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Franklin MK, Sawada H, Ito S, Howatt DA, Amioka N, Liang CL, Zhang N, Graf DB, Moorleghen JJ, Katsumata Y, Lu HS, Daugherty A. β-Aminopropionitrile Induces Distinct Pathologies in the Ascending and Descending Thoracic Aortic Regions of Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:1555-1569. [PMID: 38779856 PMCID: PMC11209774 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.320402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) is a pharmacological inhibitor of LOX (lysyl oxidase) and LOXLs (LOX-like proteins). Administration of BAPN promotes aortopathies, although there is a paucity of data on experimental conditions to generate pathology. The objective of this study was to define experimental parameters and determine whether equivalent or variable aortopathies were generated throughout the aortic tree during BAPN administration in mice. METHODS BAPN was administered in drinking water for a period ranging from 1 to 12 weeks. The impacts of BAPN were first assessed with regard to BAPN dose, and mouse strain, age, and sex. BAPN-induced aortic pathological characterization was conducted using histology and immunostaining. To investigate the mechanistic basis of regional heterogeneity, the ascending and descending thoracic aortas were harvested after 1 week of BAPN administration before the appearance of overt pathology. RESULTS BAPN-induced aortic rupture predominantly occurred or originated in the descending thoracic aorta in young C57BL/6J or N mice. No apparent differences were found between male and female mice. For mice surviving 12 weeks of BAPN administration, profound dilatation was consistently observed in the ascending region, while there were more heterogeneous changes in the descending thoracic region. Pathological features were distinct between the ascending and descending thoracic regions. Aortic pathology in the ascending region was characterized by luminal dilatation and elastic fiber disruption throughout the media. The descending thoracic region frequently had dissections with false lumen formation, collagen deposition, and remodeling of the wall surrounding the false lumen. Cells surrounding the false lumen were predominantly positive for α-SMA (α-smooth muscle actin). One week of BAPN administration compromised contractile properties in both regions equivalently, and RNA sequencing did not show obvious differences between the 2 aortic regions in smooth muscle cell markers, cell proliferation markers, and extracellular components. CONCLUSIONS BAPN-induced pathologies show distinct, heterogeneous features within and between ascending and descending aortic regions in mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aminopropionitrile/toxicity
- Aminopropionitrile/pharmacology
- Aorta, Thoracic/pathology
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Female
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Disease Models, Animal
- Aortic Rupture/chemically induced
- Aortic Rupture/pathology
- Aortic Rupture/metabolism
- Aortic Rupture/prevention & control
- Mice
- Vascular Remodeling/drug effects
- Dilatation, Pathologic
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Age Factors
- Time Factors
- Sex Factors
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hisashi Sawada
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Sohei Ito
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Deborah A. Howatt
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Naofumi Amioka
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Ching-Ling Liang
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Nancy Zhang
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - David B. Graf
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | | | - Yuriko Katsumata
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Hong S. Lu
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Alan Daugherty
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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2
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Franklin MK, Sawada H, Ito S, Howatt DA, Amioka N, Liang CL, Zhang N, Graf DB, Moorleghen JJ, Katsumata Y, Lu HS, Daugherty A. β-aminopropionitrile Induces Distinct Pathologies in the Ascending and Descending Thoracic Aortic Regions of Mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.22.563474. [PMID: 37886537 PMCID: PMC10602045 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.22.563474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) is a pharmacological inhibitor of lysyl oxidase and lysyl oxidase-like proteins. Administration of BAPN promotes aortopathies, although there is a paucity of data on experimental conditions to generate pathology. The objective of this study was to define experimental parameters and determine whether equivalent or variable aortopathies were generated throughout the aortic tree during BAPN administration in mice. METHODS BAPN was administered in drinking water for a period ranging from 1 to 12 weeks. The impacts of BAPN were first assessed with regard to dose, strain, age, and sex. BAPN-induced aortic pathological characterization was conducted using histology and immunostaining. To investigate the mechanistic basis of regional heterogeneity, ascending and descending thoracic aortas were harvested after one week of BAPN administration before the appearance of overt pathology. RESULTS BAPN-induced aortic rupture predominantly occurred or originated in the descending thoracic aorta in young C57BL/6J or N mice. No apparent differences were found between male and female mice. For mice surviving 12 weeks of BAPN administration, profound dilatation was consistently observed in the ascending region, while there were more heterogeneous changes in the descending thoracic region. Pathological features were distinct between the ascending and descending thoracic regions. Aortic pathology in the ascending region was characterized by luminal dilatation and elastic fiber disruption throughout the media. The descending thoracic region frequently had dissections with false lumen formation, collagen deposition, and remodeling of the wall surrounding the false lumen. Cells surrounding the false lumen were predominantly positive for α-smooth muscle actin. One week of BAPN administration compromised contractile properties in both regions equivalently, and RNA sequencing did not show obvious differences between the two aortic regions in smooth muscle cell markers, cell proliferation markers, and extracellular components. CONCLUSIONS BAPN-induced pathologies show distinct, heterogeneous features within and between ascending and descending aortic regions in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hisashi Sawada
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Sohei Ito
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Deborah A. Howatt
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Naofumi Amioka
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Ching-Ling Liang
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Nancy Zhang
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - David B. Graf
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | | | - Yuriko Katsumata
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Hong S. Lu
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Alan Daugherty
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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Wang Y, Panicker IS, Anesi J, Sargisson O, Atchison B, Habenicht AJR. Animal Models, Pathogenesis, and Potential Treatment of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:901. [PMID: 38255976 PMCID: PMC10815651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) has a prevalence of 0.16-0.34% and an incidence of 7.6 per 100,000 person-years, accounting for 1-2% of all deaths in Western countries. Currently, no effective pharmacological therapies have been identified to slow TAA development and prevent TAA rupture. Large TAAs are treated with open surgical repair and less invasive thoracic endovascular aortic repair, both of which have high perioperative mortality risk. Therefore, there is an urgent medical need to identify the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying TAA development and rupture to develop new therapies. In this review, we summarize animal TAA models including recent developments in porcine and zebrafish models: porcine models can assess new therapeutic devices or intervention strategies in a large mammal and zebrafish models can employ large-scale small-molecule suppressor screening in microwells. The second part of the review covers current views of TAA pathogenesis, derived from recent studies using these animal models, with a focus on the roles of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) pathway and the vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC)-elastin-contractile unit. The last part discusses TAA treatment options as they emerge from recent preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutang Wang
- Discipline of Life Science, Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia; (I.S.P.)
| | - Indu S. Panicker
- Discipline of Life Science, Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia; (I.S.P.)
| | - Jack Anesi
- Discipline of Life Science, Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia; (I.S.P.)
| | - Owen Sargisson
- Discipline of Life Science, Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia; (I.S.P.)
| | - Benjamin Atchison
- Discipline of Life Science, Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia; (I.S.P.)
| | - Andreas J. R. Habenicht
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), 80336 Munich, Germany;
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Cano A, Eraso P, Mazón MJ, Portillo F. LOXL2 in Cancer: A Two-Decade Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14405. [PMID: 37762708 PMCID: PMC10532419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl Oxidase Like 2 (LOXL2) belongs to the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family, which comprises five lysine tyrosylquinone (LTQ)-dependent copper amine oxidases in humans. In 2003, LOXL2 was first identified as a promoter of tumour progression and, over the course of two decades, numerous studies have firmly established its involvement in multiple cancers. Extensive research with large cohorts of human tumour samples has demonstrated that dysregulated LOXL2 expression is strongly associated with poor prognosis in patients. Moreover, investigations have revealed the association of LOXL2 with various targets affecting diverse aspects of tumour progression. Additionally, the discovery of a complex network of signalling factors acting at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational levels has provided insights into the mechanisms underlying the aberrant expression of LOXL2 in tumours. Furthermore, the development of genetically modified mouse models with silenced or overexpressed LOXL2 has enabled in-depth exploration of its in vivo role in various cancer models. Given the significant role of LOXL2 in numerous cancers, extensive efforts are underway to identify specific inhibitors that could potentially improve patient prognosis. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of two decades of research on the role of LOXL2 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Cano
- Departamento de Bioquímica UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (P.E.); (M.J.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz—IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Área de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Eraso
- Departamento de Bioquímica UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (P.E.); (M.J.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz—IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María J. Mazón
- Departamento de Bioquímica UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (P.E.); (M.J.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz—IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Portillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.C.); (P.E.); (M.J.M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz—IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Área de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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5
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Ma HY, Li Q, Wong WR, N'Diaye EN, Caplazi P, Bender H, Huang Z, Arlantico A, Jeet S, Wong A, Emson C, Brightbill H, Tam L, Newman R, Roose-Girma M, Sandoval W, Ding N. LOXL4, but not LOXL2, is the critical determinant of pathological collagen cross-linking and fibrosis in the lung. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf0133. [PMID: 37235663 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive fibrotic disease characterized by excessive deposition of (myo)fibroblast produced collagen fibrils in alveolar areas of the lung. Lysyl oxidases (LOXs) have been proposed to be the central enzymes that catalyze the cross-linking of collagen fibers. Here, we report that, while its expression is increased in fibrotic lungs, genetic ablation of LOXL2 only leads to a modest reduction of pathological collagen cross-linking but not fibrosis in the lung. On the other hand, loss of another LOX family member, LOXL4, markedly disrupts pathological collagen cross-linking and fibrosis in the lung. Furthermore, knockout of both Loxl2 and Loxl4 does not offer any additive antifibrotic effects when compared to Loxl4 deletion only, as LOXL4 deficiency decreases the expression of other LOX family members including Loxl2. On the basis of these results, we propose that LOXL4 is the main LOX activity underlying pathological collagen cross-linking and lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Yen Ma
- Department of Discovery Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Qingling Li
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Weng Ruh Wong
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elsa-Noah N'Diaye
- Department of Discovery Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Caplazi
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hannah Bender
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhiyu Huang
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Arlantico
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Surinder Jeet
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Wong
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Claire Emson
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hans Brightbill
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lucinda Tam
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert Newman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Merone Roose-Girma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wendy Sandoval
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Discovery Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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6
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Loxl2 and Loxl3 Paralogues Play Redundant Roles during Mouse Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105730. [PMID: 35628534 PMCID: PMC9144032 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) and 3 (LOXL3) are members of the lysyl oxidase family of enzymes involved in the maturation of the extracellular matrix. Both enzymes share a highly conserved catalytic domain, but it is unclear whether they perform redundant functions in vivo. In this study, we show that mice lacking Loxl3 exhibit perinatal lethality and abnormal skeletal development. Additionally, analysis of the genotype of embryos carrying double knockout of Loxl2 and Loxl3 genes suggests that both enzymes have overlapping functions during mouse development. Furthermore, we also show that ubiquitous expression of Loxl2 suppresses the lethality associated with Loxl3 knockout mice.
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Li J, Xia N, Li D, Wen S, Qian S, Lu Y, Gu M, Tang T, Jiao J, Lv B, Nie S, Hu D, Liao Y, Yang X, Shi G, Cheng X. Aorta Regulatory T Cells with a Tissue-Specific Phenotype and Function Promote Tissue Repair through Tff1 in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104338. [PMID: 35332699 PMCID: PMC8948580 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In addition to maintaining immune tolerance, Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) perform specialized functions in tissue homeostasis and remodeling. However, whether Tregs in aortic aneurysms have a tissue-specific phenotype and function is unclear. Here, a special group of Tregs that potentially inhibit abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) progression are identified and functionally characterized. Aortic Tregs gradually increase during the process of AAA and are mainly recruited from peripheral circulation. Single-cell TCR sequencing and bulk RNA sequencing demonstrate their unique phenotype and highly expressed trefoil factor 1 (Tff1). Foxp3cre/cre Tff1flox/flox mice are used to clarify the role of Tff1 in AAA, suggesting that aortic Tregs secrete Tff1 to regulate smooth muscle cell (SMC) survival. In vitro experiments confirm that Tff1 inhibits SMC apoptosis through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 pathway. The findings reveal a tissue-specific phenotype and function of aortic Tregs and may provide a promising and novel approach for the prevention of AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyong Li
- Department of CardiologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
- Key Laboratory for Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei ProvinceUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
| | - Ni Xia
- Department of CardiologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
- Key Laboratory for Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei ProvinceUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of CardiologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
- Key Laboratory for Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei ProvinceUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
| | - Shuang Wen
- Department of CardiologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
- Key Laboratory for Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei ProvinceUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
| | - Shirui Qian
- Department of CardiologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
- Key Laboratory for Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei ProvinceUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
| | - Yuzhi Lu
- Department of CardiologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
- Key Laboratory for Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei ProvinceUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
| | - Muyang Gu
- Department of CardiologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
- Key Laboratory for Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei ProvinceUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
| | - Tingting Tang
- Department of CardiologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
- Key Laboratory for Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei ProvinceUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
| | - Jiao Jiao
- Department of CardiologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
- Key Laboratory for Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei ProvinceUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
| | - Bingjie Lv
- Department of CardiologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
- Key Laboratory for Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei ProvinceUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
| | - Shaofang Nie
- Department of CardiologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
- Key Laboratory for Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei ProvinceUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
| | - Desheng Hu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western MedicineUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
- Institute of HematologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
| | - Yuhua Liao
- Department of CardiologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
- Key Laboratory for Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei ProvinceUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
| | - Xiangping Yang
- School of Basic MedicineTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430030China
| | - Guoping Shi
- Department of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of CardiologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
- Key Laboratory for Biological Targeted Therapy of Education Ministry and Hubei ProvinceUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
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