions and allow for the deliverance of doses with a high therapeutic ratio, are of particular interest. However, the small field dosimetry using conventional dosimeters is limited by the relative large size of the detector. Radiation-sensitive polymer gels have the potential to meet this dosimetry challenge due to their almost unlimited ability in resolving three-dimensional dose distributions of any shape and makes them unique and suitable for the evaluation of dose profiles and the verification of complex doses. In this work, dose distributions in nMAG gels that have been irradiated to different doses by applying a 6 MV FFF photon beam collimated to 1 cm2, were analyzed and the dose profiles were evaluated by applying a gamma passing rate criteria of 3%/3 mm and considering different post-irradiation time intervals between the irradiation and the gels read out process. X-ray CT and NMR imaging procedures were used for the dose evaluation. It was found that the shape and uniformity of the dose profiles were changing due to post-irradiation polymerization and gelation processes, indicating time dependent growing uniformity which was better expressed for the higher delivered doses. It was estimated that in order to obtain acceptably symmetric small field dose profiles, a longer post-irradiation time is needed for getting the full scope of the polymerization as compared with the recently recommended 24 h period between irradiation and the read out processes of the dose gels. An estimated overall uncertainty (double standard deviation, 95% confidence level) of 3.66% was achieved by applying R2 measurements (NMR read out), and a 3.81-applying X-ray CT read out for 12 Gy irradiated gels 56 h post-irradiation. An increasing tendency for the uncertainty was observed with a decreasing post-irradiation time. A gamma passing rate of 90.3% was estimated for the 12 Gy irradiated gels and, 56 h post-irradiation, the X-ray CT evaluated gels as well as a gamma passing rate of 92.7% was obtained for the NMR evaluated gels applying a 3%/3 mm passing criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana Adliene
- Physics Department, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu Str. 50, 51368 Kaunas, Lithuania
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11
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De Deene Y. Radiation Dosimetry by Use of Radiosensitive Hydrogels and Polymers: Mechanisms, State-of-the-Art and Perspective from 3D to 4D. Gels 2022; 8:599. [PMID: 36135311 PMCID: PMC9498652 DOI: 10.3390/gels8090599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gel dosimetry was developed in the 1990s in response to a growing need for methods to validate the radiation dose distribution delivered to cancer patients receiving high-precision radiotherapy. Three different classes of gel dosimeters were developed and extensively studied. The first class of gel dosimeters is the Fricke gel dosimeters, which consist of a hydrogel with dissolved ferrous ions that oxidize upon exposure to ionizing radiation. The oxidation results in a change in the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation, which makes it possible to read out Fricke gel dosimeters by use of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The radiation-induced oxidation in Fricke gel dosimeters can also be visualized by adding an indicator such as xylenol orange. The second class of gel dosimeters is the radiochromic gel dosimeters, which also exhibit a color change upon irradiation but do not use a metal ion. These radiochromic gel dosimeters do not demonstrate a significant radiation-induced change in NMR properties. The third class is the polymer gel dosimeters, which contain vinyl monomers that polymerize upon irradiation. Polymer gel dosimeters are predominantly read out by quantitative MRI or X-ray CT. The accuracy of the dosimeters depends on both the physico-chemical properties of the gel dosimeters and on the readout technique. Many different gel formulations have been proposed and discussed in the scientific literature in the last three decades, and scanning methods have been optimized to achieve an acceptable accuracy for clinical dosimetry. More recently, with the introduction of the MR-Linac, which combines an MRI-scanner and a clinical linear accelerator in one, it was shown possible to acquire dose maps during radiation, but new challenges arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves De Deene
- Liverpool & Macarthur Cancer Therapy Centres, Liverpool, NSW 1871, Australia; or
- Ingham Institute, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
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12
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da Silveira MA, Pavoni JF, Bruno AC, Arruda GV, Baffa O. Three-Dimensional Dosimetry by Optical-CT and Radiochromic Gel Dosimeter of a Multiple Isocenter Craniospinal Radiation Therapy Procedure. Gels 2022; 8:gels8090582. [PMID: 36135294 PMCID: PMC9498794 DOI: 10.3390/gels8090582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniospinal irradiation (CSI) is a complex radiation technique employed to treat patients with primitive neuroectodermal tumors such as medulloblastoma or germinative brain tumors with the risk of leptomeningeal spread. In adults, this technique poses a technically challenging planning process because of the complex shape and length of the target volume. Thus, it requires multiple fields and different isocenters to guarantee the primary-tumor dose delivery. Recently, some authors have proposed the use IMRT technique for this planning with the possibility of overlapping adjacent fields. The high-dose delivery complexity demands three-dimensional dosimetry (3DD) to verify this irradiation procedure and motivated this study. We used an optical CT and a radiochromic Fricke-xylenol-orange gel with the addition of formaldehyde (FXO-f) to evaluate the doses delivered at the field junction region of this treatment. We found 96.91% as the mean passing rate using the gamma analysis with 3%/2 mm criteria at the junction region. However, the concentration of fail points in a determined region called attention to this evaluation, indicating the advantages of employing a 3DD technique in complex dose-distribution verifications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexandre Colello Bruno
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto–USP, Ribeirão Preto 14015-010, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Viani Arruda
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto–USP, Ribeirão Preto 14015-010, Brazil
| | - Oswaldo Baffa
- Departamento de Física, FFCLRP—Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, Brazil
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13
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Mohyedin MZ, Zin HM, Adenan MZ, Abdul Rahman AT. A Review of PRESAGE Radiochromic Polymer and the Compositions for Application in Radiotherapy Dosimetry. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:2887. [PMID: 35890665 PMCID: PMC9320230 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in radiotherapy technology and techniques have allowed a highly conformal radiation to be delivered to the tumour target inside the body for cancer treatment. A three-dimensional (3D) dosimetry system is required to verify the accuracy of the complex treatment delivery. A 3D dosimeter based on the radiochromic response of a polymer towards ionising radiation has been introduced as the PRESAGE dosimeter. The polyurethane dosimeter matrix is combined with a leuco-dye and a free radical initiator, whose colour changes in proportion to the radiation dose. In the previous decade, PRESAGE gained improvement and enhancement as a 3D dosimeter. Notably, PRESAGE overcomes the limitations of its predecessors, the Fricke gel and the polymer gel dosimeters, which are challenging to fabricate and read out, sensitive to oxygen, and sensitive to diffusion. This article aims to review the characteristics of the radiochromic dosimeter and its clinical applications. The formulation of PRESAGE shows a delicate balance between the number of radical initiators, metal compounds, and catalysts to achieve stability, optimal sensitivity, and water equivalency. The applications of PRESAGE in advanced radiotherapy treatment verifications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zamir Mohyedin
- School of Physics and Material Studies, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Centre of Astrophysics & Applied Radiation, Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hafiz Mohd Zin
- Advanced Medical & Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Kepala Batas 13700, Penang, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Zulfadli Adenan
- Centre of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor Campus of Puncak Alam, Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Ahmad Taufek Abdul Rahman
- School of Physics and Material Studies, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Centre of Astrophysics & Applied Radiation, Institute of Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
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14
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Rabaeh KA, Hammoudeh IME, Eyadeh MM. Novel polymer gel dosimeters based on N-Vinylcaprolactam for medical dosimetry. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-022-08361-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Jabbari E, Camci-Unal G. Editorial for Gels 6th Anniversary Special Issue. Gels 2022; 8:gels8050249. [PMID: 35621547 PMCID: PMC9141267 DOI: 10.3390/gels8050249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This Special Issue celebrates many outstanding quality papers published in Gels over the past six years since its first issue was published in 2015 [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaiel Jabbari
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Gulden Camci-Unal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Avenue, Lowell, MA 01854, USA;
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16
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Zhang P, Jiang L, Chen H, Hu L. Recent Advances in Hydrogel-Based Sensors Responding to Ionizing Radiation. Gels 2022; 8:gels8040238. [PMID: 35448139 PMCID: PMC9024575 DOI: 10.3390/gels8040238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation and its applications are widely spread throughout life. Similar to many other things, both the positive and negative aspects of ionizing radiation should always be kept in mind. For example, a proper radiation dose can be delivered to tumor tissue to kill malignant cells in radiotherapy. On the other hand, exceeding this dose can damage the normal tissues of a human organism. Therefore, the application of sensors for measuring ionizing radiation doses is of utmost importance in many fields, especially in cancer therapy. Traditional dosimeters, such as ionization chambers, silicon diodes and thermoluminescence dosimeters, are widely used. However, they have limitations in certain aspects. Hydrogel-based sensors (or dosimeters) for measuring ionizing radiation doses attract extensive attention for decades due to their equivalence to living tissue and biocompatibility. In this review, we catalog hydrogel-based dosimeters such as polymer, Fricke, radio-chromic, radio-fluorescence and NPs-embedded dosimeters. Most of them demonstrate desirable linear response and sensitivity regardless of energy and dose rate of ionizing radiation. We aim to review these dosimeters and their potential applications in radiotherapy as well as to stimulate a joint work of the experts from different fields such as materials science, chemistry, cancer therapy, radiobiology and nuclear science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (P.Z.); (H.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China;
| | - Li Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China;
| | - Hong Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (P.Z.); (H.C.)
| | - Liang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China;
- Correspondence:
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17
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Soliman YS, Tadros SM, Beshir WB, Saad GR, Gallo S, Ali LI, Naoum MM. Study of Ag Nanoparticles in a Polyacrylamide Hydrogel Dosimeters by Optical Technique. Gels 2022; 8:gels8040222. [PMID: 35448123 PMCID: PMC9030572 DOI: 10.3390/gels8040222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The dosimetric characteristics of hydrogel dosimeters based on polyacrylamide (PAC) as a capping agent incorporating silver nitrate as a radiation-sensitive material are investigated using UV-Vis spectrophotometry within the dose range 0–100 Gy. Glycerol was used in the hydrogel matrix to promote the dosimetric response and increase the radiation sensitivity. Upon exposing the PAC hydrogel to γ-ray, it exhibits a Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) band at 453 nm, and its intensity increases linearly with absorbed doses up to 100 Gy. The results are compared with the silver nitrate gel dosimeter. Glycerol of 15% in the hydrogel matrix enhances the radiation sensitivity by about 30%. PAC hydrogel dosimeter can be considered a near water equivalent material in the 400 keV–20 MeV photon energy range. At doses less than 15 Gy, the PAC hydrogel dosimeter retains higher radiation sensitivity than the gel dosimeter. The total uncertainty (2σ) of the dose estimated using this hydrogel is about 4%. These results may support the validity of using this hydrogel as a dosimeter to verify radiotherapy techniques and dose monitoring during blood irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser S. Soliman
- National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo 11787, Egypt; (Y.S.S.); (W.B.B.)
| | - Soad M. Tadros
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
- Correspondence:
| | - Wafaa B. Beshir
- National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo 11787, Egypt; (Y.S.S.); (W.B.B.)
| | - Gamal R. Saad
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt; (G.R.S.); (M.M.N.)
| | - Salvatore Gallo
- Physics Department, “Aldo Pontremoli” Milano University, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Laila I. Ali
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
| | - Magdi M. Naoum
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt; (G.R.S.); (M.M.N.)
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18
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How Xylenol Orange and Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate Influence the Dosimetric Properties of PVA–GTA Fricke Gel Dosimeters: A Spectrophotometric Study. Gels 2022; 8:gels8040204. [PMID: 35448105 PMCID: PMC9025870 DOI: 10.3390/gels8040204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of Fricke gel (FG) dosimeters based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as the gelling agent and glutaraldehyde (GTA) as the cross-linker has enabled significant improvements in the dose response and the stability over time of spatial radiation dose distributions. However, a standard procedure for preparing FG in terms of reagent concentrations is still missing in the literature. This study aims to investigate, by means of spectrophotometric analyses, how the sensitivity to the radiation dose and the range of linearity of the dose–response curve of PVA-GTA-FG dosimeters loaded with xylenol orange sodium salt (XO) are influenced by ferrous ammonium sulphate (FAS) and XO concentrations. Moreover, the effect of different concentrations of such compounds on self-oxidation phenomena in the dosimeters was evaluated. PVA-GTA-FG dosimeters were prepared using XO concentrations in the range 0.04–0.80 mM and FAS in the range 0.05–5.00 mM. The optical absorbance properties and the dose response of FG were investigated in the interval 0.0–42.0 Gy. The results demonstrate that the amount of FAS and XO determines both the sensitivity to the absorbed dose and the interval of linearity of the dose–response curve. The study suggests that the best performances of FG dosimeters for spectrophotometric analyses can be obtained using 1.00–0.40 mM and 0.200–0.166 mM concentrations of FAS and XO, respectively.
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Induced Radionuclides and Their Activity Concentration in Gel Dosimeters Irradiated by Carbon Ion Beam. Gels 2022; 8:gels8040203. [PMID: 35448104 PMCID: PMC9026313 DOI: 10.3390/gels8040203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Radioactivity was measured in a micellar gel dosimeter, a polymer gel dosimeter, and water was irradiated by carbon ion beams at various beam energy conditions. Monte Carlo simulation was also performed to estimate the radioactivity. Short-lived positron-emitting nuclides were observed immediately after irradiation, but they decayed rapidly into the background. At 24 h post-irradiation, the dominant measured radioactivity was of 7Be. The simulation also showed minor activity of 24Na and 3H; however, they were not experimentally observed. The measured radioactivity was independent of the type of gel dosimeter under all irradiation conditions, suggesting that the radioactivity was induced by the interaction of carbon ions with water (the main component of the gel dosimeters). The ratio between the simulated and measured radioactivity was within 0.9–1.5. The activity concentration of 7Be was found to be less than 1/10 of the value derived using the exemption concept proposed by the International Atomic Energy Agency. This result should be applicable to irradiated gel dosimeters containing mainly water and 0–4 wt.% C and 0–1.7 wt.% N.
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20
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Study of the Optimal Composition and Storage Conditions of the Fricke-XO-Pluronic F-127 Radiochromic Dosimeter. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15030984. [PMID: 35160929 PMCID: PMC8838533 DOI: 10.3390/ma15030984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of research on the Fricke–XO–Pluronic F–127 dosimeter. It consists of a Fricke dosimetric solution and xylenol orange (XO), which are embedded in a matrix of poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(propylene oxide)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (Pluronic F–127). Upon irradiation, Fe+2 ions transform into Fe+3, forming a colored complex with XO ([XO-Fe]+3). The color intensity is related to the dose absorbed. The optimal composition, storage conditions, and radiation-induced performance of the Fricke–XO–Pluronic F–127 dosimeter were investigated. The optimal composition was found to be 1 mM FAS, 50 mM sulfuric acid (H2SO4), 0.165 mM XO in 25% Pluronic F–127. The basic features of this dosimeter are discussed, such as dose sensitivity, linear and dynamic dose range, stability before and after irradiation, storage conditions, dose response for irradiation with 6 and 15 MV photons, and batch-to-batch reproducibility. The obtained results showed a certain potential of the Fricke–XO–Pluronic F–127 for radiotherapy dosimetry.
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21
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Mizukami S, Watanabe Y, Mizoguchi T, Gomi T, Hara H, Takei H, Fukunishi N, Ishikawa KL, Fukuda S, Maeyama T. Whole Three-Dimensional Dosimetry of Carbon Ion Beams with an MRI-Based Nanocomposite Fricke Gel Dosimeter Using Rapid T1 Mapping Method. Gels 2021; 7:233. [PMID: 34940293 PMCID: PMC8701283 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MRI-based gel dosimeters are attractive systems for the evaluation of complex dose distributions in radiotherapy. In particular, the nanocomposite Fricke gel dosimeter is one among a few dosimeters capable of accurately evaluating the dose distribution of heavy ion beams. In contrast, reduction of the scanning time is a challenging issue for the acquisition of three-dimensional volume data. In this study, we investigated a three-dimensional dose distribution measurement method for heavy ion beams using variable flip angle (VFA), which is expected to significantly reduce the MRI scanning time. Our findings clarified that the whole three-dimensional dose distribution could be evaluated within the conventional imaging time (20 min) and quality of one cross-section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Mizukami
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan; (S.M.); (Y.W.); (T.G.); (H.H.)
| | - Yusuke Watanabe
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan; (S.M.); (Y.W.); (T.G.); (H.H.)
| | - Takahiro Mizoguchi
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan;
| | - Tsutomu Gomi
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan; (S.M.); (Y.W.); (T.G.); (H.H.)
| | - Hidetake Hara
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan; (S.M.); (Y.W.); (T.G.); (H.H.)
| | - Hideyuki Takei
- Proton Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba 305-8576, Japan;
| | - Nobuhisa Fukunishi
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Saitama 351-0198, Japan;
| | - Kenichi L. Ishikawa
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Management, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan;
| | - Shigekazu Fukuda
- QST Hospital, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan;
| | - Takuya Maeyama
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Saitama 351-0198, Japan;
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan
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