Ageing with HIV

B cells and atherosclerosis: A HIV perspective

Atherosclerosis remains a leading cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD) globally, with the complex interplay of inflammation and lipid metabolism at its core. Recent evidence suggests a role of B cells in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis; however, this relationship remains poorly understood, particularly in the context of HIV. We review the multifaceted functions of B cells in atherosclerosis, with a specific focus on HIV. Unique to atherosclerosis is the pivotal role of natural antibodies, particularly those targeting oxidized epitopes abundant in modified lipoproteins and cellular debris. B cells can exert control over cellular immune responses within atherosclerotic arteries through antigen presentation, chemokine production, cytokine production, and cell-cell interactions, actively participating in local and systemic immune responses. We explore how HIV, characterized by chronic immune activation and dysregulation, influences B cells in the context of atherosclerosis, potentially exacerbating CVD risk in persons with HIV. By examining the proatherogenic and antiatherogenic properties of B cells, we aim to deepen our understanding of how B cells influence atherosclerotic plaque development, especially within the framework of HIV. This research provides a foundation for novel B cell-targeted interventions, with the potential to mitigate inflammation-driven cardiovascular events, offering new perspectives on CVD risk management in PLWH.

HIV-Associated Cardiovascular Disease Pathogenesis: An Emerging Understanding Through Imaging and Immunology

Cardiac abnormalities were identified early in the epidemic of AIDS, predating the isolation and characterization of the etiologic agent, HIV. Several decades later, the causation and pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) linked to HIV infection continue to be the focus of intense speculation. Before the widespread use of antiretroviral therapy, HIV-associated CVD was primarily characterized by HIV-associated cardiomyopathy linked to profound immunodeficiency. With increasing antiretroviral therapy use, viral load suppression, and establishment of immune competency, the effects of HIV on the cardiovascular system are more subtle. Yet, people living with HIV still face an increased incidence of cardiovascular pathology. Advances in cardiac imaging modalities and immunology have deepened our understanding of the pathogenesis of HIV-associated CVD. This review provides an overview of the pathogenesis of HIV-associated CVD integrating data from imaging and immunologic studies with particular relevance to the HIV population originating from high-endemic regions, such as sub-Saharan Africa. The review highlights key evidence gaps in the field and suggests future directions for research to better understand the complex HIV-CVD interactions.

How is Aging Perceived to Affect Well-being in Women Older than 50 Years Living With HIV? A Qualitative Systematic Review

ABSTRACT

Advances in HIV treatment have led to more people with HIV living to 50 years and older. No reviews have qualitatively analyzed and synthesized the literature relevant to theory and practice for well-being specifically in Women living with HIV (WLWH) aged 50 years and older. Sixteen eligible qualitative studies were critically appraised and thematically synthesized to investigate how aging was perceived to affect well-being in WLWH aged 50 years and older. Six themes demonstrated how HIV-related stigmas negatively affected social well-being, and how adjusting to living and aging with HIV negatively affected psychological and physical well-being of older WLWH. Holding caring roles also negatively affected physical well-being of WLWH. Globally, majority women aging with HIV were found to experience additional stigmas. Further research could elucidate how HIV-related stigma affects the well-being of global majority women living and aging with HIV. Recommendations are made for future HIV-related clinical practice and theory development.

Non-communicable disease comorbidities in HIV patients: diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and obstructive sleep apnea as a neglected issue

The present study evaluates the non-communicable disease (NCD) patterns and related risk factors among people living with HIV (PLWH) in Iran. This national cross-sectional survey study was conducted on 1173 confirmed PLWHs with a mean age of 35.35 (56.82 Over 50 years old, 33.90 Under 50 years old) admitted from 15 different provinces in the country. Logistic regression was used to analyze the association of factors with having at least one NCD comorbidity. From 1173 PLWH, 225(19.18%) participants experienced at least one NCD (15.20% and 38.69% among under- and over-50-year-old patients, respectively). The prevalence of heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, and sleep apnea among all patients was 1.59%, 2.05%, 1.55%, and 10.26%, respectively. The similar prevalence for each NCD among those over 50 years was 10.11%, 15.71%, 9.01%, 25.44%, and 1.01%, 1.12%, 1.04%, and 9.23% among those under 50 years, respectively. The odds of being at risk of at least one NCD stood higher in patients over 50 years (ORadj = 2.93, 95% CI 1.96-4.37), married (ORadj = 2.48, 95% CI 1.41-4.35), divorced or widowed (ORadj = 2.78, 95% CI 1.48-5.20), and obese (ORadj = 3.82, 95% CI 2.46-5.91). According to our findings regarding the prevalence of NCDs among patients under 50 years of age, we recommend that policymakers give greater consideration to this group in the screening and care programs for NCDs since adults and the elderly are both vulnerable to the risk factors for developing NCDs.

HIV-1-Host Interaction in Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT): Effects on Local Environment and Comorbidities

HIV-1 replication in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract causes severe CD4+ T-cell depletion and disruption of the protective epithelial barrier in the intestinal mucosa, causing microbial translocation, the main driver of inflammation and immune activation, even in people living with HIV (PLWH) taking antiretroviral drug therapy. The higher levels of HIV DNA in the gut compared to the blood highlight the importance of the gut as a viral reservoir. CD4+ T-cell subsets in the gut differ in phenotypic characteristics and differentiation status from the ones in other tissues or in peripheral blood, and little is still known about the mechanisms by which the persistence of HIV is maintained at this anatomical site. This review aims to describe the interaction with key subsets of CD4+ T cells in the intestinal mucosa targeted by HIV-1 and the role of gut microbiome and its metabolites in HIV-associated systemic inflammation and immune activation that are crucial in the pathogenesis of HIV infection and related comorbidities.

Ageing People Living with HIV/AIDS, PLWHA; More Dental Challenges; the Romanian Dental Professional's Point of View

BACKGROUND

In Romania, HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) were first acknowledged in 1989. Getting older with HIV/AIDS is now possible due to antiretroviral treatment, but it can bring dental problems due to HIV itself or to the reluctance of dental professionals to treat dental problems. Our study aims to assess the attitudes, knowledge, and practices of Romanian dental professionals regarding aging PLWHA.

METHODS

An analytical cross-sectional observational survey based on a self-administered questionnaire was conducted for Romanian dental professionals from October 2022 to January 2023.

RESULTS

The responders' group profile was as follows: a mean age of 39.09 ± 0.36 years (limit: 19-75), a majority of 991 (90.01%) from urban dental offices, and 364 (33.06%) with more than twenty years' experience. A total of 517 (46.95%) responders had an unprofessional attitude and declared that, if possible, they would avoid taking part in performing dental treatments for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). There were 89 (8.08%) dental professionals that refused to work with PLWHA. Only 363 (32.97%) had worked with one previously. The dental professionals in rural areas refused PLWHA more frequently: 20% (N = 22) of rural dental professionals vs. 6.76% (N = 67) of urban dental professionals refused to work with PLWHA (OR = 0.30; 95% CI: 0.16-.56). The logistic regression applied for the 1101 responders revealed after stepwise selection that the most influential factor for their refusal to work with PLWHA in our study group was being previously exposed to HIV during dental practice (OR = 14.45; 95% CI: 8.55- 24.42; p = 0.000).

CONCLUSIONS

Dental educators and health care planners should promote the knowledge of prophylaxis and positive attitudes towards the treatment of PLWHA. Successful resolution of these concerns is time consuming and expensive but necessary if dentists are to satisfy their professional obligations to HIV/AIDS patients.

The challenge of dealing with non-AIDS comorbidities for people living with HIV: Perspectives and experiences of patients and healthcare providers

As the cohort of People Living with HIV (PLHIV) ages, so does the spectrum and burden of non-AIDS define HIV-associated conditions (NARC). PLHIV are likely to need different and increased healthcare services. It requires health systems to adapt to this disease trend and conform to a chronic care model, which respects the distinct needs of the ageing population. In this article, we explore the lived experiences of PLHIV and their healthcare providers in managing the challenges of dealing with NARC in Arba Minch, Southern Ethiopia. This study utilises interpretative substantive methods, encompassing qualitative interviews and Focus Group Discussions. The Normalisation Practice Theory (NPT) guided the semi-structured questions concerning routine screenings and current models of HIV care for ageing individuals. The main structural challenges in providing adequate geriatric care included: (i) the lack of awareness of the risk of NARCs; (ii) the absence of blended care; (iii) an HIV-centred approach exclusive of multidisciplinary care; and (iv) financial constraints. In an era with increasing NARCs, traditional HIV care models must adapt to the emerging challenges of a 'greying' and growing population.

Factors associated with verbal fluency in older adults living with HIV in West Africa: A longitudinal study

OBJECTIVE

Verbal fluency decline, observed both in aging and HIV infection, has been related to lower quality of life. This study aimed to evaluate the factors associated with categorical fluency in people living with HIV (PLHIV) aged ≥60 years living in West Africa.

METHODS

In this longitudinal study, PLHIV aged ≥60 years, on antiretroviral therapy (ART) for ≥6 months were included in three clinics (two in Côte d'Ivoire, one in Senegal) participating in the West Africa International epidemiological Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) collaboration. Categorical fluency was evaluated with the Isaacs Set Test at 60 s at baseline and 2 years later. Factors associated with verbal fluency baseline performance and annual rates of changes were evaluated using multivariate linear regression models.

RESULTS

Ninety-seven PLHIV were included with 41 of them (42%) having a 2-year follow-up visit. The median age was 64 (62-67), 45.4% were female, and 89.7% had an undetectable viral load. The median annual change in categorical fluency scores was -0.9 (IQR: -2.7 to 1.8). Low baseline categorical fluency performance and its decline were associated with older age and being a female. Low educational level was associated with low baseline categorical fluency performance but not with its decline. Categorical fluency decline was also associated with marital status and hypertension.

CONCLUSIONS

Among older West African PLHIV, usual socio-demographic variables and hypertension were the main factors associated with low categorical fluency performance and/or its decline. Interventions that focus on supporting cardiometabolic health are highly recommended to prevent cognitive disorders in PLHIV.

Association between HIV duration and symptom distress among middle-aged and elderly people with HIV-infected in China: a cross-sectional study

Background

Debate has persisted regarding whether PLWH with longer HIV durations have lower levels of prevalence and severity of symptoms compared with their newly diagnosed counterparts. Whether and how the HIV duration impact the symptom distress among middle-aged and older PLWH has not been explored clearly.

Methods

The patients with HIV-infected aged more than 40 years old were included from seven designated medical institutions of seven regions in China. Outcome was the score of symptom distress. We used the multiple regression model to calculate adjusted Coefficient of Regression (β) with 95% CI in this study.

Results

Among 210 participants (mean age 50.8 years; 71.0% male; 68.1% at asymptomatic stage) in the study, the median number of symptoms was 5. Of all symptoms reported, the most distressed symptoms were sleep disturbance (33.33%), followed by memory loss (31.90%), fatigue (26.67%), slow reactions (22.86%), and vision blur (21.90%). All participants were divided into four groups according to HIV duration, and the median of total score of symptom ditress among all participants was 0.1(0.0,0.9). Difference of total scores and clusters’ scores of symptom distress among four HIV duration groups were statistically significant. 51 participants with 6–10 years HIV duration were more likely to be higher level of education, at asymptomatic stage and have higher CD4 + T cell count. After adjustment for gender, age, race, education, marital status, employment, family income, region, stage of disease and CD4 + T cell count, the score of symptom distress among participants with 6–10 years HIV duration had was higher with the extension of HIV duration. Specially in physical symptoms and psychological symptoms,participants with 6–10 years HIV duration reported the persisting worse burdensome.

Conclusions

HIV duration with 6–10 yearsmay be a key period that the medical team needs to pay special attention to among middle-aged and elderly PLWH. There is a need to provide medical and psychosocial services targeting middle-aged and elderly PLWH according to their changing symptom distress.

Trial registration

Clinicaltrials.gov: ChiCTR2100046225. Registered 11 May 2021.

The renal-bone axis in older people living with HIV on stable antiretroviral therapy: A sub-analysis of the GS-US-104-0423 study

BACKGROUND

Data on low bone mineral density (BMD) in people living with HIV (PLWH) are mainly derived from younger adults; little is known about how antiretroviral therapy (ART) and alterations in the renal-bone axis relate to BMD in older PLWH.

METHODS

Cross-sectional study of men > 50 years and post-menopausal women with HIV. Antiretroviral therapy exposure was stratified into four groups based on use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and protease inhibitors (PI): non-TDF/non-PI, non-TDF/PI, TDF/non-PI, and TDF/PI. Bone mineral density was measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Bone turnover/regulatory markers and renal tubular function were analysed in stored plasma and urine samples. The association of ART exposure and bone/renal biomarkers on BMD was explored using logistic regression models.

RESULTS

247 individuals (median [IQR] age 57 [53, 65] years; 47% female; 13% of Black ethnicity; CD4 count 643 [473, 811] cells/mm³; and 98% with HIV RNA < 200 copies/mL) were included. Bone turnover and renal tubular function differed significantly by ART exposure. In analyses adjusted for demographic and traditional renal/bone risk factors, exposure to TDF and PI was associated with a fourfold greater risk of low BMD at the femoral neck and exposure to TDF and/or PI with a threefold greater risk of low BMD at the lumbar spine. The relationship between ART and low BMD was not altered by further adjustment for bone turnover or renal tubular function markers.

CONCLUSIONS

The associations between low BMD and ART exposure (TDF vs. non-TDF and boosted vs. unboosted third agents) were minimally affected by adjustments for bone and kidney biomarkers.

Weight gain during the dolutegravir transition in the African Cohort Study

Introduction

Dolutegravir (DTG) has become a preferred component of first‐line antiretroviral therapy (ART) in many settings but may be associated with excess weight gain. We evaluated changes in weight and body mass index (BMI) after switch to single‐tablet tenofovir/lamivudine/dolutegravir (TLD) by people living with HIV (PLWH) in four African countries.

Methods

The African Cohort Study (AFRICOS) prospectively follows adults with and without HIV in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Nigeria. Demographics, ART regimen, weight, BMI and waist‐to‐hip ratio were collected every 6 months. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards modelling was used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for factors associated with developing a BMI ≥25 kg/m². Linear mixed effects models with random effects were used to examine the average change in BMI, weight and waist‐to‐hip ratio.

Results

From 23 January 2013 to 1 December 2020, 2950 PLWH were enrolled in AFRICOS and 1474 transitioned to TLD. In adjusted models, PLWH on TLD had 1.77 times the hazard of developing a high BMI (95% CI: 1.22–2.55) compared to PLWH on non‐TLD ART. Examining change in weight among all PLWH on ART, participants on TLD gained an average of 0.68 kg (95% CI: 0.32–1.04) more than PLWH on other regimens after adjusting for duration on ART, sex, age, study site and CD4 nadir. Among participants who switched to TLD, the average change in weight prior to TLD switch was 0.35 kg/year (95% CI: 0.25–0.46) and average change in weight was 1.46 kg/year (95% CI: 1.18–1.75) in the year following transition to TLD after adjustment for confounders.

Conclusions

Elevated BMI and weight gain among PLWH on TLD are concerning safety signals. Implications for the development of metabolic comorbidities should be monitored, particularly if annual weight gain persists during continued follow‐up after transitioning to TLD.

A comparative analysis on characteristics and mortalities of four key transmission populations on antiretroviral therapy: a retrospective cohort study in Northwest China

Background

This study explored disparities in characteristics and mortalities among four major transmission groups on antiretroviral therapy in northwest China as well as the survival impact of each transmission route.

Methods

We first examined disparities in demographics and clinical characteristics of the four transmission populations. Kaplan Meier analysis was subsequently conducted to compare survival rates among all groups. At last, Cox proportional hazards regression model was employed to analyze the survival impact of a transmission route among seven main categories of survival factors associated with all-cause mortalities.

Results

Survival analysis showed significant differences in all-cause, AIDS- and non-AIDS-related deaths among four HIV populations (all P < 0.05). Using homosexuals as the reference, Cox proportional hazards model further revealed that the risk of all-cause death for blood and plasma donors was significantly higher than that of the reference (aHR: 5.21, 95%CI: 1.54–17.67); the risk of non-AIDS-related death for heterosexuals (aHR: 2.07, 95%CI: 1.01–4.20) and that for blood and plasma donors (aHR: 19.81, 95%CI: 5.62–69.89) were both significantly higher than that of the reference.

Conclusions

Significant disparities were found in characteristics and mortalities among the four transmission groups where mortality disparities were mainly due to non-AIDS-related death. Suggestions are provided for each group to improve their survivorship.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-022-07281-x.

Aging with HIV: Increased Risk of HIV Comorbidities in Older Adults

With improved access to antiretroviral treatment (ART), adults with HIV live longer to reach older age. The number of older adults living with HIV is increasing steadily, giving rise to a new population of interest in HIV research and for invigorated considerations in health service delivery and policy. We analysed the profile of comorbidities in older people (50 years and older) living with HIV in South Africa. We conducted a secondary analysis of all individuals over 15 years who tested HIV positive in the Fifth South African National HIV Prevalence, Incidence, Behaviour and Communication Survey, 2017. We conducted multivariate logistic regression to determine the factors associated with having HIV comorbidity using Stata 15.0 software. We entered 3755 people living with HIV into the analysis, of whom 18.3% (n = 688) were 50 years or older. Older adults had four times greater odds (OR = 4.7 (3.1-7.0)) of having an HIV comorbidity compared to younger adults. Being female (OR = 1.6 (1.1-2.4)) and living in an urban area (OR = 2.6 (1.8-3.7)) increased the odds of HIV comorbidity. Older adults with HIV require comprehensive health care to deal with multimorbidity, to maximise the benefits gained by advances in HIV therapies.

Impact of switch from tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-based regimens to tenofovir alafenamide-based regimens on lipid profile, weight gain and cardiovascular risk score in people living with HIV

Background

As cardiovascular diseases represent the main cause of non-AIDS related death in people living with HIV (PLWH) with undetectable viral load, we evaluated lipid profile, weight gain and calculated cardiovascular risk change after switching from tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)-based regimens to tenofovir alafenamide (TAF)-based regimens.

Methods

For this retrospective study, we selected HIV-infected patients with suppressed viral load who fitted in one of the two groups below: First group (TDF/TDF): Patients treated continuously with TDF-based regimens. Second group (TDF/TAF): Patients treated with TDF-regimens during at least 6 months then switched to TAF-regimens while maintaining other drugs unchanged. Available data included date of birth, gender, ethnicity, lymphocyte T CD4⁺ count, weight, height, blood pressure, current/ex/non-smoker, diabetes mellitus, familial cardiovascular event, lipid profile, duration and nature of antiretroviral therapy. Lipid parameters, weight and calculated cardiovascular risk using 5-year reduced DAD score algorithm [Friis-Møller et al. in Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 17:491–501, 2010] were analyzed in each groups.

Results

Switching from TDF to TAF resulted in a significant increase in triglycerides levels, total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol. LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol/HDL ratio did not show significant changes. Calculated cardiovascular risk increased after switch from TDF- to TAF-based therapy.

Conclusions

Together with favorable outcomes at the bone and kidney levels, potential negative impact of TAF on lipid profile should be included in the reflection to propose the most appropriate and tailored ARV treatment.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06479-9.

Incidence of cardiometabolic diseases in a Lesotho HIV cohort: Evidence for policy decision-making

Background

Antiretroviral treatment (ART) has been associated with the development of certain cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs). The burden of CMDs amongst ART-experienced patients in sub-Saharan Africa was unknown.

Objective

We quantified the burden of CMDs and identified the associated risk factors in a large treatment cohort on ART at a high-volume facility in Lesotho.

Methods

In this retrospective cohort study, we extracted data from the daily dispensing electronic system and routine clinical records of 785 adults on ART between 2011 and 2015 in Maseru, Lesotho. CMD was defined as a diagnosis of hypertension, diabetes mellitus or dyslipidaemia (singly or collectively). Descriptive statistics were used to describe the disease burden; Kaplan–Meier curves and cause-specific Cox proportional hazards models were fitted to examine the impact of the ART regimen and identify the risk factors associated with the occurrence of CMD.

Results

Of the 785 participants, 473 (60%) were women. The median age of the group was 42 years, interquartile range (IQR), 36–51 years. The overall incidence of CMD was 5.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.4–7.1) per 100 person-months of follow-up. The median time to onset of CMD was 16.6 months (IQR = 7.4–23.4). ART was not associated with the occurrence of CMD (cause-specific hazard ratio [CHR] = 1.55; 95% CI = 0.14–16.85; P = 0.72). Higher body mass index (BMI) was associated with the occurrence of diabetes mellitus (CHR = 1.19; 95% CI = 1.14–1.38; P = 0.026).

Conclusion

The incidence of CMD in this relatively young patient population is low yet noteworthy. We recommend that patients living with HIV and AIDS should be routinely screened for CMD. Higher BMI is generally associated with the occurrence of CMD.

Bone density, microarchitecture and tissue quality after 1 year of treatment with dolutegravir/abacavir/lamivudine

BACKGROUND

Bone mineral density (BMD) decreases with ART initiation with a tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-containing regimen, although bone tissue quality increases. The impact of dolutegravir (DTG)/abacavir (ABC)/lamivudine (3TC)-based ART initiation on bone health parameters is not clear.

OBJECTIVES

To study the impact of DTG/ABC/3TC-based therapy on bone health parameters in ART-naive individuals with HIV after 48 weeks of treatment.

METHODS

An observational, prospective and analytical study of treatment-naive patients with HIV undergoing a DTG/ABC/3TC-based regimen at 48 week follow-up. Changes in bone strength parameters (BMD, bone microarchitecture and bone tissue quality) were assessed with non-parametric methods.

RESULTS

Sixteen HIV-infected ART-naive patients starting DTG/ABC/3TC were included. BMD in the lumbar spine showed a significant decrease of -2.25% (P = 0.007) and -4.1% in the femoral neck (P = 0.007). Bone microarchitecture, as measured by trabecular bone score, also decreased significantly by -2.5% (P = 0.03). In contrast, bone quality [bone material strength index (BMi)], as measured by microindentation, significantly increased with respect to baseline after 48 weeks of treatment, showing better bone properties of +6.53% (P < 0.001). No significant changes were found in bone turnover markers. In addition, a positive significant correlation between the CD4/CD8 cell count ratio at baseline and changes in BMSi after 48 weeks of treatment was observed (Spearman's rho = 0.4974; P = 0.04).

CONCLUSIONS

After a 48 week treatment with DTG/ABC/3TC-based ART, BMD and trabecular bone score decreased while bone tissue quality, as measured by microindentation, improved significantly. The state of the immune system at ART initiation is related to bone quality recovery. An overarching approach to assess bone toxicity in ART-treated patients is needed.

Independent Risk Factors for Deaths due to AIDS in Chongqing, China: Does Age Matter?

Background: People living with HIV (PLWH) are aging worldwide, and different management strategies may be required for older and younger PLWH. However, demographic characteristics, illness distribution, mortality, and independent risk factors in the PLWH population in China are not yet fully understood, especially in patients aged 50 years or older.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 4445 HIV-positive Chinese inpatients in Chongqing, China.

Results: The mortality rate in patients 50 years or older (the older group) was significantly higher than that in those under 50 years (the younger group) (p < 0.001). In the younger group, independent risk factors for death included: nadir CD4+ T-cell counts <200 cells/μL, not owning medical healthcare insurance, not being on cART, injection drug use, and having one of the following comorbidities: Pneumocystis pneumonia, cryptococcal meningitis, AIDS malignancy, non-AIDS malignancy, and kidney disease. In the older group, independent predictors of death included: being urban residents, nadir CD4+ T-cell counts <200 cells/μL, not being on cART, and having comorbidities such as Pneumocystis pneumonia, hepatitis C, talaromycosis, non-AIDS malignancy, and kidney disease.

Conclusions: Demographic characteristics, illness distribution, mortality, and independent risk factors for death in HIV-positive patients differ between the older group and the younger group, indicating that a changing suite of medical and allied support services may be required the for management of older PLWH.

A review of potential microbiome-gut-brain axis mediated neurocognitive conditions in persons living with HIV

The microbiome-gut-brain axis, or the various interactions between the gut microbiome and the brain, has been of recent interest in the context of precision medicine research for a variety of disease states. Persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) experience higher degrees of neurocognitive decline than the general population, correlating with a disruption of the normal gut microbiome composition (i.e. dysbiosis). While the nature of this correlation remains to be determined, there is the potential that the microbiome-gut-brain axis contributes to the progression of this disease. Previous research has established that the pathology associated with HIV induces alterations in the composition of gut microbiome, including a shift from Bacteroides to Prevotella dominance, and compromises gut barrier integrity, which may promote microbial translocation and consequent systemic inflammation and exacerbation of neuroinflammation. Further, though the use of antiretroviral therapy has been found to partially counteract HIV-related dysbiosis, it may also induce its own dysbiosis patterns, presenting a unique challenge for this research. More recent research has suggested the gut microbiome as a target for therapeutic interventions to improve symptoms associated with a variety of disease states, including HIV. Early findings are promising and warrant further research regarding the gut microbiome as a potential modifiable factor to improve health outcomes for PLWH. This review will discuss the current knowledge concerning the neuropathogenesis of HIV in the brain, role of the gut microbiome in neuroinflammation, and the relationship between HIV-status and the gut microbiome, followed by a conclusion that synthesizes this information within the context of the microbiome-gut-brain axis among PLWH. This review will also highlight the limitations of existing studies and propose future directions of this research.

Monitoring of older HIV-1-positive adults by HIV clinics in the United Kingdom: a national quality improvement initiative

OBJECTIVES

The aim of the study was to describe a UK-wide process to assess adherence to guidelines for the routine investigation and monitoring of HIV-positive adults aged ≥ 50 years and provide clinical services with individual feedback to support improvement in quality of care.

METHODS

The British HIV Association (BHIVA) invited HIV clinical care sites to provide retrospective data from case notes of up to 40 adults aged ≥ 50 years with HIV-1 infection attending the clinic for care during 2017 and/or 2018, using a structured dynamic online questionnaire.

RESULTS

A total of 4959 questionnaires from 141 clinical services were returned. Regarding the key targets specified in the BHIVA monitoring guidelines, 97% of patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) had had their viral load measured in the last 9 months, or 15 months if on a protease inhibitor, and 94% had had all medications recorded in the last 15 months. Only 67% of patients on ART without cardiovascular disease (CVD) had had a 10-year CVD risk calculated in the last 3 years. It was reported that 80% and 92% had had their smoking status documented in the last 2 years and blood pressure checked in the last 15 months, respectively. HIV services had communicated with the general practitioners of 90% of consenting individuals, but consulted electronic primary care records for only 10%.

CONCLUSIONS

Nationally, targets were met for viral load and blood pressure monitoring but not for CVD risk assessment, smoking status documentation and recording of comedication. There was variable performance in relation to other outcomes; adherence and laboratory measurements were carried out more regularly than lifestyle and wellbeing assessments.

Drug-drug interactions of a two-drug regimen of dolutegravir and lamivudine for HIV treatment

INTRODUCTION

The GEMINI trials have recently shown that a two-drug regimen of dolutegravir plus lamivudine was non-inferior to a three-drug regimen in HIV-infected naïve patients. Accordingly, it is important that physicians be aware and confident about the drug-drug interactions (DDIs) involving dolutegravir, lamivudine, and other medications. Areas covered: Here, we firstly update the available information on the pharmacokinetic features of dolutegravir and lamivudine; subsequently, the articles mainly deals with the predictable DDIs for both antiretroviral drugs, attempting to underline their clinical implications. This review focuses on the DDIs of dolutegravir/lamivudine combined regimen and, therefore, does not provide an exhaustive list of all the potential DDIs involving the two single agents. A MEDLINE Pubmed search for articles published from January 2000 to December 2018 was completed matching the terms dolutegravir or lamivudine with pharmacokinetics, DDIs, and pharmacology. Moreover, additional studies were identified from the reference list of retrieved articles. Expert opinion: The antiretroviral dual regimen of dolutegravir and lamivudine represents an attractive therapeutic option for HIV in terms of DDIs. This is particularly relevant considering that the population with HIV is aging and is increasingly experience age-related comorbidities, increasing pill burden, polypharmacy and the risk of DDIs.