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Malakar B, Roy SK, Mondal MH, Roy A. Stone mining work and dust pollution in Birbhum district, West Bengal, India. Toxicol Ind Health 2024; 40:185-193. [PMID: 38349026 DOI: 10.1177/07482337241233310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Dust pollution is common in Indian roads and several industrial settings (including mines) that affects human health. Identification and characterization of the dust particles in the mining area is essential for knowing the properties of the dust that effectively causes ailments to humans, particularly among workers those who are working in unorganized industrial settings. The present study aimed to determine the level of dust pollution and to know the size and characterize the dust particles in the Pachami-Hatgacha stone mine areas of Birbhum district, West Bengal, India. Dust samples were collected and analysed for Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) to determine the size and shape of the particles, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) to determine the free silica content, and X-ray Florence (XRF) analysis for quantitative estimation of components in the sample. All the analyses were done following standard instrumentation and techniques. The size of the dust particles was much less (ranges 101-298 nm) than the size of respirable particles (2500 nm). Those were mostly generated as well as precipitated during peak working hours of the day. Presence of considerable amounts of silica was confirmed by the FT-IR (strong and broad band at 1000 cm-1) and XRF analysis (76.85% SiO2). Exposure to these dust particles may cause severe health impairments. Therefore, interventions like wet drilling and blasting, sprinkling of water during peak working hours, and awareness of use of personal protective devices among workers are required to reduce the risk and hazards associated with dust pollution to the health of miners and inhabitants around the mines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswanath Malakar
- Department of Anthropology, Government General Degree College Singur, India
| | - Subrata K Roy
- Biological Anthropology Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Ankit Roy
- Geological Survey of India, Kolkata, India
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Stewart AG, Shepherd W, Jarvis R, Ghebrehewet S. Environmental Public Health practice: designing and delivering a locally desirable service. Public Health 2023; 221:150-159. [PMID: 37454405 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2023.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We reviewed environmental public health practice at a local level (roles, responsibilities, interaction with partner agencies) to establish what and how an integrated approach to the service, as found in Cheshire and Merseyside, North West England, should be delivered, if at all, and at what footprint. STUDY DESIGN Mixed methods approach. METHODS We triangulated: qualitative interviews with relevant professionals to gain an in-depth understanding of their interest and vision for any health protection input to health risks and outcomes from environmental issues; an electronic questionnaire assessing experience, interest, vision and comfort zones of a wider range of professionals involved in environmental health issues; a half-day workshop to review study findings and agree ways forward. RESULTS Stakeholders value their local health protection team's input, but environmental public-health knowledge and skills also exist in local authority teams. Regional health protection teams can provide environmental public-health expertise to local partners and agencies. They harness national input and evidence with local frontline professionals practice, enabling locally grounded approaches, integrating science into local contexts, to answer difficult, often incorrigible, problems. CONCLUSIONS Specialist leadership by experienced Consultants in Health Protection is of value to local authority public health and environmental teams and should be based on a footprint that is appropriate to enhance local relationships without compromising available expert knowledge and skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Stewart
- Consultant in Health Protection, North West Health Protection Team, Public Health England, Liverpool, L3 1DS, UK.
| | - W Shepherd
- Consultant in Health Protection, North West Health Protection Team, Public Health England, Liverpool, L3 1DS, UK.
| | - R Jarvis
- Consultant in Health Protection, North West Health Protection Team, Public Health England, Liverpool, L3 1DS, UK.
| | - S Ghebrehewet
- Consultant in Health Protection, North West Health Protection Team, Public Health England, Liverpool, L3 1DS, UK.
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Pace R, Liberati D, Sconocchia P, De Angelis P. Lead transfer into the vegetation layer growing naturally in a Pb-contaminated site. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:2321-2329. [PMID: 31598822 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00429-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The lead was one of the main elements in the glazes used to colour ceramic tiles. Due to its presence, ceramic sludge has been a source of environmental pollution since this dangerous waste has been often spread into the soil without any measures of pollution control. These contaminated sites are often located close to industrial sites in the peri-urban areas, thus representing a considerable hazard to the human and ecosystem health. In this study, we investigated the lead transfer into the vegetation layer (Phragmites australis, Salix alba and Sambucus nigra) growing naturally along a Pb-contaminated ditch bank. The analysis showed a different lead accumulation among the species and their plant tissues. Salix trees were not affected by the Pb contamination, possibly because their roots mainly develop below the contaminated deposit. Differently, Sambucus accumulated high concentrations of lead in all plant tissues and fruits, representing a potential source of biomagnification. Phragmites accumulated large amounts of lead in the rhizomes and, considering its homogeneous distribution on the site, was used to map the contamination. Analysing the Pb concentration within plant tissues, we got at the same time information about the spread, the history of the contamination and the relative risks. Finally, we discussed the role of natural recolonizing plants for the soil pollution mitigation and their capacity on decreasing soil erosion and water run-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Pace
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research - Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.
| | - Dario Liberati
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis s.n.c., 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Paolo Sconocchia
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis s.n.c., 01100, Viterbo, Italy
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection of Umbria (ARPA Umbria), Via Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa 32, 05100, Terni, Italy
| | - Paolo De Angelis
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis s.n.c., 01100, Viterbo, Italy
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Cuevas J, González-Santamaría DE, García-Delgado C, Ruiz A, Garralón A, Ruiz AI, Fernández R, Eymar E, Jiménez-Ballesta R. Impact of a tire fire accident on soil pollution and the use of clay minerals as natural geo-indicators. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:2147-2161. [PMID: 31848783 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00485-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Following the occurrence of a fire at a tire landfill in the surrounding area of Madrid City (Spain), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and trace elements present in soils were analyzed to assess the impact of the fire. The capacity of the soils' clay mineral fraction to reflect this air pollution incident was studied. Fourteen soil samples were collected at different distances under the smoke plume, and they were subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and X-ray diffraction analyses. Clay minerals content showed a strong correlation with the pollutants potentially released in the tire fire, acenaphthene, pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(a)fluoranthene. Trace metals Zn and Se were related to the proximity of the tire fire without any relationship with clay minerals content. This work suggests the use of natural clay minerals as potential PAHs geo-indicators in response to air pollution, complementary to current air and biological analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Cuevas
- Department of Geology and Geochemistry, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carlos García-Delgado
- Department of Geology and Geochemistry, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aitor Ruiz
- Department of Geology and Geochemistry, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Garralón
- Department of Environmental, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense, 22, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I Ruiz
- Department of Geology and Geochemistry, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Fernández
- Department of Geology and Geochemistry, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Eymar
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Sciences, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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Stojanovic J, Wübbeler M, Geis S, Reviriego E, Gutiérrez-Ibarluzea I, Lenoir-Wijnkoop I. Evaluating Public Health Interventions: A Neglected Area in Health Technology Assessment. Front Public Health 2020; 8:106. [PMID: 32391300 PMCID: PMC7188782 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Public health (PH) interventions are crucial for ensuring sustainable healthcare services. Nevertheless, they represent a neglected area in the field of health technology assessment (HTA) due to various methodological issues and their complex design that goes beyond clinical setting. The present study provides an environmental scan of HTA initiatives related to the assessment of PH technologies on a global level. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey among 85 HTA-related European and international societies, health bodies, and networks from September 2018 to January 2019. The questionnaire contained four sections and 18 questions regarding activities related to the evaluation of PH technologies, information on existing PH technologies, and methodologies of assessment as well as barriers and facilitators to reaching a decision and implementing a PH technology. Results: Among 52 survey responses, the majority of the respondents came from European countries (35%), followed by North American (27%), and South American (19%) countries. The main type of organizations covered by our survey included HTA agencies, public administrations, and research institutes. Seventy-one % of the institutions reported engagement in any aspect of HTA in the area of PH (N = 37). Among those, 81% evaluated less than 5 PH technologies from 2013 to 2018. The most common barriers for reaching a decision on PH technologies were lack of data, conflicting stakeholder priorities, and methodological issues. A total of 76 PH interventions were reported, and most cited initiatives were related to chronic disease screening, prevention of infectious diseases, and maternal, prenatal, and neonatal screening. Conclusion: Our survey reported a rather limited involvement of HTA in the evaluation of PH technologies. In particular, an evaluation of behavioral and lifestyle interventions remains extremely rare. The implementation of collaborative HTA approaches in the setting of PH practice and policy needs to be prioritized and further strengthened. Moreover, ensuring reliable data structures and consolidation of HTA methods for the evaluation of PH technologies will be crucial for tackling the enormous burden of non-communicable diseases in societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Stojanovic
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Montreal Behavioural Medicine Centre, CIUSSS du Nord-De-L'Île-De-Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Markus Wübbeler
- Department of Nursing Science, Hochschule für Gesundheit-University of Applied Sciences, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sebastian Geis
- Department of Nursing Science, Hochschule für Gesundheit-University of Applied Sciences, Bochum, Germany
| | - Eva Reviriego
- Osteba, Basque Office for Technology Assessment, Basque Foundation for Health Innovation and Research (BIOEF), Bilbao, Spain
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Stewart AG. Mining is bad for health: a voyage of discovery. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:1153-1165. [PMID: 31289975 PMCID: PMC7225204 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00367-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mining continues to be a dangerous activity, whether large-scale industrial mining or small-scale artisanal mining. Not only are there accidents, but exposure to dust and toxins, along with stress from the working environment or managerial pressures, give rise to a range of diseases that affect miners. I look at mining and health from various personal perspectives: that of the ordinary man (much of life depends on mined elements in the house, car and phone); as a member of the Society for Environmental Geochemistry and Health (environmental contamination and degradation leads to ill health in nearby communities); as a public health doctor (mining health is affected by many factors, usually acting in a mix, ranging from individual inheritance-genetic makeup, sex, age; personal choices-diet, lifestyle; living conditions-employment, war; social support-family, local community; environmental conditions-education, work; to national and international constraints-trade, economy, natural world); as a volunteer (mining health costs are not restricted to miners or industry but borne by everyone who partakes of mining benefits-all of us); and as a lay preacher (the current global economy concentrates on profit at the expense of the health of miners). Partnership working by academics with communities, government and industry should develop evidence-based solutions. Employment, health, economic stability and environmental protection need not be mutually exclusive. We all need to act.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex G Stewart
- College of Life and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK.
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Liu Y, Sun Y, Hao J, Wang W, Song Y, Zhou Z. Interface Bonding Properties and Mechanism of Poplar Board-Veneered Wood Fiber/Polypropylene Composites with Chlorinated Polypropylene Films as an Intermediate Layer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:13934-13941. [PMID: 31571491 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It is difficult to decorate wood plastic composites with wood veneer because their surface energy is low and there are no pores on the surface. In the present study, we developed an environmentally friendly and convenient method to decorate the wood fiber/polypropylene (WF/PP) composite board. We used chlorinated polypropylene (CPP) as an intermediate film to laminate wood veneer to WF/PP composite boards by hot-pressing at 110 °C and then cooling down. The interface bonding mechanism between the wood veneer, CPP layer, and WF/PP composite was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS), surface roughness test, and attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The results indicated that CPP penetrated the wood pores and formed a firm anchor structure. SEM images showed small cracks at the interface between CPP and PP when WF/PP contained less WF. The results of SEM-EDS and ATR-FTIR showed that WF/PP composites with a higher WF content would have more fibers exposed at the surface, thus making the surface rough and providing more specific surface area. The veneered WF/PP composite with 80% WF content had the highest surface bond strength and water resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Chinese Ministry of Education) , Northeast Forestry University , Harbin 150040 , China
- Heilongjiang Institute of Wood Science , Harbin 150040 , China
| | - Yanan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Chinese Ministry of Education) , Northeast Forestry University , Harbin 150040 , China
| | - Jianxiu Hao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Chinese Ministry of Education) , Northeast Forestry University , Harbin 150040 , China
| | - Weihong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Chinese Ministry of Education) , Northeast Forestry University , Harbin 150040 , China
| | - Yongming Song
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Chinese Ministry of Education) , Northeast Forestry University , Harbin 150040 , China
| | - Zhifang Zhou
- Heilongjiang Institute of Wood Science , Harbin 150040 , China
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Whiley H, Willis E, Smith J, Ross K. Environmental health in Australia: overlooked and underrated. J Public Health (Oxf) 2019; 41:470-475. [PMID: 30289461 PMCID: PMC6785703 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdy156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Improvements in environmental health have had the most significant impact on health status. In Australia, life expectancy has significantly increased through provision of vaccination, safe food and drinking water, appropriate sewage disposal and other environmental health measures. Yet the profession that is instrumental in delivering environmental health services at the local community level is overlooked. Rarely featuring in mainstream media, the successes of Environmental Health Officers (EHOs) are invisible to the general public. As a consequence, students entering university are unaware of the profession and its significant role in society. This has resulted in there being too few EHOs to meet the current regulatory requirements, much less deal with the emerging environmental health issues arising as a consequence of changing global conditions including climate change. To futureproof Australian society and public health this workforce issue, and the associated oversight of environmental health must be addressed now.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Whiley
- Environmental Health, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide
| | - E Willis
- Health Sciences, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide
| | - J Smith
- Environmental Health, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide
| | - K Ross
- Environmental Health, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide
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Jiang F, Ren B, Hursthouse A, Deng R, Wang Z. Distribution, source identification, and ecological-health risks of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in soil of thallium mine area (southwestern Guizhou, China). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:16556-16567. [PMID: 30982190 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04997-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The exploitation of thallium (Tl) resources through mining poses a significant threat to ecological systems and human health due to its high toxicity and ready assimilation by human body. We report the first assessment of the pollution, spatial distribution, source, and ecological-health risks of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in Tl mining area of southwest Guizhou, China. Spatial distribution maps for PTEs were visualized by ArcGIS to identify their distribution trends. We use the enrichment factor (EF), correlation analysis, and principal component analysis to identify likely sources of seven PTEs mining area. The wider risk assessment was evaluated using the geoaccumulation index (Igeo), potential ecological risk index (RI), human non-carcinogenic risk (HI), and carcinogenic risk (CR). The results revealed the PTEs content in the study area identifies direct mining, metal production, and domestic pollution sources. In addition, the distribution of PTEs was also affected by the topography, rain water leaching, and river dispersals. The main elements of concern are Tl and As, while Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn do not show significant enrichment in the area despite associations with the ore deposit. Risk assessment identifies strong pollution and ecological risks and poses unacceptable human health risks to local residents, especially for children. The ecological risk in the study is identified to be predominantly from Tl (74.32%), followed by As (8.57%) and Cd (7.32%). The contribution of PTEs to the non-carcinogenic risk of humans in the study area is exclusively from As and Tl, while the carcinogenic risk is dominated by As, and the other elements pose no significant risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jiang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Shale Gas Resource Exploitation, Xiangtan, 411201, China
- School of Civil Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China
| | - Bozhi Ren
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Shale Gas Resource Exploitation, Xiangtan, 411201, China.
- School of Civil Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China.
| | - Andrew Hursthouse
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Shale Gas Resource Exploitation, Xiangtan, 411201, China
- Computing Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, PA1 2BE, UK
| | - Renjian Deng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Shale Gas Resource Exploitation, Xiangtan, 411201, China
- School of Civil Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China
| | - Zhenghua Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Shale Gas Resource Exploitation, Xiangtan, 411201, China
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Cesaro A, Belgiorno V, Gorrasi G, Viscusi G, Vaccari M, Vinti G, Jandric A, Dias MI, Hursthouse A, Salhofer S. A relative risk assessment of the open burning of WEEE. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:11042-11052. [PMID: 30793245 PMCID: PMC6469622 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04282-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) represents a potential secondary source of valuable materials, whose recovery is a growing business activity worldwide. In low-income countries, recycling is carried out under poorly controlled conditions resulting in severe environmental pollution. High concentrations of both metallic and organic pollutants have been confirmed in air, soil, water, and sediments in countries with informal recycling areas. The release of these contaminants into the environment presents a risk to the health of the exposed population that has been widely acknowledged but still needs to be quantified. The aim of this work was to evaluate the relative risk from inhalation associated with the open burning of different kinds of WEEE. The shrinking core model was applied to estimate the concentration of the metals which would be released into the environment during the incineration of different types of WEEE. In addition, the potential generation of dioxins during the same informal practice was estimated, based on the plastic content of the WEEE. The results provided for the first time a comparative analysis of the risk posed from the open burning of WEEE components, proposing a methodology to address the absolute risk assessment to workers from the informal recycling of WEEE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Cesaro
- Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division (SEED), Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Belgiorno
- Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division (SEED), Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Giuliana Gorrasi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Gianluca Viscusi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Mentore Vaccari
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, via Branze 43, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vinti
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brescia, via Branze 43, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - Aleksander Jandric
- Waste Management Institute, BOKU University, Muthgasse 107, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Isabel Dias
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares - C2TN, Campus Tecnológico e Nuclear, Polo de Loures, Instituto Superior Técnico, Estrada Nacional 10, km 139,7, Bobadela, 2696-066, Loures, Portugal
| | - Andrew Hursthouse
- University of the West of Scotland Paisley Campus, Paisley, PA1 2BE, UK
| | - Stefan Salhofer
- Waste Management Institute, BOKU University, Muthgasse 107, 1190, Vienna, Austria
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