Tissue-Specific Expression of the Terpene Synthase Family Genes in Rosa chinensis and Effect of Abiotic Stress Conditions

Exploring the Genetic Basis of Drought Tolerance in Alhagi camelorum: A Comprehensive Transcriptome Study of Osmotic Stress Adaptations

Alhagi camelorum, a desert shrub known for its impressive drought tolerance, exhibits notable resilience under arid conditions. However, the underlying mechanisms driving its drought resistance remain largely unexplored. This study aims to investigate these mechanisms by exposing A. camelorum to osmotic stress using varying polyethylene glycol (PEG) concentrations (1%, 5%, 10%) in a controlled laboratory setting. Growth analysis revealed significant inhibition and phenotypic changes with increasing PEG levels. Transcriptomic analysis, including differentially expressed gene identification, GO enrichment analysis, and hierarchical cluster analysis of genes in roots and shoots, identified key pathways associated with drought adaptation, such as ABA-activated signaling, cell wall biogenesis, photosynthesis, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Notably, some genes involved in these pathways exhibited tissue-specific expression patterns and showed PEG concentration-dependent regulation. Key findings include the dose-dependent (R2 > 0.8) upregulation of a proline-rich protein (Asp01G030840) and a BURP domain-containing protein (Asp02G039780), as well as critical genes involved in cell wall biogenesis (encoding Pectinesterase inhibitor domain-containing and Fasciclin-like arabinogalactan protein), and secondary metabolite biosynthesis (encoding enzymes for terpenoid and flavonoid biosynthesis). The regulation of these genes is likely influenced by phytohormones such as ABA and other stress-related hormones, along with significant transcription factors like ABI4, TALE, MYB61, GRAS, and ERF. These insights lay the groundwork for further research into the functional roles of these genes, their regulatory networks, and their potential applications in enhancing drought resistance in desert plants and agricultural crops.

Saline-alkali stress affects the accumulation of proanthocyanidins and sesquiterpenoids via the MYB5-ANR/TPS31 cascades in the rose petals

Rose (Rosa rugosa) petals are rich in diverse secondary metabolites, which have important physiological functions as well as great economic values. Currently, it remains unclear how saline and/or alkaline stress(es) influence the accumulation of secondary metabolites in rose. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptome and metabolite profiles of rose petals under aline-alkali stress and uncovered the induction mechanism underlying major metabolites. Dramatic changes were observed in the expression of 1363 genes and the abundances of 196 metabolites in petals in response to saline-alkali stress. These differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) are mainly associated with flavonoid and terpenoid metabolism and the reconstruction of cell walls. Of them, TERPENE SYNTHASE 31 (TPS31) overexpression in tobacco leaves driven by its own promoter resulted in significant alterations in the levels of diverse terpenoids, which were differentially influenced by saline-alkali stress. An integrated analysis of metabolomic and transcriptomic data revealed a high correlation between the abundances of flavonoids/terpenoids and the expression of the transcription factor MYB5. MYB5 may orchestrate the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenoids and proanthocyanidins through direct regulation of TPS31 and ANR expression under aline-alkali stress. Our finding facilitates improving the bioactive substance accumulation of rose petals by metabolic engineering.

Genome-wide identification and tissue expression pattern analysis of TPS gene family in soybean (Glycine max)

The terpene synthase (TPS) plays a pivotal roles in plant growth, development, and enhancing resilience against environmental stresses. Despite this, the bioinformatics analysis of the TPS family gene in soybean (Glycine max) is lacking. In this study, we investigated 36 GmTPS members in soybean, exhibiting a diverse range of protein lengths, spanning from 144 to 835 amino acids. A phylogenetic tree was constructed from these GmTPS genes revealed a classification into five distinct subgroups: Group1, Group2, Group3, Group4 and Group5. Notably, within each subgroup, we identified the motifs of GmTPS proteins were similar, although variations existed among different subfamilies. Gene duplication events analysis demonstrated that TPS genes expand differently in G. max, A. thaliana and O. sativa. Among, both tandem duplication and Whole genome duplication contributive to the expansion of TPS genes in G. max, and Whole genome duplication played a major role. Moreover, the cis-element analysis suggested that TPS is related to hormone signals, plant growth and development and environmental stress. Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay results indicated TPS protein may form heterodimer to function, or may form complex with P450 proteins to function. RNA-seq results revealed a higher expression of most GmTPS genes in flowers, suggesting their potential contribution to flower development. Collectively, these findings offer a provide a holistic knowledge of the TPS gene family in soybean and will facilitate further characterization of TPSs effectively.

The scent of roses, a bouquet of fragrance diversity

Roses have been domesticated since antiquity for their therapeutic, cosmetic, and ornamental properties. Their floral fragrance has great economic value, which has influenced the production of rose varieties. The production of rose water and essential oil is one of the most lucrative activities, supplying bioactive molecules to the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and therapeutic industries. In recent years, major advances in molecular genetics, genomic, and biochemical tools have paved the way for the identification of molecules that make up the specific fragrance of various rose cultivars. The aim of this review is to highlight current knowledge on metabolite profiles, and more specifically on fragrance compounds, as well as the specificities and differences between rose species and cultivars belonging to different rose sections and how they contribute to modern roses fragrance.

Identification of genes associated with abiotic stress tolerance in sweetpotato using weighted gene co-expression network analysis

Sweetpotato, Ipomoea batatas (L.), a key food security crop, is negatively impacted by heat, drought, and salinity stress. The orange-fleshed sweetpotato cultivar "Beauregard" was exposed to heat, salt, and drought treatments for 24 and 48 h to identify genes responding to each stress condition in leaves. Analysis revealed both common (35 up regulated, 259 down regulated genes in the three stress conditions) and unique sets of up regulated (1337 genes by drought, 516 genes by heat, and 97 genes by salt stress) and down regulated (2445 genes by drought, 678 genes by heat, and 204 genes by salt stress) differentially expressed genes (DEGs) suggesting common, yet stress-specific transcriptional responses to these three abiotic stressors. Gene Ontology analysis of down regulated DEGs common to both heat and salt stress revealed enrichment of terms associated with "cell population proliferation" suggestive of an impact on the cell cycle by the two stress conditions. To identify shared and unique gene co-expression networks under multiple abiotic stress conditions, weighted gene co-expression network analysis was performed using gene expression profiles from heat, salt, and drought stress treated 'Beauregard' leaves yielding 18 co-expression modules. One module was enriched for "response to water deprivation," "response to abscisic acid," and "nitrate transport" indicating synergetic crosstalk between nitrogen, water, and phytohormones with genes encoding osmotin, cell expansion, and cell wall modification proteins present as key hub genes in this drought-associated module. This research lays the groundwork for exploring to a further degree, mechanisms for abiotic stress tolerance in sweetpotato.

Light-mediated anthocyanin biosynthesis in rose petals involves a balanced regulatory module comprising transcription factors RhHY5, RhMYB114a, and RhMYB3b

Roses are significant botanical species with both ornamental and economic value, displaying diverse floral traits, particularly an extensive array of petal colors. The red pigmentation of rose petals is predominantly attributed to anthocyanin accumulation. However, the underlying regulatory mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis in roses remains elusive. This study presents a novel light-responsive regulatory module governing anthocyanin biosynthesis in rose petals, which involves the transcription factors RhHY5, RhMYB114a, and RhMYB3b. Under light conditions (1000-1500 μmol m-2 s-1), RhHY5 represses RhMYB3b expression and induces RhMYB114a expression, positively regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis in rose petals. Notably, activation of anthocyanin structural genes probably involves an interaction and synergy between RhHY5 and the MYB114a-bHLH3-WD40 complex. Additionally, RhMYB3b is activated by RhMYB114a to prevent excessive accumulation of anthocyanin. Conversely, under low light conditions (<10 μmol m-2 s-1), the degradation of RhHY5 leads to down-regulation of RhMYB114a and up-regulation of RhMYB3b, which in turn inhibits the expression of both RhMYB114a and anthocyanin structural genes. Additionally, RhMYB3b competes with RhMYB114a for binding to RhbHLH3 and the promoters of anthocyanin-related structural genes. Overall, our study uncovers a complex light-mediated regulatory network that governs anthocyanin biosynthesis in rose petals, providing new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying petal color formation in rose.

Overview of fungal terpene synthases and their regulation

Terpenes and terpenoids are a group of isoprene-derived molecules that constitute the largest group of natural products and secondary metabolites produced by living things, with more than 25,000 compounds reported. These compounds are synthesized by enzymes called terpene synthases, which include several families of cyclases and enzymes. These are responsible for adding functional groups to cyclized structures. Fungal terpenoids are of great interest for their pharmacological properties; therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate their synthesis (regulation of the mevalonate pathway, regulation of gene expression, and availability of cofactors) is essential to direct their production. For this reason, this review addresses the detailed study of the biosynthesis of fungal terpenoids and their regulation by various physiological and environmental factors.

Water availability and plant-herbivore interactions

Water is essential to plant growth and drives plant evolution and interactions with other organisms such as herbivores. However, water availability fluctuates, and these fluctuations are intensified by climate change. How plant water availability influences plant-herbivore interactions in the future is an important question in basic and applied ecology. Here we summarize and synthesize the recent discoveries on the impact of water availability on plant antiherbivore defense ecology and the underlying physiological processes. Water deficit tends to enhance plant resistance and escape traits (i.e. early phenology) against herbivory but negatively affects other defense strategies, including indirect defense and tolerance. However, exceptions are sometimes observed in specific plant-herbivore species pairs. We discuss the effect of water availability on species interactions associated with plants and herbivores from individual to community levels and how these interactions drive plant evolution. Although water stress and many other abiotic stresses are predicted to increase in intensity and frequency due to climate change, we identify a significant lack of study on the interactive impact of additional abiotic stressors on water-plant-herbivore interactions. This review summarizes critical knowledge gaps and informs possible future research directions in water-plant-herbivore interactions.

Ethylene and Jasmonates Signaling Network Mediating Secondary Metabolites under Abiotic Stress

Plants are sessile organisms that face environmental threats throughout their life cycle, but increasing global warming poses an even more existential threat. Despite these unfavorable circumstances, plants try to adapt by developing a variety of strategies coordinated by plant hormones, resulting in a stress-specific phenotype. In this context, ethylene and jasmonates (JAs) present a fascinating case of synergism and antagonism. Here, Ethylene Insensitive 3/Ethylene Insensitive-Like Protein1 (EIN3/EIL1) and Jasmonate-Zim Domain (JAZs)-MYC2 of the ethylene and JAs signaling pathways, respectively, appear to act as nodes connecting multiple networks to regulate stress responses, including secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites are multifunctional organic compounds that play crucial roles in stress acclimation of plants. Plants that exhibit high plasticity in their secondary metabolism, which allows them to generate near-infinite chemical diversity through structural and chemical modifications, are likely to have a selective and adaptive advantage, especially in the face of climate change challenges. In contrast, domestication of crop plants has resulted in change or even loss in diversity of phytochemicals, making them significantly more vulnerable to environmental stresses over time. For this reason, there is a need to advance our understanding of the underlying mechanisms by which plant hormones and secondary metabolites respond to abiotic stress. This knowledge may help to improve the adaptability and resilience of plants to changing climatic conditions without compromising yield and productivity. Our aim in this review was to provide a detailed overview of abiotic stress responses mediated by ethylene and JAs and their impact on secondary metabolites.

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of TPS Gene Family in Liriodendron chinense

Terpenoids play a key role in plant growth and development, supporting resistance regulation and terpene synthase (TPS), which is the last link in the synthesis process of terpenoids. Liriodendron chinense, commonly called the Chinese tulip tree, is a rare and endangered tree species of the family Magnoliaceae. However, the genome-wide identification of the TPS gene family and its transcriptional responses to development and abiotic stress are still unclear. In the present study, we identified a total of 58 TPS genes throughout the L. chinense genome. A phylogenetic tree analysis showed that they were clustered into five subfamilies and unevenly distributed across six chromosomes. A cis-acting element analysis indicated that LcTPSs were assumed to be highly responsive to stress hormones, such as methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and abscisic acid (ABA). Consistent with this, transcriptome data showed that most LcTPS genes responded to abiotic stress, such as cold, drought, and hot stress, at the transcriptional level. Further analysis showed that LcTPS genes were expressed in a tissue-dependent manner, especially in buds, leaves, and bark. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis confirmed that LcTPS expression was significantly higher in mature leaves compared to young leaves. These results provide a reference for understanding the function and role of the TPS family, laying a foundation for further study of the regulation of TPS in terpenoid biosynthesis in L. chinense.

Effect of Developmental Stages on Genes Involved in Middle and Downstream Pathway of Volatile Terpene Biosynthesis in Rose Petals

Terpenoids are economically and ecologically important compounds, and they are vital constituents in rose flower fragrance and rose essential oil. The terpene synthase genes (TPSs), trans-prenyltransferases genes (TPTs), NUDX1 are involved in middle and downstream pathway of volatile terpene biosynthesis in rose flowers. We identified 7 complete RcTPTs, 49 complete RcTPSs, and 9 RcNUDX1 genes in the genome of Rosachinensis. During the flower opening process of butterfly rose (Rosachinensis ‘Mutabilis’, MU), nine RcTPSs expressed in the petals of opening MU flowers exhibited two main expression trends, namely high and low, in old and fresh petals. Five short-chain petal-expressed RcTPTs showed expression patterns corresponding to RcTPSs. Analysis of differential volatile terpenes and differential expressed genes indicated that higher emission of geraniol from old MU petals might be related to the RcGPPS expression. Comprehensive analysis of volatile emission, sequence structure, micro-synteny and gene expression suggested that RcTPS18 may encode (E,E)-α-farnesene synthase. These findings may be useful for elucidating the molecular mechanism of terpenoid metabolism in rose and are vital for future studies on terpene regulation.

Functional Analysis of Two Terpene Synthase Genes Isolated from the Flowers of Hosta ‘So Sweet’

The Hosta hybrid cultivar ‘So Sweet’, an important ornamental and widely used horticultural plant, is noted for its rich, fragrant white flowers. The main aroma components of Hosta flowers are terpenoids, mainly monoterpenes. Until now, the terpene synthases responsible for terpene production in Hosta were not described. In this study, two terpene synthase (TPS) genes (HsTPS1 and HsTPS2) were cloned and characterized to further study their function. Furthermore, the volatile terpenes of Hosta ’So Sweet’ in two flower development stages from two in vitro enzyme tests were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). We analyzed the expression levels of two genes at four different developmental stages using quantitative real-time PCR, while localization was analyzed using Nicotina benthamiana leaves. In vitro, the two proteins were identified to mainly produce linalool and nerol. In addition, the active products of the two recombinant proteins were (E,E)-farnesol and (E,E)-farnesal, respectively, using farnesyl pyrophosphate as a substrate. The high expression of HsTPS1 and HsTPS2 was correlated with the release of components of Hosta flowers. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the terpene synthase genes of Hosta species have been isolated and identified, providing an opportunity to study the terpene metabolic pathways in Hosta species.