1
|
Ali A, Alabdrabalnabi M, Ramadan MA, Aljawad MS, Almohsin A, Azad M. A Review of Recent Developments in Nanomaterial Agents for Water Shutoff in Hydrocarbon Wells. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:14728-14746. [PMID: 38585082 PMCID: PMC10993421 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Reducing water production from hydrocarbon wells is one of the major requirements to prolong the life span of production wells. Gel treatment is commonly regarded as one of the traditional cost-effective methods for water shut-off applications. Different gel systems have been developed to overcome the challenges of performing a successful water shut-off treatment. Each gel system has its advantages and disadvantages. A new proposed technology is to enhance the gel performance by utilizing nanomaterials in its composition. Nanomaterials such as nanosilica, nanoclay, and graphene can significantly modify gel properties to improve plugging efficiency. This paper provides a brief review of the added value of using nanomaterials in the structure of polymer in situ gel, preformed particle-gel, and nanosilica-based fluid. Nanomaterials such as nanoclay, nanosilica, and nanographene are capable of adjusting the properties of in situ gel, such as control of gelation time (9-10) hours and enhancing gel strength up to 4.5 times. Nanomaterials also improved the swelling ratio of the preformed particle-gel by up to 400%, accompanied by increased gel strength. Notably, nanosilica-based gels exhibit an exceptional plugging efficiency (100%). Additionally, the paper discusses how modeling can be used to overcome operational challenges in terms of placement and plugging performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ali
- College
of Petroleum Engineering and Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi
Arabia, 31261
| | | | - Mustafa Al Ramadan
- College
of Petroleum Engineering and Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi
Arabia, 31261
- Center
for Integrative Petroleum Research, King
Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, 31261
| | - Murtada S. Aljawad
- College
of Petroleum Engineering and Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi
Arabia, 31261
- Center
for Integrative Petroleum Research, King
Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, 31261
| | | | - Madhar Azad
- College
of Petroleum Engineering and Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi
Arabia, 31261
- Center
for Integrative Petroleum Research, King
Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, 31261
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Q, Cai J, Wang J, Zhou C, Wen X, Zhang J, Mao H. Development and Application of the Anti-High-Temperature Delayed Crosslinking Polymer as a Gel Plugging Additive for Drilling Fluid. Gels 2024; 10:73. [PMID: 38247795 PMCID: PMC10815597 DOI: 10.3390/gels10010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
With the gradual deepening of the exploration and development of deep and ultra-deep oil and gas resources, the problem of lost circulation in drilling operations is becoming more and more complex. From field experience, conventional plugging materials cannot fully meet the technical requirements of plugging operations in drilling engineering. In this study, a high-temperature- and salt-resistant polymer HDZ-A was synthesized. A high-temperature and delayed crosslinking polymer gel plugging agent can be prepared by adding a certain concentration of a crosslinking agent and a retarder. In this paper, the optimum synthesis conditions of the HDZ-A were determined with orthogonal experiments using viscoelasticity and viscosity as evaluation criteria for newly developed polymers. The molecular structure, temperature resistance, and relative molecular mass of HDZ-A were determined using infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography. In addition, the optimal formula of the gel plugging agent was determined using gel strength as the evaluation standard. The results show that the newly developed gel plugging agent has stable performance after high-temperature crosslinking, and can resist high temperatures of 160 °C during formation. Under conditions of 160 °C, the gelation time can reach 4.5 h, and the plugging efficiency can reach more than 97%. Finally, the field test of the newly developed high-temperature-resistant delayed crosslinking polymer gel plugging agent was carried out in the direct exploration well KT-14X in the Ordos Basin. The field test showed that the plugging effect of the HDZ-A gel plugging agent was remarkable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quanyang Wang
- Drilling Engineering Research Institute, Sinopec Xinan Oilfield Service Corporation, Deyang 618000, China; (Q.W.)
| | - Jing Cai
- Drilling Engineering Research Institute, Sinopec Xinan Oilfield Service Corporation, Deyang 618000, China; (Q.W.)
| | - Jiannan Wang
- Drilling Engineering Research Institute, Sinopec Xinan Oilfield Service Corporation, Deyang 618000, China; (Q.W.)
| | - Chenghua Zhou
- Drilling Engineering Research Institute, Sinopec Xinan Oilfield Service Corporation, Deyang 618000, China; (Q.W.)
| | - Xinxin Wen
- College of Energy Resources, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China; (X.W.)
| | - Jiang Zhang
- College of Energy Resources, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China; (X.W.)
| | - Hui Mao
- College of Energy Resources, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China; (X.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Budiman O, Alajmei S. Seawater-Based Fracturing Fluid: A Review. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:41022-41038. [PMID: 37969974 PMCID: PMC10633887 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing uses a large amount of fresh water for its operation; conventional wells can consume up to 200 000 gallons of water, while unconventional wells could consume up to 16 million gallons. However, the world's fresh water supply is rapidly depleting, making this a critical and growing problem. Freshwater shortages during large-scale hydraulic fracturing in regions that lack water, such as the Arabian Peninsula and offshore operations, need to be addressed. One of the ways to address this problem is to substitute fresh water with seawater, which is a sustainable, cheap, and technically sufficient fluid that can be utilized as a fracturing fluid. However, its high salinity caused by the multitude of ions in it could induce several problems, such as scaling and precipitation. This, in turn, could potentially affect the viscosity and rheology of the fluid. There are a variety of additives that can be used to lessen the effects of the various ions found in seawater. This review explains the mechanisms of different additives (e.g., polymers, surfactants, chelating agents, cross-linkers, scale inhibitors, gel stabilizers, and foams), how they interact with seawater, and the related implications in order to address the above challenges and develop a sustainable and compatible seawater-based fracturing fluid. This review also describes several previous technologies and works that have treated seawater in order to produce a fluid that is stable at higher temperatures, that has a considerably reduced scaling propensity, and that has utilized a stable polymer network to efficiently carry proppant downhole. In addition, some of these previous works included field testing to evaluate the performance of the seawater-based fracturing fluid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ose Budiman
- Department
of Petroleum Engineering, King Fahd University
of Petroleum and Minerals, 31261 Dhahran, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Shabeeb Alajmei
- Department
of Petroleum Engineering, King Fahd University
of Petroleum and Minerals, 31261 Dhahran, Saudi
Arabia
- Center
for Integrative Petroleum Research, King
Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, 31261 Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Telin A, Lenchenkova L, Yakubov R, Poteshkina K, Krisanova P, Filatov A, Stefantsev A. Application of Hydrogels and Hydrocarbon-Based Gels in Oil Production Processes and Well Drilling. Gels 2023; 9:609. [PMID: 37623064 PMCID: PMC10454059 DOI: 10.3390/gels9080609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of gels in oil production processes has become a regular practice in oilfield operations and is constantly developing in all oil-producing countries of the world, as evidenced by the growth of publications and patent activity on this topic. Many oil production processes, such as hydraulic fracturing, conformance control, water, and gas shutoff, cannot be imagined without the use of gel technologies. Inorganic, organic, and hybrid gels are used, as well as foams, gel-forming, and gel-dispersed systems. The possibility of a broad control of structural and mechanical properties, thermal stability, and shear resistance by introducing microscale and nanoscale additives made hydrogels and hydrocarbon-based gels indispensable tools for oil engineers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey Telin
- Ufa Scientific and Technical Center, LLC, 99/3, Kirova Street, 450078 Ufa, Russia
| | - Lyubov Lenchenkova
- Faculty of Mining and Petroleum, Ufa State Petroleum Technological University, 1, Kosmonavtov Street, 450064 Ufa, Russia; (L.L.); (R.Y.)
| | - Ravil Yakubov
- Faculty of Mining and Petroleum, Ufa State Petroleum Technological University, 1, Kosmonavtov Street, 450064 Ufa, Russia; (L.L.); (R.Y.)
| | - Kira Poteshkina
- World-Class Research Center «Efficient Development of the Global Liquid Hydrocarbon Reserves», Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas «Gubkin University», 65 Lenin Avenue, Building 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.P.); (P.K.); (A.F.); (A.S.)
| | - Polina Krisanova
- World-Class Research Center «Efficient Development of the Global Liquid Hydrocarbon Reserves», Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas «Gubkin University», 65 Lenin Avenue, Building 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.P.); (P.K.); (A.F.); (A.S.)
| | - Andrey Filatov
- World-Class Research Center «Efficient Development of the Global Liquid Hydrocarbon Reserves», Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas «Gubkin University», 65 Lenin Avenue, Building 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.P.); (P.K.); (A.F.); (A.S.)
| | - Aleksandr Stefantsev
- World-Class Research Center «Efficient Development of the Global Liquid Hydrocarbon Reserves», Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas «Gubkin University», 65 Lenin Avenue, Building 1, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (K.P.); (P.K.); (A.F.); (A.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bai Y, Liu Y, Yang K, Lang Y. Application and Research Prospect of Functional Polymer Gels in Oil and Gas Drilling and Development Engineering. Gels 2023; 9:gels9050413. [PMID: 37233004 DOI: 10.3390/gels9050413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer gel materials are formed by physically crosslinking and chemically crosslinking to form a gel network system with high mechanical properties and reversible performance. Due to their excellent mechanical properties and intelligence, polymer gel materials are widely used in biomedical, tissue engineering, artificial intelligence, firefighting and other fields. Given the current research status of polymer gels at home and abroad and the current application status of oilfield drilling, this paper reviews the mechanism of polymer gels formed by physically crosslinking and chemically crosslinking, summarizes the performance characteristics and the mechanism of action of polymer gels formed by non-covalent bonding, such as hydrophobic bonding, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic and Van der Waals interactions interactions, and covalent bonding such as imine bonding, acylhydrazone bonding and Diels-Alder reaction. The current status and outlook of the application of polymer gels in drilling fluids, fracturing fluids and enhanced oil recovery are also introduced. We expand the application fields of polymer gel materials and promote the development of polymer gel materials in a more intelligent direction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingrui Bai
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Keqing Yang
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Youming Lang
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jansen-van Vuuren RD, Naficy S, Ramezani M, Cunningham M, Jessop P. CO 2-responsive gels. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:3470-3542. [PMID: 37128844 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00053a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
CO2-responsive materials undergo a change in chemical or physical properties in response to the introduction or removal of CO2. The use of CO2 as a stimulus is advantageous as it is abundant, benign, inexpensive, and it does not accumulate in a system. Many CO2-responsive materials have already been explored including polymers, latexes, surfactants, and catalysts. As a sub-set of CO2-responsive polymers, the study of CO2-responsive gels (insoluble, cross-linked polymers) is a unique discipline due to the unique set of changes in the gels brought about by CO2 such as swelling or a transformed morphology. In the past 15 years, CO2-responsive gels and self-assembled gels have been investigated for a variety of emerging potential applications, reported in 90 peer-reviewed publications. The two most widely exploited properties include the control of flow (fluids) via CO2-triggered aggregation and their capacity for reversible CO2 absorption-desorption, leading to applications in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) and CO2 sequestration, respectively. In this paper, we review the preparation, properties, and applications of these CO2-responsive gels, broadly classified by particle size as nanogels, microgels, aerogels, and macrogels. We have included a section on CO2-induced self-assembled gels (including poly(ionic liquid) gels).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ross D Jansen-van Vuuren
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sina Naficy
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Centre for Excellence in Advanced Food Enginomics (CAFE), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Maedeh Ramezani
- Department of Chemistry, Chernoff Hall, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7K 2N1, Canada.
| | - Michael Cunningham
- Department of Engineering, Dupuis Hall, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Philip Jessop
- Department of Chemistry, Chernoff Hall, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7K 2N1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang X, Zhang Y, Liu H, Li S, Liu L. Dynamic Sweep Experiments on a Heterogeneous Phase Composite System Based on Branched-Preformed Particle Gel in High Water-Cut Reservoirs after Polymer Flooding. Gels 2023; 9:gels9050364. [PMID: 37232956 DOI: 10.3390/gels9050364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous phase composite (HPC) flooding technology that is based on branched-preformed particle gel (B-PPG) is an important technology for enhancing oil recovery in high water-cut reservoirs. In this paper, we conducted a series of visualization experiments under the condition of developed high-permeability channels after polymer flooding, with respect to well pattern densification and adjustment, and HPC flooding and its synergistic regulation. The experiments show that for polymer-flooded reservoirs, HPC flooding can significantly reduce the water cut and increase oil recovery, but that the injected HPC system mainly advances along the high-permeability channel with limited sweep expansion. Furthermore, well pattern densification and adjustment can divert the original mainstream direction, which has a positive effect on HPC flooding, and can effectively expand the sweeping range under the synergistic effect of residual polymers. Due to the synergistic effect of multiple chemical agents in the HPC system, after well pattern densification and adjustment, the production time for HPC flooding with the water cut lower than 95% was significantly prolonged. In addition, conversion schemes, in which the original production well is converted into the injection well, are better than non-conversion schemes in terms of expanding sweep efficiency and enhancing oil recovery. Therefore, for well groups with obvious high-water-consuming channels after polymer flooding, the implementation of HPC flooding can be combined with well pattern conversion and intensification in order to further improve oil displacement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianmin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development, Ministry of Education, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development, Ministry of Education, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Haicheng Liu
- Research Institute of Exploration and Development, Shengli Oilfield Company, SINOPEC, Dongying 257015, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Oil & Gas Development, Ministry of Education, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- School of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Lijie Liu
- Research Institute of Exploration and Development, Shengli Oilfield Company, SINOPEC, Dongying 257015, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Probing the Effect and Mechanism of Flue Gas on the Performance of Resorcinol/Hexamethylenetetramine-Based Polymer Gel in Flue Gas Flooding Reservoir. Gels 2022; 8:gels8120772. [PMID: 36547296 PMCID: PMC9778064 DOI: 10.3390/gels8120772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer gel plugging is an effective method for gas mobility control in flue gas flooding reservoirs. However, the effect and mechanism of flue gas on the performance of polymer gels have rarely been reported. In this study, a polymer gel was prepared by cross-linking hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) and resorcinol/ hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) to illuminate the influencing mechanism of flue gas composition on gel. The gel rheological testing results showed that flue gas promoted gelation performance, whereas it seriously threatened gel long-term stability, especially at high pressure conditions. The influence of CO2 on the polymer gel had the characteristic of multiplicity. The hydrodynamic radius (Rh) and the initial viscosity of HPAM solution decreased in the presence of CO2. Nonetheless, the dissolved CO2 expedited the decomposition rate of HMTA into formaldehyde, which promoted the cross-linking process of the HPAM, leading to a shorter gelation time. Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) tests and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis indicated that O2 played a leading role in the oxidative degradation of HPAM compared to CO2 and threatened the gel long-term stability at elevated gas pressures. To address the adverse effects caused by flue gas, it is highly desirable to develop polymer gels by adding oxygen scavengers or strengthening additives.
Collapse
|