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Moufti MA, Hamad M, Al Shawa A, Mardini A, Ghebeh S. Efficacy and design requirements of UV light cabinets for disinfection of exchangeable non-sterilizable "dental objects". Sci Rep 2023; 13:19755. [PMID: 37957167 PMCID: PMC10643671 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45481-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-sterilizable items such as prosthodontics items constitute a high risk of transmitting dangerous pathogens, including Coronavirus, between patients and healthcare personnel. Although UV rays are recognized for their germicidal efficacy, large and expensive UV devices previously hindered their adoption in dental offices. During the COVID-19 pandemic, small UV devices became available for domestic use, albeit with varying designs and effectiveness. Our study assesses the disinfection capacity of a UV light cabinet for four dental materials and discusses crucial design features for effective performance. Specimens of each material (silicone impressions, stone cast, acrylic denture base, and indelible pencils) were contaminated with Escherichia coli Bl21, and randomly divided into three study groups: UV device (UVG), impressions disinfection solution (SG), and control (CG). The experiment was repeated thrice, and disinfection efficacy assessed by colony forming units (CFU) count. A 2.5-min UV exposure achieved full disinfection for all materials. Significantly different results were found between groups (p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA, Tukey HSD), except for indelible pencils, where UVG and SG were both highly effective. UV cabinets surpass SG's disinfection efficacy. Compact UV devices can offer affordable, portable, and efficient disinfection for non-sterilizable dental objects, with careful consideration of wavelength, exposure, intensity, and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Moufti
- College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, P.O.Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE.
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE.
| | - M Hamad
- College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - A Al Shawa
- College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, P.O.Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE
| | - A Mardini
- College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, P.O.Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE
| | - S Ghebeh
- College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, P.O.Box 27272, Sharjah, UAE
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Caggiano M, Acerra A, Martina S, Galdi M, D’Ambrosio F. Infection Control in Dental Practice during the COVID-19 Pandemic: What Is Changed? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3903. [PMID: 36900914 PMCID: PMC10001281 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20053903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly changed our lives. Since the SARS-CoV-2 was discovered, many studies have been done on the transmission mode, its replication within humans, and its survival even in the outside environment and on inanimate surfaces. Undoubtedly, health care workers have faced the greatest risks because of their close contact with potentially infected patients. Of these, dental health care professionals are certainly among the most vulnerable categories, precisely because infection occurs with the airborne virus. The treatment of patients within the dental office has changed profoundly, respecting all preventive measures towards the patient and the practitioners themselves. The aim of this paper is to understand whether the protocols changed for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection among dentists remained even after the most acute phase of the pandemic. In particular, this study analyzed habits, protocols, preventive measures, and any costs incurred in the COVID-19 era for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection among dental workers and patients.
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Ali Keshvad M, Taghi Vatandoust M, Tahmasebi E, Yazdanian M, Sanaeinasab H, Salesi M, Rafiei E. The Investigation of Clinical Guidelines and Standards on Infection Control in Specialized Dental Departments. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.10981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: It is important to adhere to infection control measures in dental procedures due to direct contact with blood and saliva. During the Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, regular surveillance is imperative to ensure adherence to the standards. This study aimed to assess the level of adherence to infection control guidelines in specialized dental clinics in different working shifts.
Materials and Methods: This study was assessed the level of adherence of 45 selected dental departments to three main guidelines released by (I) the Center for Disease Control (CDC), (II) Ministry of Health (MOH), and (III) armed forces organization (AFO) in three different working shift. The CDC checklist had eight domains. Thus, the items of each domain were individually scored, and considering the weighting coefficient of each item, the total score was calculated. The same procedure was carried out for the two remaining guidelines. Possible effect of working shifts and different specialties on infection control practice was also calculated.
Results: The mean rate of adherence was 70.7% to the CDC, 93.8% to the MOH and 84.4% to the AFO guidelines indicating that adherence to the CDC guidelines was lower than the other two domestic guidelines. Individual assessment of each item revealed that hand hygiene (39%) and safe handling and disposal of sharp instruments (46%) acquired the lowest, and sterilization (79%) and safe injection (97%) acquired the highest score according to the CDC checklist. There was no relationship between working shifts and dental specialties regarding the adherence to infection control standards.
Conclusion: Dental clinics had different performances regarding infection control guidelines. Further emphasis should be placed on hand hygiene and disposal of sharp instruments.
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Aghili SS, Pourzal A, Mosaddad SA, Amookhteh S. COVID-19 Risk Management in Dental Offices: A Review Article. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.10927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: As all the dental staff, including nurses and practitioners, are exposed to various routes of contamination due to the novel COVID-19 virus, which is still unknown to the scientific world, developing strategies to reduce the risk of transmission and decontaminate surfaces in a dental office would be of high importance. Although there is still insufficient data on managing this virus in dental offices, several studies have suggested protocols for improving care.
AIM: This study aimed to review present investigations and reach a conclusion on what we know and need to know to combat this virus.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this review, Scopus, PubMed, and MEDLINE databases were searched using the keywords “COVID-19,” “SARS-CoV-2,” “Medical Disinfectants,” “Personal Protective Equipment’s,” and “Surface Decontamination.” Articles were reviewed, and finally, relevant articles published during 2000–2022 were included in the final paper.
RESULTS: The present research concluded that using a combination of the face shield and N95 masks protected the eyes, nose, and mouth. To have more efficient protection, water-resistant long-sleeved gowns and gloves were highly suggested. To overcome aerosols, high-performance air filters and ultraviolet were found quite effective. Allowing the patient to use antiseptic mouthwash before starting the treatment could reduce oral microorganisms and the following airborne contamination.
CONCLUSION: This review has gathered all available data regarding dentistry and COVID-19 in order to conclude what has been achieved yet in the prevention of this virus through dental offices; however, more investigations are needed to have a definitive protocol against the virus.
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Bajrić E, Zukanović A, Marković N, Arslanagić A, Huseinbegović A, Selimović-Dragaš M, Kobašlija S, Popovac A, Marković D. COVID-19 Impact on Public Dental Healthcare in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Current Situation and Ongoing Perspectives. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11816. [PMID: 36142088 PMCID: PMC9517639 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the pandemic time went by in Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H), various patterns toward COVID-19 itself and its impacts, implementation of prescribed preventive measures among the team members, and those of their patients, including immunization process, have been revealed. These patterns were of both empirical and evidence-based kind and consequently formed dental personnel behavior. The aim was to evaluate and compare the COVID-19 status of dentists in B&H, implementation of prescribed preventive measures, and usage of various kinds of PPE, at the beginning of the pandemics and now, 2.5 years later, including dentists' current vaccination status, and their opinions and attitudes toward the national COVID-19 economic impact on dental practice. METHODOLOGY Study research was in a form of a cross-sectional longitudinally designed online survey and was conducted in two parts. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Dental professionals in B&H had a high frequency of COVID-19 symptoms in the second pandemic year. The vaccination status of dentists in B&H was in line with the global average values of vaccinated professionals. Dentists used patient management preventive measures and PPE recommended by WHO, but some preventive measures have been changed and prioritized recently. The economic impact of pandemics on dentistry was predominantly negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmedin Bajrić
- Faculty of Dentistry with Clinics, University of Sarajevo, Bolnička 4a, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Amila Zukanović
- Faculty of Dentistry with Clinics, University of Sarajevo, Bolnička 4a, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Nina Marković
- Faculty of Dentistry with Clinics, University of Sarajevo, Bolnička 4a, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Amra Arslanagić
- Faculty of Dentistry with Clinics, University of Sarajevo, Bolnička 4a, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Amina Huseinbegović
- Faculty of Dentistry with Clinics, University of Sarajevo, Bolnička 4a, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Mediha Selimović-Dragaš
- Faculty of Dentistry with Clinics, University of Sarajevo, Bolnička 4a, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Sedin Kobašlija
- Faculty of Dentistry with Clinics, University of Sarajevo, Bolnička 4a, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Aleksandra Popovac
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Rankeova 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dejan Marković
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Rankeova 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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A Review on Risk Management of Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) Infection in Dental Practice: Focus on Prosthodontics and All-Ceramic Materials. PROSTHESIS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/prosthesis4030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: A novel β-coronavirus infection (COVID-19) was first detected in Wuhan city, spreading rapidly to other countries and leading to a pandemic. Dental professionals and patients are exposed to a high risk of COVID-19 infection, particularly in the prosthodontic practice, because of the bio-aerosol produced during teeth preparation with dental handpieces and the strict contact with oral fluids during impression making. This paper aimed to provide an overview to limit the risk of transmission of COVID-19 infections during prosthetic procedures in dental offices. Methods: An electronic search was conducted on the electronic databases of PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, Embase, Scopus, Dynamed, and Open Grey with the following queries: (COVID-19) AND/OR (SARS-CoV-2) AND/OR (Coronavirus) AND/OR (contaminated surface) AND/OR (cross-infection) AND/OR (Prosthodontics) AND/OR (dental ceramic) AND/OR (glass-ceramic). A manual search was performed as well. Results: From the 1023 collected records, 32 papers were included. Conclusions: Dental offices are at high risk of spreading SARS-CoV-2 infection due to the close contact with patients and continuous exposure to saliva during dental procedures. Therefore, pre-check triages via telephone, decontamination, the disinfection of impressions, the sterilization of scanner tips, and the use of specific personal protective equipment, dental high-speed handpieces with dedicated anti-retraction valves, and effective mouthwashes are strongly recommended.
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Carmagnola D, Toma M, Henin D, Perrotta M, Gianolio L, Colombo A, Dellavia C. Dental Emergencies in an Italian Pediatric Hospital during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10030537. [PMID: 35327015 PMCID: PMC8949433 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10030537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergency rooms (ER) are largely used by patients with oral complaints, who choose the ER over private or public dental offices for oral prevention and treatment. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the activity of most dental facilities was limited, and most hospitals and ERs were dedicated to the treatment of COVID-19 patients. The present study analyzed the number of and reason for visits at the emergency room (ER) of Ospedale dei Bambini “Vittore Buzzi”, the main pediatric hospital in Milano, Italy, between 2019 and 2020, with a particular focus on oral emergencies. In 2019, 25,435 children turned to the ER, compared to 16,750 in 2020. About 10% of the children were eventually admitted to the hospital in both years. The number of admissions for infectious diseases, other than COVID-19, signed an important decrease in 2020, while trauma/injuries decreased slightly in number but increased in proportion. The number and proportion of ER visits for oral complaints decreased in 2020 compared to 2019. Stomatitis was the most frequent condition, followed by traumatic injuries, which decreased in number and percentage between 2019 and 2020. Oral infections and painful caries accounted for about 15% of the cases in both 2019 and 2020. These data highlight the need to promote territorial services for the prevention and treatment of oral health complaints, including dental emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Carmagnola
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milano, Italy; (D.C.); (D.H.); (M.P.); (C.D.)
| | - Marilisa Toma
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milano, Italy; (D.C.); (D.H.); (M.P.); (C.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-5031-5407
| | - Dolaji Henin
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milano, Italy; (D.C.); (D.H.); (M.P.); (C.D.)
| | - Mariachiara Perrotta
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milano, Italy; (D.C.); (D.H.); (M.P.); (C.D.)
| | - Laura Gianolio
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Lodovico Castelvetro 32, 20154 Milano, Italy; (L.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Alessandra Colombo
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Lodovico Castelvetro 32, 20154 Milano, Italy; (L.G.); (A.C.)
| | - Claudia Dellavia
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milano, Italy; (D.C.); (D.H.); (M.P.); (C.D.)
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Sotomayor-Castillo C, Li C, Kaufman-Francis K, Nahidi S, Walsh LJ, Liberali SA, Irving E, Holden AC, Shaban RZ. Australian dentists' knowledge, preparedness, and experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Infect Dis Health 2022; 27:49-57. [PMID: 34750088 PMCID: PMC8523486 DOI: 10.1016/j.idh.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 is a global health crisis. Close contact with the mucous membranes and respiratory secretions of patients and aerosol-generating procedures renders dentists and other oral health professionals at high risk of exposure to SARS-CoV-2. We examined dentists' knowledge, preparedness, and experiences of managing COVID-19 in Australia. METHODS A cross-sectional online survey of dentists with a current membership with The Australian Dental Association (ADA) was conducted between March and April 2021. RESULTS Of the 368 survey responses, most dentists (72.3%) reported having a good level of knowledge about COVID-19, with most visiting the ADA Federal COVID-19 (74.7%) and state/territory department of health websites (62.8%), respectively to source up-to-date information. Most dentists (87.6%) felt prepared to manage COVID-19 into the future, although 66% reported not receiving training or certification in the use of PPE. Over half (58.7%) reported not being concerned about contracting SARS-CoV-2 at work, with some (28.9%, n = 98/339) feeling more stressed than usual and having heavier workloads. CONCLUSION COVID-19 had significant impact in oral healthcare in Australia. Dentistry has adapted to the varied challenges raised by the pandemic. Comprehensive training and detailed guidelines were fundamental for successful patient management during the COVID-19 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sotomayor-Castillo
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
| | - Cecilia Li
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
| | - Keren Kaufman-Francis
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
| | - Shizar Nahidi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Laurence J Walsh
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia.
| | - Sharon Ac Liberali
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Special Needs Unit, Adelaide Dental Hospital, SA Dental, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | | | - Alexander Cl Holden
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney School of Dentistry, Surry Hills, NSW, Australia; Sydney Dental Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Surry Hills, NSW, Australia.
| | - Ramon Z Shaban
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Division of Infectious Diseases and Sexual Health, Westmead Hospital and Western Sydney Local Health District, Westmead, NSW, Australia; New South Wales Biocontainment Centre, Western Sydney Local Health District and New South Wales Health, NSW, Australia.
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Smallwood N, Harrex W, Rees M, Willis K, Bennett CM. COVID-19 infection and the broader impacts of the pandemic on healthcare workers. Respirology 2022; 27:411-426. [PMID: 35048469 DOI: 10.1111/resp.14208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) disease or COVID-19 pandemic is associated with more than 230 million cases and has challenged healthcare systems globally. Many healthcare workers (HCWs) have acquired the infection, often through their workplace, with a significant number dying. The epidemiology of COVID-19 infection in HCWs continues to be explored, with manifold exposure risks identified, leading to COVID-19 being recognised as an occupational disease for HCWs. The physical illness due to COVID-19 in HCWs is similar to the general population, with some HCWs experiencing a long-term illness, which may impact their ability to return to work. HCWs have also been affected by the immense workplace and psychosocial disruption caused by the pandemic. The impacts on the psychological well-being of HCWs globally have been profound, with high prevalence estimates for mental health symptoms, including emotional exhaustion. Globally, governments, healthcare organisations and employers have key responsibilities, including: to be better prepared for crises with comprehensive disaster response management plans, and to protect and preserve the health workforce from the physical and psychological impacts of the pandemic. While prioritising HCWs in vaccine rollouts globally has been critical, managing exposures and outbreaks occurring in healthcare settings remains challenging and continues to lead to substantial disruption to the health workforce. Safeguarding healthcare workforces during crises is critical as we move forward on the new path of 'COVID normal'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Smallwood
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Central Clinical School, The Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Warren Harrex
- Consultant Occupational & Environmental Physician, Woden, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Megan Rees
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Disorders Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, RMH, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen Willis
- Public Health, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Division of Critical Care and Investigative Services, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Catherine M Bennett
- Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
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Almofareh AN, Alenazi BB, Alanizy KSA, Alshahrani MF, Alharbi AH, Al-Mutairi SAA, Alharbi AH, Alnawmasi NF, Jasar GFB, Alamri AM, Alshehri DM. Infection Control in Dental Practice During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Literature Review. ARCHIVES OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.51847/vgkeseavlv] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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11
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Singh SP, Singh P, Gupta OP, Gupta S. Coronavirus disease: Dental review. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2022; 26:16-20. [PMID: 35571302 PMCID: PMC9106232 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_288_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 was declared a pandemic outbreak by the World Health Organization, creating a significant impact on health care system. Realizing the high risk associated with this disease and its high rate of transmission, dentists were instructed by health authorities, to stop providing treatment which includes aerosols and droplets and only except emergency complaints. This was mainly for protection of dental healthcare personnel, their families, contacts, and their patients from the transmission of virus. Hence, this review focuses on the life cycle of COVID-19, its clinical symptoms and several issues concerned directly to dental practice in terms of prevention, treatment, and orofacial clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Pratap Singh
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pratyush Singh
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Maharana Pratap Institute, Kanpur, India
| | - Om Prakash Gupta
- Department of General Surgery, Career Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shalini Gupta
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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12
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Barenghi L, Barenghi A, Garagiola U, Di Blasio A, Giannì AB, Spadari F. Pros and Cons of CAD/CAM Technology for Infection Prevention in Dental Settings during COVID-19 Outbreak. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 22:49. [PMID: 35009586 PMCID: PMC8747329 DOI: 10.3390/s22010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this commentary is to update the evidence reported in our previous review on the advantages and limitations of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing technology in the promotion of dental business, as well as to guarantee patient and occupational safety. The COVID-19 pandemic led to an unprecedented focus on infection prevention; however, waves of COVID-19 follow one another, asymptomatic cases are nearly impossible to identify by triage in a dental setting, and the effectiveness of long-lasting immune protection through vaccination remains largely unknown. Different national laws and international guidelines (mainly USA-CDC, ECDC) have often brought about dissimilar awareness and operational choices, and in general, there has been very limited attention to this technology. Here, we discuss its advantages and limitations in light of: (a) presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the oral cavity, saliva, and dental biofilm and activation of dormant microbial infections; (b) the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 transmission by aerosol and fomite contamination; (c) the detection of various oral manifestations of COVID-19; (d) specific information for the reprocessing of the scanner tip and the ward from the manufacturers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Barenghi
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (U.G.); (A.B.G.); (F.S.)
| | - Alberto Barenghi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Centro di Odontoiatria, Parma University, 43126 Parma, Italy; (A.B.); (A.D.B.)
| | - Umberto Garagiola
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (U.G.); (A.B.G.); (F.S.)
| | - Alberto Di Blasio
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Centro di Odontoiatria, Parma University, 43126 Parma, Italy; (A.B.); (A.D.B.)
| | - Aldo Bruno Giannì
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (U.G.); (A.B.G.); (F.S.)
| | - Francesco Spadari
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (U.G.); (A.B.G.); (F.S.)
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Performance Improvement of a Negative-Pressurized Isolation Room for Infection Control. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9081081. [PMID: 34442218 PMCID: PMC8391957 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9081081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Negative-pressurized isolation rooms have been approved effectively and applied widely for infectious patients. However, the outbreak of COVID-19 has led to a huge demand for negative-pressurized isolation rooms. It is critical and essential to ensure infection control performance through best practice of ventilation systems and optimum airflow distribution within isolation rooms. This study investigates a retrofitting project of an isolation room to accommodate COVID-19 patients. The field measurement has been conducted to ensure the compliance with the design specification from the CDC of Taiwan. The pressure differentials between negative-pressurized isolation rooms and corridor areas should be at least 8 Pa, while the air change rate per hour (ACH) should be 8–12 times. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is applied to evaluate the ventilation performance and contamination control. Different layout arrangements of exhaust air have been proposed to enhance the ventilation performance for infection control. A simple projected air-jet curtain has been proposed in the simulation model to enhance extra protection of medical staff. The resulting ventilation control revealed that the contamination control can be improved through the minor adjustment of exhaust air arrangement and the application of an air-jet curtain.
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