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Gómez-Gaviria M, García-Carnero LC, Baruch-Martínez DA, Mora-Montes HM. The Emerging Pathogen Candida metapsilosis: Biological Aspects, Virulence Factors, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Infect Drug Resist 2024; 17:171-185. [PMID: 38268929 PMCID: PMC10807450 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s448213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections represent a constant and growing menace to public health. This concern is due to the emergence of new fungal species and the increase in antifungal drug resistance. Mycoses caused by Candida species are among the most common nosocomial infections and are associated with high mortality rates when the infection affects deep-seated organs. Candida metapsilosis is part of the Candida parapsilosis complex and has been described as part of the oral microbiota of healthy individuals. Within the complex, this species is considered the least virulent; however, the prevalence has been increasing in recent years, as well as an increment in the resistance to some antifungal drugs. One of the main concerns of candidiasis caused by this species is the wide range of clinical manifestations, ranging from tissue colonization to superficial infections, and in more severe cases it can spread, which makes diagnosis and treatment difficult. The study of virulence factors of this species is limited, however, proteomic comparisons between species indicate that virulence factors in this species could be similar to those already described for C. albicans. However, differences may exist, taking into account changes in the lifestyle of the species. Here, we provide a detailed review of the current literature about this organism, the caused disease, and some sharing aspects with other members of the complex, focusing on its biology, virulence factors, the host-fungus interaction, the identification, diagnosis, and treatment of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Gómez-Gaviria
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto., México
| | - Laura C García-Carnero
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto., México
| | - Dario A Baruch-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto., México
| | - Héctor M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto., México
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Fusco-Almeida AM, de Matos Silva S, dos Santos KS, de Lima Gualque MW, Vaso CO, Carvalho AR, Medina-Alarcón KP, Pires ACMDS, Belizario JA, de Souza Fernandes L, Moroz A, Martinez LR, Ruiz OH, González Á, Mendes-Giannini MJS. Alternative Non-Mammalian Animal and Cellular Methods for the Study of Host-Fungal Interactions. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:943. [PMID: 37755051 PMCID: PMC10533014 DOI: 10.3390/jof9090943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the study of fungal pathogenesis, alternative methods have gained prominence due to recent global legislation restricting the use of mammalian animals in research. The principle of the 3 Rs (replacement, reduction, and refinement) is integrated into regulations and guidelines governing animal experimentation in nearly all countries. This principle advocates substituting vertebrate animals with other invertebrate organisms, embryos, microorganisms, or cell cultures. This review addresses host-fungus interactions by employing three-dimensional (3D) cultures, which offer more faithful replication of the in vivo environment, and by utilizing alternative animal models to replace traditional mammals. Among these alternative models, species like Caenorhabditis elegans and Danio rerio share approximately 75% of their genes with humans. Furthermore, models such as Galleria mellonella and Tenebrio molitor demonstrate similarities in their innate immune systems as well as anatomical and physiological barriers, resembling those found in mammalian organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marisa Fusco-Almeida
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil; (A.M.F.-A.); (S.d.M.S.); (K.S.d.S.); (M.W.d.L.G.); (C.O.V.); (A.R.C.); (K.P.M.-A.); (A.C.M.d.S.P.); (J.A.B.); (L.d.S.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Samanta de Matos Silva
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil; (A.M.F.-A.); (S.d.M.S.); (K.S.d.S.); (M.W.d.L.G.); (C.O.V.); (A.R.C.); (K.P.M.-A.); (A.C.M.d.S.P.); (J.A.B.); (L.d.S.F.); (A.M.)
- Basic and Applied Microbiology Group (MICROBA), School of Microbiology, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (O.H.R.); (Á.G.)
| | - Kelvin Sousa dos Santos
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil; (A.M.F.-A.); (S.d.M.S.); (K.S.d.S.); (M.W.d.L.G.); (C.O.V.); (A.R.C.); (K.P.M.-A.); (A.C.M.d.S.P.); (J.A.B.); (L.d.S.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Marcos William de Lima Gualque
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil; (A.M.F.-A.); (S.d.M.S.); (K.S.d.S.); (M.W.d.L.G.); (C.O.V.); (A.R.C.); (K.P.M.-A.); (A.C.M.d.S.P.); (J.A.B.); (L.d.S.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Carolina Orlando Vaso
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil; (A.M.F.-A.); (S.d.M.S.); (K.S.d.S.); (M.W.d.L.G.); (C.O.V.); (A.R.C.); (K.P.M.-A.); (A.C.M.d.S.P.); (J.A.B.); (L.d.S.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Angélica Romão Carvalho
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil; (A.M.F.-A.); (S.d.M.S.); (K.S.d.S.); (M.W.d.L.G.); (C.O.V.); (A.R.C.); (K.P.M.-A.); (A.C.M.d.S.P.); (J.A.B.); (L.d.S.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Kaila Petrolina Medina-Alarcón
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil; (A.M.F.-A.); (S.d.M.S.); (K.S.d.S.); (M.W.d.L.G.); (C.O.V.); (A.R.C.); (K.P.M.-A.); (A.C.M.d.S.P.); (J.A.B.); (L.d.S.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Ana Carolina Moreira da Silva Pires
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil; (A.M.F.-A.); (S.d.M.S.); (K.S.d.S.); (M.W.d.L.G.); (C.O.V.); (A.R.C.); (K.P.M.-A.); (A.C.M.d.S.P.); (J.A.B.); (L.d.S.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Jenyffie Araújo Belizario
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil; (A.M.F.-A.); (S.d.M.S.); (K.S.d.S.); (M.W.d.L.G.); (C.O.V.); (A.R.C.); (K.P.M.-A.); (A.C.M.d.S.P.); (J.A.B.); (L.d.S.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Lígia de Souza Fernandes
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil; (A.M.F.-A.); (S.d.M.S.); (K.S.d.S.); (M.W.d.L.G.); (C.O.V.); (A.R.C.); (K.P.M.-A.); (A.C.M.d.S.P.); (J.A.B.); (L.d.S.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Andrei Moroz
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil; (A.M.F.-A.); (S.d.M.S.); (K.S.d.S.); (M.W.d.L.G.); (C.O.V.); (A.R.C.); (K.P.M.-A.); (A.C.M.d.S.P.); (J.A.B.); (L.d.S.F.); (A.M.)
| | - Luis R. Martinez
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Center for Immunology and Transplantation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Orville Hernandez Ruiz
- Basic and Applied Microbiology Group (MICROBA), School of Microbiology, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (O.H.R.); (Á.G.)
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Group University of Antioquia, Corporation for Biological Research, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - Ángel González
- Basic and Applied Microbiology Group (MICROBA), School of Microbiology, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia; (O.H.R.); (Á.G.)
| | - Maria José Soares Mendes-Giannini
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil; (A.M.F.-A.); (S.d.M.S.); (K.S.d.S.); (M.W.d.L.G.); (C.O.V.); (A.R.C.); (K.P.M.-A.); (A.C.M.d.S.P.); (J.A.B.); (L.d.S.F.); (A.M.)
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3
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Camaioni L, Lambert D, Sendid B, Billamboz M, Jawhara S. Antifungal Properties of Hydrazine-Based Compounds against Candida albicans. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1043. [PMID: 37370362 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12061043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans, an opportunistic yeast, is the most common cause of fungal infection. In the past decade, there has been an increase in C. albicans resistance to existing antifungal drugs, which has necessitated the development of new antifungal agents. In the present study, screening 60 compounds from the JUNIA chemical library enabled us to explore an additional 11 hybrid compounds that contain pyrrolidinone rings and hydrazine moieties for their potential antifungal activities. This chemical series was identified with fair to excellent antifungal activities. Among this series, three molecules (Hyd.H, Hyd.OCH3, and Hyd.Cl) significantly reduced C. albicans viability, with rapid fungicidal activity. In addition, these three compounds exhibited significant antifungal activity against clinically isolated fluconazole- or caspofungin-resistant C. albicans strains. Hyd.H, Hyd.OCH3, and Hyd.Cl did not show any cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines up to a concentration of 50 µg/mL and decreased Candida biofilm formation, with a significant reduction of 60% biofilm formation with Hyd.OCH3. In an infection model of Caenorhabditis elegans with C. albicans, hydrazine-based compounds significantly reduced nematode mortality. Overall, fungicidal activity was observed for Hyd.H, Hyd.OCH3, and Hyd.Cl against C. albicans, and these compounds protected C. elegans from C. albicans infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Camaioni
- CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, INSERM U1285, F-59000 Lille, France
- Medicine Faculty, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Service de Parasitologie Mycologie, Pôle de Biologie Pathologie Génétique, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Dylan Lambert
- CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, INSERM U1285, F-59000 Lille, France
- Medicine Faculty, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Service de Parasitologie Mycologie, Pôle de Biologie Pathologie Génétique, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Boualem Sendid
- CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, INSERM U1285, F-59000 Lille, France
- Medicine Faculty, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Service de Parasitologie Mycologie, Pôle de Biologie Pathologie Génétique, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Muriel Billamboz
- INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1167-RID-AGE-Facteurs de Risque et Déterminants Moléculaires des Maladies Liées au Vieillissement, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- JUNIA, Health and Environment, Laboratory of Sustainable Chemistry and Health, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Samir Jawhara
- CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, INSERM U1285, F-59000 Lille, France
- Medicine Faculty, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Service de Parasitologie Mycologie, Pôle de Biologie Pathologie Génétique, F-59000 Lille, France
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Juxtaposing Caenorhabditis elegans-Pathogenic Mould Model with Other Models; How Reliable Is This Nematode Model? A Mini Review. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:105. [PMID: 36790616 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03209-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The application of Caenorhabditis elegans as a pathogenic model has spanned decades. Its use for pathogenic mould modeling has been attracting some attention lately, though not without some reservations. Several studies have shown C. elegans to be a reliable model for evaluating moulds' virulence factors and patterns as well as for screening the pathogenicity of mutant strains alongside their parental/wild type and revertant/complementary strains. There is a very high degree of reported similarities between the virulence patterns demonstrated in C. elegans and those of other invertebrate and vertebrate models. We have here presented several works in which this nematode model was adopted for virulence evaluation, and other comparative research in which virulence in C. elegans model were juxtaposed with other models. We have further presented possible reasons why there might have been variations of virulence in a few cases, thereby validating C. elegans to be an effective and reliable tool in the study of pathogenic moulds.
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Mena L, Billamboz M, Charlet R, Desprès B, Sendid B, Ghinet A, Jawhara S. Two New Compounds Containing Pyridinone or Triazine Heterocycles Have Antifungal Properties against Candida albicans. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11010072. [PMID: 35052949 PMCID: PMC8773291 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Candidiasis, caused by the opportunistic yeast Candida albicans, is the most common fungal infection today. Resistance of C. albicans to current antifungal drugs has emerged over the past decade leading to the need for novel antifungal agents. Our aim was to select new antifungal compounds by library-screening methods and to assess their antifungal effects against C. albicans. After screening 90 potential antifungal compounds from JUNIA, a chemical library, two compounds, 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-((4-chlorophenyl)amino)-3,6-dimethylpyridin-2(1H)-one (PYR) and (Z)-N-(2-(4,6-dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)vinyl)-4-methoxyaniline (TRI), were identified as having potential antifungal activity. Treatment with PYR and TRI resulted in a significant reduction of C. albicans bioluminescence as well as the number of fungal colonies, indicating rapid fungicidal activity. These two compounds were also effective against clinically isolated fluconazole- or caspofungin-resistant C. albicans strains. PYR and TRI had an inhibitory effect on Candida biofilm formation and reduced the thickness of the mannan cell wall. In a Caenorhabditis elegans infection model, PYR and TRI decreased the mortality of nematodes infected with C. albicans and enhanced the expression of antimicrobial genes that promote C. albicans elimination. Overall, PYR and TRI showed antifungal properties against C. albicans by exerting fungicidal activities and enhancing the antimicrobial gene expression of Caenorhabditis elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mena
- UMR 8576—UGSF—Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1285, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (L.M.); (R.C.); (B.D.); (B.S.)
- Medicine Faculty, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Service de Parasitologie Mycologie, Pôle de Biologie Pathologie Génétique, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Muriel Billamboz
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167—RID-AGE—Facteurs de Risque et Déterminants Moléculaires des Maladies Liées au Vieillissement, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (M.B.); (A.G.)
- JUNIA, Health and Environment, Laboratory of Sustainable Chemistry and Health, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Rogatien Charlet
- UMR 8576—UGSF—Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1285, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (L.M.); (R.C.); (B.D.); (B.S.)
- Medicine Faculty, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Service de Parasitologie Mycologie, Pôle de Biologie Pathologie Génétique, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Bérangère Desprès
- UMR 8576—UGSF—Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1285, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (L.M.); (R.C.); (B.D.); (B.S.)
- Medicine Faculty, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Service de Parasitologie Mycologie, Pôle de Biologie Pathologie Génétique, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Boualem Sendid
- UMR 8576—UGSF—Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1285, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (L.M.); (R.C.); (B.D.); (B.S.)
- Medicine Faculty, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Service de Parasitologie Mycologie, Pôle de Biologie Pathologie Génétique, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Alina Ghinet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167—RID-AGE—Facteurs de Risque et Déterminants Moléculaires des Maladies Liées au Vieillissement, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (M.B.); (A.G.)
- JUNIA, Health and Environment, Laboratory of Sustainable Chemistry and Health, F-59000 Lille, France
- Faculty of Chemistry, ‘Alexandru Ioan Cuza’ University of Iasi, Bd. Carol I, nr. 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Samir Jawhara
- UMR 8576—UGSF—Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1285, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (L.M.); (R.C.); (B.D.); (B.S.)
- Medicine Faculty, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Service de Parasitologie Mycologie, Pôle de Biologie Pathologie Génétique, F-59000 Lille, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)3-2062-3546; Fax: +33-(0)3-2062-3416
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Ahamefule CS, Ezeuduji BC, Ogbonna JC, Moneke AN, Ike AC, Jin C, Wang B, Fang W. Caenorhabditis elegans as an Infection Model for Pathogenic Mold and Dimorphic Fungi: Applications and Challenges. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:751947. [PMID: 34722339 PMCID: PMC8554291 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.751947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The threat burden from pathogenic fungi is universal and increasing with alarming high mortality and morbidity rates from invasive fungal infections. Understanding the virulence factors of these fungi, screening effective antifungal agents and exploring appropriate treatment approaches in in vivo modeling organisms are vital research projects for controlling mycoses. Caenorhabditis elegans has been proven to be a valuable tool in studies of most clinically relevant dimorphic fungi, helping to identify a number of virulence factors and immune-regulators and screen effective antifungal agents without cytotoxic effects. However, little has been achieved and reported with regard to pathogenic filamentous fungi (molds) in the nematode model. In this review, we have summarized the enormous breakthrough of applying a C. elegans infection model for dimorphic fungi studies and the very few reports for filamentous fungi. We have also identified and discussed the challenges in C. elegans-mold modeling applications as well as the possible approaches to conquer these challenges from our practical knowledge in C. elegans-Aspergillus fumigatus model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwuemeka Samson Ahamefule
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China.,Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | | | - James C Ogbonna
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Anene N Moneke
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Anthony C Ike
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Cheng Jin
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Bin Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China.,State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Wenxia Fang
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China.,State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, China
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7
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Wang W, Li S, Heng X, Chu W. Weissella confusa CGMCC 19,308 Strain Protects Against Oxidative Stress, Increases Lifespan, and Bacterial Disease Resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 14:121-129. [PMID: 34037943 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09799-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activity of Weissella confusa CGMCC 19,308 and its influence on longevity and host defense against Salmonella Typhimurium of Caenorhabditis elegans. The CFCS (cell-free culture supernatant) of W. confusa CGMCC 19,308 possessed DPPH radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide anion scavenging activity. The lifespan of the C. elegans fed W. confusa CGMCC 19,308 was significantly (p < 0.001) longer than that of worms fed Escherichia coli OP50. Moreover, worms fed W. confusa CGMCC 19,308 were more resistant to oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide and S. Typhimurium infection. RNA-seq analysis showed that the most significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in C. elegans fed with W. confusa CGMCC 19,308 were mainly col genes (col-43, col-2, col-40, col-155, col-37), glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-related genes (gst-44, gst-9, gst-17, gst-18, gstk-2), cnc-9 (immune-related gene), and sod-5 (superoxide dismutase). These results indicated that cuticle collagen synthesis, immunity, and antioxidant defense (AOD) system of C. elegans were affected after being fed with W. confusa CGMCC 19,308 instead of E. coli OP50. Our study suggested W. confusa CGMCC 19,308 had the antioxidant activity and could prolong lifespan and enhance the host defense against S. Typhimurium of C. elegans. This study provided new evidences for the W. confusa CGMCC 19,308 as a potential probiotic candidate for anti-aging and anti-bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Shipo Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xing Heng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Weihua Chu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Scorzoni L, Alves de Paula e Silva AC, de Oliveira HC, Tavares dos Santos C, de Lacorte Singulani J, Akemi Assato P, Maria Marcos C, Teodoro Oliveira L, Ferreira Fregonezi N, Rossi DCP, Buffoni Roque da Silva L, Pelleschi Taborda C, Fusco-Almeida AM, Soares Mendes-Giannini MJ. In Vitro and In Vivo Effect of Peptides Derived from 14-3-3 Paracoccidioides spp. Protein. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7010052. [PMID: 33451062 PMCID: PMC7828505 DOI: 10.3390/jof7010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a chronic disease that causes sequelae and requires prolonged treatment; therefore, new therapeutic approaches are necessary. In view of this, three peptides from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 14-3-3 protein were selected based on its immunogenicity and therapeutic potential. Methods: The in vitro antifungal activity and cytotoxicity of the 14-3-3 peptides were evaluated. The influence of the peptides in immunological and survival aspects was evaluated in vivo, using Galleria mellonella and the expression of antimicrobial peptide genes in Caenorhabditis elegans. Results: None of the peptides were toxic to HaCaT (skin keratinocyte), MRC-5 (lung fibroblast), and A549 (pneumocyte) cell lines, and only P1 exhibited antifungal activity against Paracoccidioides spp. The peptides could induce an immune response in G. mellonella. Moreover, the peptides caused a delay in the death of Paracoccidioides spp. infected larvae. Regarding C. elegans, the three peptides were able to increase the expression of the antimicrobial peptides. These peptides had essential effects on different aspects of Paracoccidioides spp. infection showing potential for a therapeutic vaccine. Future studies using mammalian methods are necessary to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Scorzoni
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil; (L.S.); (A.C.A.d.P.eS.); (H.C.d.O.); (C.T.d.S.); (J.d.L.S.); (P.A.A.); (C.M.M.); (L.T.O.); (N.F.F.); (A.M.F.-A.)
| | - Ana Carolina Alves de Paula e Silva
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil; (L.S.); (A.C.A.d.P.eS.); (H.C.d.O.); (C.T.d.S.); (J.d.L.S.); (P.A.A.); (C.M.M.); (L.T.O.); (N.F.F.); (A.M.F.-A.)
| | - Haroldo Cesar de Oliveira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil; (L.S.); (A.C.A.d.P.eS.); (H.C.d.O.); (C.T.d.S.); (J.d.L.S.); (P.A.A.); (C.M.M.); (L.T.O.); (N.F.F.); (A.M.F.-A.)
| | - Claudia Tavares dos Santos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil; (L.S.); (A.C.A.d.P.eS.); (H.C.d.O.); (C.T.d.S.); (J.d.L.S.); (P.A.A.); (C.M.M.); (L.T.O.); (N.F.F.); (A.M.F.-A.)
| | - Junya de Lacorte Singulani
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil; (L.S.); (A.C.A.d.P.eS.); (H.C.d.O.); (C.T.d.S.); (J.d.L.S.); (P.A.A.); (C.M.M.); (L.T.O.); (N.F.F.); (A.M.F.-A.)
| | - Patricia Akemi Assato
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil; (L.S.); (A.C.A.d.P.eS.); (H.C.d.O.); (C.T.d.S.); (J.d.L.S.); (P.A.A.); (C.M.M.); (L.T.O.); (N.F.F.); (A.M.F.-A.)
| | - Caroline Maria Marcos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil; (L.S.); (A.C.A.d.P.eS.); (H.C.d.O.); (C.T.d.S.); (J.d.L.S.); (P.A.A.); (C.M.M.); (L.T.O.); (N.F.F.); (A.M.F.-A.)
| | - Lariane Teodoro Oliveira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil; (L.S.); (A.C.A.d.P.eS.); (H.C.d.O.); (C.T.d.S.); (J.d.L.S.); (P.A.A.); (C.M.M.); (L.T.O.); (N.F.F.); (A.M.F.-A.)
| | - Nathália Ferreira Fregonezi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil; (L.S.); (A.C.A.d.P.eS.); (H.C.d.O.); (C.T.d.S.); (J.d.L.S.); (P.A.A.); (C.M.M.); (L.T.O.); (N.F.F.); (A.M.F.-A.)
| | - Diego Conrado Pereira Rossi
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (D.C.P.R.); (L.B.R.d.S.); (C.P.T.)
| | - Leandro Buffoni Roque da Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (D.C.P.R.); (L.B.R.d.S.); (C.P.T.)
| | - Carlos Pelleschi Taborda
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (D.C.P.R.); (L.B.R.d.S.); (C.P.T.)
| | - Ana Marisa Fusco-Almeida
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil; (L.S.); (A.C.A.d.P.eS.); (H.C.d.O.); (C.T.d.S.); (J.d.L.S.); (P.A.A.); (C.M.M.); (L.T.O.); (N.F.F.); (A.M.F.-A.)
| | - Maria José Soares Mendes-Giannini
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil; (L.S.); (A.C.A.d.P.eS.); (H.C.d.O.); (C.T.d.S.); (J.d.L.S.); (P.A.A.); (C.M.M.); (L.T.O.); (N.F.F.); (A.M.F.-A.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model System To Assess Candida glabrata, Candida nivariensis, and Candida bracarensis Virulence and Antifungal Efficacy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00824-20. [PMID: 32718968 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00824-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Candida albicans remains the major etiological agent of invasive candidiasis, Candida glabrata and other emerging species of Candida are increasingly isolated. This species is the second most prevalent cause of candidiasis in many regions of the world. However, clinical isolates of Candida nivariensis and Candida bracarensis can be misidentified and are underdiagnosed due to phenotypic traits shared with C. glabrata Little is known about the two cryptic species. Therefore, pathogenesis studies are needed to understand their virulence traits and their susceptibility to antifungal drugs. The susceptibility of Caenorhabditis elegans to different Candida species makes this nematode an excellent model for assessing host-fungus interactions. We evaluated the usefulness of C. elegans as a nonconventional host model to analyze the virulence of C. glabrata, C. nivariensis, and C. bracarensis The three species caused candidiasis, and the highest virulence of C. glabrata was confirmed. Furthermore, we determined the efficacy of current antifungal drugs against the infection caused by these species in the C. elegans model. Amphotericin B and azoles showed the highest activity against C. glabrata and C. bracarensis infections, while echinocandins were more active for treating those caused by C. nivariensis C. elegans proved to be a useful model system for assessing the pathogenicity of these closely related species.
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Poupet C, Veisseire P, Bonnet M, Camarès O, Gachinat M, Dausset C, Chassard C, Nivoliez A, Bornes S. Curative Treatment of Candidiasis by the Live Biotherapeutic Microorganism Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lcr35 ® in the Invertebrate Model Caenorhabditis elegans: First Mechanistic Insights. Microorganisms 2019; 8:microorganisms8010034. [PMID: 31878039 PMCID: PMC7022838 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The resistance of Candida albicans to conventional drug treatments, as well as the recurrence phenomena due to dysbiosis caused by antifungal treatments, have highlighted the need to implement new therapeutic methodologies. The antifungal potential of live biotherapeutic products (LBP) has already been demonstrated using preclinical models (cell cultures, laboratory animals). Understanding their mechanisms of action is strategic for the development of new therapeutics for humans. In this study, we investigated the curative anti-C. albicans properties of Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lcr35® using the in vitro Caco-2 cell and the in vivo Caenorhabditis elegans models. We showed that Lcr35® does inhibit neither the growth (p = 0.603) nor the biofilm formation (p = 0.869) of C. albicans in vitro. Lcr35® protects the animal from the fungal infection (+225% of survival, p < 2 × 10–16) even if the yeast is detectable in its intestine. In contrast, the Lcr35® cell-free supernatant does not appear to have any antipathogenic effect. At the mechanistic level, the DAF-16/Forkhead Box O transcription factor is activated by Lcr35® and genes of the p38 MAP Kinase signaling pathway and genes involved in the antifungal response are upregulated in presence of Lcr35® after C. albicans infection. These results suggest that the LBM strain acts by stimulating its host via DAF-16 and the p38 MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Poupet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMRF, 15000 Aurillac, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)4-43-79-11-29
| | - Philippe Veisseire
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMRF, 15000 Aurillac, France
| | - Muriel Bonnet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMRF, 15000 Aurillac, France
| | - Olivier Camarès
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMRF, 15000 Aurillac, France
| | - Marylise Gachinat
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMRF, 15000 Aurillac, France
| | - Caroline Dausset
- Biose Industrie, 24 avenue Georges Pompidou, 15000 Aurillac, France
| | - Christophe Chassard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMRF, 15000 Aurillac, France
| | - Adrien Nivoliez
- Biose Industrie, 24 avenue Georges Pompidou, 15000 Aurillac, France
| | - Stéphanie Bornes
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMRF, 15000 Aurillac, France
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11
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Poupet C, Saraoui T, Veisseire P, Bonnet M, Dausset C, Gachinat M, Camarès O, Chassard C, Nivoliez A, Bornes S. Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lcr35 as an effective treatment for preventing Candida albicans infection in the invertebrate model Caenorhabditis elegans: First mechanistic insights. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216184. [PMID: 31693670 PMCID: PMC6834333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased recurrence of Candida albicans infections is associated with greater resistance to antifungal drugs. This involves the establishment of alternative therapeutic protocols, such as probiotic microorganisms whose antifungal potential has already been demonstrated using preclinical models (cell cultures, laboratory animals). Understanding the mechanisms of action of probiotic microorganisms has become a strategic need for the development of new therapeutics for humans. In this study, we investigated the prophylactic anti-C. albicans properties of Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lcr35® using the in vitro Caco-2 cell model and the in vivo Caenorhabditis elegans model. In Caco-2 cells, we showed that the strain Lcr35® significantly inhibited the growth (~2 log CFU.mL-1) and adhesion (150 to 6,300 times less) of the pathogen. Moreover, in addition to having a pro-longevity activity in the nematode (+42.9%, p = 3.56.10-6), Lcr35® protects the animal from the fungal infection (+267% of survival, p < 2.10-16) even if the yeast is still detectable in its intestine. At the mechanistic level, we noticed the repression of genes of the p38 MAPK signalling pathway and genes involved in the antifungal response induced by Lcr35®, suggesting that the pathogen no longer appears to be detected by the worm immune system. However, the DAF-16/FOXO transcription factor, implicated in the longevity and antipathogenic response of C. elegans, is activated by Lcr35®. These results suggest that the probiotic strain acts by stimulating its host via DAF-16 but also by suppressing the virulence of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Poupet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, Aurillac, France
| | - Taous Saraoui
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, Aurillac, France
| | | | - Muriel Bonnet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, Aurillac, France
| | | | | | - Olivier Camarès
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, Aurillac, France
| | | | | | - Stéphanie Bornes
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, VetAgro Sup, Aurillac, France
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12
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Zoppo M, Luca MD, Villarreal SN, Poma N, Barrasa MI, Bottai D, Vyas VK, Tavanti A. A CRISPR/Cas9-based strategy to simultaneously inactivate the entire ALS gene family in Candida orthopsilosis. Future Microbiol 2019; 14:1383-1396. [PMID: 31659913 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: In this study, the CRISPR gene-editing approach was used to simultaneously inactivate all three members of the ALS gene family in the opportunistic pathogen Candida orthopsilosis. Materials & methods: Using a single gRNA and repair template, CRISPR-edited clones were successfully generated in a one-step process in both C. orthopsilosis reference and clinical strains. Results: The phenotypic characterization of the ALS triple-edited strains revealed no impact on growth in liquid or solid media. However, pseudohyphal formation and the ability to adhere to human buccal epithelial cells were significantly decreased in triple-edited clones. Conclusion: Our CRISPR/Cas9 system is a powerful tool for simultaneous editing of fungal gene families, which greatly accelerates the generation of multiple gene-edited Candida strains. Data deposition: Nucleotide sequence data are available in the GenBank databases under the accession numbers MK875971, MK875972, MK875973, MK875974, MK875975, MK875976, MK875977.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Zoppo
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | | | | | - Noemi Poma
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | | | - Daria Bottai
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Valmik K Vyas
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Arianna Tavanti
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, 56127, Italy
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13
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Caenorhabditis elegans as a model animal for investigating fungal pathogenesis. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 209:1-13. [PMID: 31555911 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00635-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The morbidity and mortality associated with systemic fungal infections in humans cannot be underestimated. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has become popular for the in vivo study of the pathogenesis of human fungal pathogens and as an antifungal drug-screening tool. C. elegans offers many advantages as a model organism for the study of human fungal diseases, including lack of ethics requirements, easy maintenance in the laboratory, fully sequenced genome, availability of genetic mutants, and the possibility of liquid assays for high-throughput antifungal screening. Its major drawbacks include the inability to grow at 37 °C and absence of an adaptive immune response. However, several virulence factors involved in the pathogenesis of medically important fungal pathogens have been identified using the C. elegans model, consequently providing new leads for drug discovery and potential drug targets. We review the use of C. elegans as a model animal to understand the pathogenesis of medically important human fungal pathogens and the discovery of novel antifungal compounds. The review makes a case for C. elegans as a suitable invertebrate model for a plethora of practical applications in the investigation of fungal pathogenesis as well as its amenability for liquid-based high-throughput screening of potential antifungal compounds.
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Special Issue: Fungal Pathogenesis in Humans: The Growing Threat. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10020136. [PMID: 30759890 PMCID: PMC6409907 DOI: 10.3390/genes10020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 150 fungal species are considered as primary pathogens of humans and animals[...].
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Elkabti AB, Issi L, Rao RP. Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model Host to Monitor the Candida Infection Processes. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:E123. [PMID: 30405043 PMCID: PMC6309157 DOI: 10.3390/jof4040123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
C. elegans has several advantages as an experimental host for the study of infectious diseases. Worms are easily maintained and propagated on bacterial lawns. The worms can be frozen for long term storage and still maintain viability years later. Their short generation time and large brood size of thousands of worms grown on a single petri dish, makes it relatively easy to maintain at a low cost. The typical wild type adult worm grows to approximately 1.5 mm in length and are transparent, allowing for the identification of several internal organs using an affordable dissecting microscope. A large collection of loss of function mutant strains are readily available from the C. elegans genetic stock center, making targeted genetic studies in the nematode possible. Here we describe ways in which this facile model host has been used to study Candida albicans, an opportunistic fungal pathogen that poses a serious public health threat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luca Issi
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA.
| | - Reeta P Rao
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA.
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Singulani JL, Scorzoni L, de Oliveira HC, Marcos CM, Assato PA, Fusco-Almeida AM, Mendes-Giannini MJS. Applications of Invertebrate Animal Models to Dimorphic Fungal Infections. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:jof4040118. [PMID: 30347646 PMCID: PMC6308930 DOI: 10.3390/jof4040118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dimorphic fungi can be found in the yeast form during infection and as hyphae in the environment and are responsible for a large number of infections worldwide. Invertebrate animals have been shown to be convenient models in the study of fungal infections. These models have the advantages of being low cost, have no ethical issues, and an ease of experimentation, time-efficiency, and the possibility of using a large number of animals per experiment compared to mammalian models. Invertebrate animal models such as Galleria mellonella, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Acanthamoebacastellanii have been used to study dimorphic fungal infections in the context of virulence, innate immune response, and the efficacy and toxicity of antifungal agents. In this review, we first summarize the features of these models. In this aspect, the growth temperature, genome sequence, availability of different strains, and body characteristics should be considered in the model choice. Finally, we discuss the contribution and advances of these models, with respect to dimorphic fungi Paracoccidioides spp., Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Sporothrix spp., and Talaromyces marneffei (Penicillium marneffei).
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya L Singulani
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Liliana Scorzoni
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Haroldo C de Oliveira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Caroline M Marcos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Patricia A Assato
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil.
| | - Ana Marisa Fusco-Almeida
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil.
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