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Singh A, Singh J, Kaur S, Gunjal M, Kaur J, Nanda V, Ullah R, Ercisli S, Rasane P. Emergence of microgreens as a valuable food, current understanding of their market and consumer perception: A review. Food Chem X 2024; 23:101527. [PMID: 38974201 PMCID: PMC11225695 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Green leafy vegetables, especially microgreens are gaining popularity due to their high nutritional profiles, rich phytochemical content, and intense flavors. This review explores the growing commercial market for microgreens, especially in upscale dining and premium grocery outlets, highlighting consumer perceptions and their effect on market dynamics. Apart from these, the effect of modern agricultural methods that maximize the growth of microgreens is also examined. The value is anticipated to increase significantly, according to market predictions, from $1.7 billion in 2022 to $2.61 billion by 2029. Positive consumer views on microgreens health benefits drive this growth, although challenges such as varying levels of consumer awareness and income disparities affect sales. The review underscores the need for targeted research and strategic initiatives to enhance consumer understanding and improve cultivation methods to support market expansion in upcoming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishvina Singh
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Jyoti Singh
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Sawinder Kaur
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Mahendra Gunjal
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Jaspreet Kaur
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Vikas Nanda
- Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Sangrur, Punjab 148106, India
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Medicinal Aromatic and Poisonous Plants Research Center College of Pharmacy, King Saud University Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sezai Ercisli
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Türkiye
| | - Prasad Rasane
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
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Bhaswant M, Miyazawa T, Abe C, Fukasawa R, Higuchi O, Nguyen Thi MT, Miyazawa T. Comparative analysis of macro- and micro-nutrients of Perilla frutescens var. crispa f. viridis microgreens and germinated seeds. Food Chem 2024; 455:139858. [PMID: 38850981 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to conduct a comparative analysis of germinated seeds and microgreens derived from Perilla frutescens var. crispa f. viridis, hypothesizing that microgreens would exhibit higher concentrations of nutrients and bioactive compounds compared to their precursors. Perilla frutescens was chosen for its popularity and wide use in Asian cuisine. A series of analytical methods was employed to quantify and qualify various components. The findings indicate that germinated seeds exhibit significantly higher quantities of lipids, proteins, sugars, free amino acids, and minerals, whereas microgreens possess significantly high concentration of vitamins and polyphenols. These results provide valuable insights into the nutritional differences between germinated seeds and microgreens, highlighting their distinct contributions to diet. Specifically, incorporating germinated seeds can enhance macronutrient intake, while microgreens can boost antioxidant intake. These findings can inform the development of targeted dietary recommendations, promoting the inclusion of both germinated seeds and microgreens to meet specific nutritional needs and improve health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maharshi Bhaswant
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan; Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, India
| | - Taiki Miyazawa
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Chizumi Abe
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Fukasawa
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan; Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8555, Japan; Department of Health and Nutrition, Tohoku Seikatsu Bunka University, Sendai 981-8585, Japan
| | - Ohki Higuchi
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan; Biodynamic Plant Institute Co. Ltd., Sapporo, Hokkaido 004-0015, Japan
| | - Minh Tu Nguyen Thi
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan; School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Dai Co Viet, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Teruo Miyazawa
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
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Gunjal M, Singh J, Kaur S, Nanda V, Ullah R, Iqbal Z, Ercisli S, Rasane P. Assessment of bioactive compounds, antioxidant properties and morphological parameters in selected microgreens cultivated in soilless media. Sci Rep 2024; 14:23605. [PMID: 39384958 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-73973-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The study investigated the effect of soilless media (burlap), on the morphological traits and antioxidant activities of microgreens from Brassicaceae, Amaranthaceae, and Linaceae families. The results revealed significant variations were observed in the selected morphological, biochemical composition, and antioxidant capacity of the microgreens. The radish sango and microgreens showed superior morphological characteristics compared to other microgreens. The elemental composition analysis revealed consistent moisture, ash, fat, fiber, and protein content across all families. The results revealed significant variations in the biochemical composition and antioxidant capacity of the microgreens, depending on the growing medium and between microgreens. Notably, microgreens differed in photosynthetic pigment profiles, with flaxseed and cabbage showing the highest chlorophyll content of 26.59 to 27.18 µg/g, FW and carotenoid content in a range of 3.74 to 6.39 µg/g, FW was observed in microgreens. The radish sango and beetroot microgreens exhibited elevated anthocyanin levels of 27.94-28.25 µmol/100 g, FW. Biochemical analysis indicated varying levels of ascorbic acid (177.58 to 256.46 mg/100 g, FW), total glucosinolate content (4.09 to 47.38 µmol/g, FW), phenolic content (131.44 to 298.56 mg GAE/100 g, FW), and flavonoid content (10.94 to 18.14 mg QUE/100 g, FW) were observed in selected microgreens families. Radish sango microgreens demonstrated the highest DPPH (76.82%, FW) and ABTS (88.49%, FW) radical scavenging activities, indicating superior antioxidant potential. The study showed that Brassicaceae microgreens are particularly rich in bioactive and antioxidant properties. Additionally, studies could assess the economic feasibility and scalability of soilless cultivation methods for microgreens to support their inclusion in sustainable agricultural practices and health-promoting diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Gunjal
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Jyoti Singh
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Sawinder Kaur
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Vikas Nanda
- Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Sangrur, Punjab, India
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zafar Iqbal
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O.Box 7805, Riyadh, 11472, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sezai Ercisli
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ataturk University, 25240, Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Prasad Rasane
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India.
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Cho J, Sa KJ, Park H, Heo TH, Lee S, Lee JK. Association analysis of leaf aromatic substances in cultivated and weedy types of Perilla crop using SSR markers. Heliyon 2024; 10:e34995. [PMID: 39170332 PMCID: PMC11336293 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In East Asia, particularly South Korea, the two cultivated varieties of Perilla are commonly grown. They are clearly distinguished by their aromatic substances and have different uses as leafy vegetables or oil crop. This study was performed for the development of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers linked to volatile compounds in Perilla leaves that show differences between cultivated var. frutescens (CF), weedy var. frutescens (WF), and weedy var. crispa (WC) of Perilla. Fifty Perilla SSR primer sets were used to analyze genetic diversity for the 80 Perilla accessions of the three types. A total of 276 alleles were detected, with an average of 5.5 alleles per locus. The average genetic diversity values for CF, WF, and WC accessions were 0.402, 0.583, and 0.437, respectively. WF accessions exhibited the highest genetic diversity among the three types of the Perilla crop. Phylogenetic tree analysis classified 80 Perilla accessions of the three types into four groups, showing 37.2 % genetic similarity. Three types of the Perilla crop were clearly distinguished except for outstanding accessions. Through the application of an association analysis involving 50 Perilla SSR primer sets and five volatile compounds (perilla aldehyde, perilla ketone, myristicin, dill apiol, (Z,E)-α-farnesene) in the three types of the Perilla accessions, we detected 11 significant marker-trait associations duplicated in both Q GLM and Q + K MLM methods. These findings serve as valuable insights for identifying the aromatic substances in Perilla plants originating from various regions of South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungeun Cho
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
| | - Kyu Jin Sa
- Department of Crop Science, College of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Park
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
| | - Tae Hyeon Heo
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
| | - Sookyeong Lee
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 54874, South Korea
| | - Ju Kyong Lee
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
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Dong Q, Li D, Wu Y, Zhou C, Lin Y, Miao P, Li J, Pan C. Exogenous nanoselenium alleviates imidacloprid-induced oxidative stress toxicity by improving phenylpropanoid metabolism and antioxidant defense system in Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 289:154095. [PMID: 37741053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have been conducted to investigate the impact of pesticides on the secondary metabolism of traditional Chinese medicine and strategies to mitigate the toxicity of pesticide-induced oxidative stress. The current study focuses on evaluating the potential impacts of nano selenium (NSe) and imidacloprid (IMI) on the quality, physiological biochemistry, and secondary metabolites in Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. (P. frutescens). The study utilized metabolome analysis to explore the toxicity mechanism of IMI. The study noted that IMI-induced stress could emerge with detrimental effects by targeting the destruction of the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway. IMI-induced phenylpropanoid metabolism disorder resulted in an 8%, 17%, 25%, 10%, 65%, and 29% reduction in phenylalanine, coniferyl aldehyde, ferulic acid, cafestol, p-coumaraldehyde, and p-coumaric acid levels, respectively. Under the treatment of exogenous NSe, the levels of these metabolites were increased by 16%, 32%, 22%, 22%, 92%, and 29%, respectively. The application of exogenous NSe increased the levels of these metabolites and improved the biochemical disorder and quality of P. frutescens leaves by optimizing the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway and enhancing the antioxidant system. Overall, the results suggest that foliar application of NSe could alleviate the oxidative stress toxicity induced by IMI and improve the quality of P. frutescens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyong Dong
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dong Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, China
| | - Yangliu Wu
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chunran Zhou
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yongxi Lin
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Peijuan Miao
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Canping Pan
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Pest Chemical Control (China Agricultural University), China.
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Lee S, Yeo HJ, Lee SY, Kim SR, Park SU, Park CH. The Effect of Light and Dark Treatment on the Production of Rosmarinic Acid and Biological Activities in Perilla frutescens Microgreens. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1613. [PMID: 37111837 PMCID: PMC10142874 DOI: 10.3390/plants12081613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of light [a long-day photoperiod (16 h light/8 h dark cycle)] and dark treatment on the production of rosmarinic acid in P. frutescens microgreens and to determine its antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Microgreens of P. frutescens were grown under light and dark conditions and harvested after 10, 15, 20, and 25 days of each treatment. Although dry weight values of microgreens gradually increased from 10 to 25 days of both treatments, the microgreens grown under light treatment possessed slightly higher levels of dry weight than those grown in the dark. Rosmarinic acid and total phenolic content (TPC) were also analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Folin-Ciocalteu assay. The accumulation patterns of rosmarinic acid and TPC gradually increased and decreased, respectively, in P. frutescens microgreens grown in continuous darkness. The highest accumulation was observed in microgreens grown for 20 days. However, rosmarinic acid and TPC values were not significantly different in microgreens grown under light conditions. According to the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical inhibition assay, the extracts of P. frutescens microgreens were confirmed to be strong antioxidants, and their ability to scavenge DPPH radicals was positively correlated with the total phenolic content in the microgreens after 10, 15, 20, and 25 days of both treatments. Considering the relatively higher values of dry weight, rosmarinic acid, TPC, and DPPH assay, P. frutescens microgreens after 20 days of darkness and 20 days of light treatment, respectively, were selected for screening antibacterial activity using nine pathogens. Both microgreen extracts showed strong antibacterial activity against pathogens. In particular, the extracts of microgreens grown for 20 days under light treatment showed higher antimicrobial effects. Therefore, the light treatments for 20 days, as well as the darkness treatment for 20 days, were the best conditions for P. frutescens microgreen production because of their high levels of dry weight, phenolics, and biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seom Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Ji Yeo
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yeob Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Ryang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
- Department of Smart Agriculture Systems, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Ha Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
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Accogli R, Tomaselli V, Direnzo P, Perrino EV, Albanese G, Urbano M, Laghetti G. Edible Halophytes and Halo-Tolerant Species in Apulia Region (Southeastern Italy): Biogeography, Traditional Food Use and Potential Sustainable Crops. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12030549. [PMID: 36771632 PMCID: PMC9921767 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The Mediterranean basin is rich in wild edible species which have been used for food and medicinal purposes by humans throughout the centuries. Many of these species can be found near coastal areas and usually grow under saline conditions, while others can adapt in various harsh conditions including high salinity. Many of these species have a long history of gathering from the wild as a source of food. The aim of this contribution is an overview on the most important halophyte species (Salicornia sp. pl., Arthrocaulon macrostachyum (Moric.) Piirainen & G. Kadereit, Soda inermis Fourr., Cakile maritima Scop., Crithmum maritimum L., Reichardia picroides (L.) Roth., Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke subsp. tenoreana (Colla) Soldano & F. Conti, Allium commutatum Guss., Beta vulgaris L. subsp. maritima (L.) Arcang., Capparis spinosa L.) that traditionally have been gathered by rural communities in southern Italy, with special interest on their ecology and distribution, traditional uses, medicinal properties, marketing and early attempts of cultivation. It is worth noting that these species have an attractive new cash crop for marsh marginal lands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Accogli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), Salento University, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Valeria Tomaselli
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Paolo Direnzo
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), National Research Council (CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Enrico Vito Perrino
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70126 Bari, Italy
- CIHEAM, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Bari, Via Ceglie 9, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Albanese
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Marcella Urbano
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), National Research Council (CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Gaetano Laghetti
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), National Research Council (CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy
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Bhaswant M, Shanmugam DK, Miyazawa T, Abe C, Miyazawa T. Microgreens-A Comprehensive Review of Bioactive Molecules and Health Benefits. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020867. [PMID: 36677933 PMCID: PMC9864543 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Microgreens, a hypothesized term used for the emerging food product that is developed from various commercial food crops, such as vegetables, grains, and herbs, consist of developed cotyledons along with partially expanded true leaves. These immature plants are harvested between 7-21 days (depending on variety). They are treasured for their densely packed nutrients, concentrated flavors, immaculate and tender texture as well as for their vibrant colors. In recent years, microgreens are on demand from high-end restaurant chefs and nutritional researchers due to their potent flavors, appealing sensory qualities, functionality, abundance in vitamins, minerals, and other bioactive compounds, such as ascorbic acid, tocopherol, carotenoids, folate, tocotrienols, phylloquinones, anthocyanins, glucosinolates, etc. These qualities attracted research attention for use in the field of human health and nutrition. Increasing public concern regarding health has prompted humans to turn to microgreens which show potential in the prevention of malnutrition, inflammation, and other chronic ailments. This article focuses on the applications of microgreens in the prevention of the non-communicable diseases that prevails in the current generation, which emerged due to sedentary lifestyles, thus laying a theoretical foundation for the people creating awareness to switch to the recently introduced category of vegetable and providing great value for the development of health-promoting diets with microgreens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maharshi Bhaswant
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, India
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Dilip Kumar Shanmugam
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, India
| | - Taiki Miyazawa
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Chizumi Abe
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Teruo Miyazawa
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center (NICHe), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-22-795-3205
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Frontini A, De Bellis L, Luvisi A, Blando F, Allah SM, Dimita R, Mininni C, Accogli R, Negro C. The Green Leaf Volatile (Z)-3-Hexenyl Acetate Is Differently Emitted by Two Varieties of Tulbaghia violacea Plants Routinely and after Wounding. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3305. [PMID: 36501344 PMCID: PMC9739665 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
While studying aromas produced by the edible flowers of Tulbaghia violacea, we noticed a different production of (Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate (a green-leaf volatile, GLV) by purple (var. ‘Violacea’) and white (var. ‘Alba’) flowers. The white Tulbaghia flowers constantly emits (Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate, which is instead produced in a lower amount by the purple-flowered variety. Thus, we moved to analyze the production of (Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate by whole plants of the two varieties by keeping them confined under a glass bell for 5 h together with a SPME (Solid Phase Micro Extraction) fiber. Results show that six main volatile compounds are emitted by T. violacea plants: (Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, nonanal, decanal, (Z)-3-Hexenyl-α-methylbutyrate, and one unknown compound. By cutting at half-height of the leaves, the (Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate is emitted in high quantities from both varieties, while the production of (Z)-3-Hexenyl-α-methylbutyrate increases. (Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate is a GLV capable of stimulating plant defenses, attracting herbivores and their natural enemies, and it is also involved in plant-to-plant communication and defense priming. Thus, T. violacea could represent a useful model for the study of GLVs production and a ‘signal’ plant capable of stimulating natural defenses in the neighboring plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Frontini
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), Salento University, Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Luigi De Bellis
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), Salento University, Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Andrea Luvisi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), Salento University, Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Federica Blando
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Research Unit of Lecce, Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Samar Min Allah
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), Salento University, Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Rosanna Dimita
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), Salento University, Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Carlo Mininni
- Ortogourmet Società Agricola S.r.l., S.C. 14 Madonna delle Grazie, 74014 Laterza, Italy
| | - Rita Accogli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), Salento University, Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Carmine Negro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), Salento University, Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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10
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Evaluation of the Soil Type Effect on the Volatile Compounds in the Habanero Pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.). HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8050428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of soil on the concentration of the main volatile compounds in the Habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.). Plants were cultivated in three soils named, corresponding to the Maya classification, as Chich lu’um (brown soil), Box lu’um (black soil), and K’ankab lu’um (red soil). The volatile compounds of the peppers were extracted by steam distillation, analyzed by gas chromatography, and reported on a fresh weight (FW) basis. The results indicated that the soil presented a significative effect on the concentration of the volatile compounds evaluated (1-hexanol, hexyl-3-methyl butanoate, 3,3-dimethyl-1-hexanol, cis-3-hexenyl hexanoate). The peppers cultivated in black soil exhibited the highest concentration of 1-hexanol (360.14 ± 8.57 µg g−1 FW), 3,3-dimethyl-1-hexanol (1020.61 ± 51.27 µg g−1 FW), and cis-3-hexenyl hexanoate (49.49 ± 1.55 µg g−1 FW). In contrast, the highest concentration of hexyl-3-methyl butanoate (499.93 ± 5.78 µg g−1 FW) was quantified in peppers grown in brown soil. This knowledge helps us to understand the role of the soil in the aroma of the Habanero pepper and could be used by farmers in the region (Yucatan Peninsula) to select the soil according to the desired aroma characteristics.
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The Essential Oil Derived from Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. Attenuates Imiquimod–Induced Psoriasis-like Skin Lesions in BALB/c Mice. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092996. [PMID: 35566346 PMCID: PMC9100515 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is reported to be a common chronic immune-mediated skin disease characterized by abnormal keratinocytes and cell proliferation. Perilla leaves are rich in essential oils, fatty acids, and flavonoids, which are recognized for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, the alleviating effect of essential oil (PO) extracted from Perilla frutescens stems and leaves on imiquimod (IMQ) -induced psoriasis-like lesions in BALB/c mice were investigated. Results showed that PO ameliorated psoriasis-like lesions in vivo, reduced the expression of lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus G6D (Ly-6G), which is a marker of neutrophil activation, and inhibited the expression of inflammatory factors interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2). In addition, PO significantly decreased the expression of cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1, interleukin 23 (IL-23), interleukin 17 (IL-17), and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB). Furthermore, the down-regulation of mRNA levels of psoriasis-related pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-17, interleukin 22 (IL-22), IL-23, interferon-α (IFN-α), and Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) was observed with the treatment of PO. All results show a concentration dependence of PO, with low concentrations showing the best results. These results suggest that PO effectively alleviated psoriasis-like skin lesions and down-regulated inflammatory responses, which indicates that PO could potentially be used for further studies on inflammation-related skin diseases such as psoriasis and for the treatment of psoriasis such as psoriasis natural plant essential oil resources.
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Evaluation and Comparison of Pear Flower Aroma Characteristics of Seven Cultivars. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8050352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Due to its ornamental and medicinal value, pear flower has been historically loved and used in China. However, the current understanding of their odor-active compounds and aroma profiles is rather limited. This work aimed to evaluate and compare the overall aroma profile of pear flowers; the volatiles in flowers of seven pear cultivars (Anli, Bayuesu, Golden, Brown peel, KorlaXiangli, Lyubaoshi, Xizilü) were analyzed using solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). A total of 93 volatile compounds were identified and quantified within the amount of volatiles in the range of 62.7–691.8 μg kg−1 (FW) and showed high and significant variability in different cultivars. Anli and Brown peel flowers showed a relatively higher volatile abundance, while KorlaXiangli flowers were significantly lower than other cultivars. Although the composition of volatiles depended on the existence of different chemical classes, the odor activity values (OAVs) and odor descriptions showed some aldehydes were part of their main peculiarities and were considered as the basic active odorants that presented strong intensity of citrus and floral odor. Moreover, multivariate analysis showed the pear flower of different cultivars could be arranged in different clusters by the identified odorants. This study provides first-hand knowledge regarding pear flower aroma profiles, and that the cultivar differences were critical for the overall pattern.
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Ebert AW. Sprouts and Microgreens-Novel Food Sources for Healthy Diets. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11040571. [PMID: 35214902 PMCID: PMC8877763 DOI: 10.3390/plants11040571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
With the growing interest of society in healthy eating, the interest in fresh, ready-to-eat, functional food, such as microscale vegetables (sprouted seeds and microgreens), has been on the rise in recent years globally. This review briefly describes the crops commonly used for microscale vegetable production, highlights Brassica vegetables because of their health-promoting secondary metabolites (polyphenols, glucosinolates), and looks at consumer acceptance of sprouts and microgreens. Apart from the main crops used for microscale vegetable production, landraces, wild food plants, and crops' wild relatives often have high phytonutrient density and exciting flavors and tastes, thus providing the scope to widen the range of crops and species used for this purpose. Moreover, the nutritional value and content of phytochemicals often vary with plant growth and development within the same crop. Sprouted seeds and microgreens are often more nutrient-dense than ungerminated seeds or mature vegetables. This review also describes the environmental and priming factors that may impact the nutritional value and content of phytochemicals of microscale vegetables. These factors include the growth environment, growing substrates, imposed environmental stresses, seed priming and biostimulants, biofortification, and the effect of light in controlled environments. This review also touches on microgreen market trends. Due to their short growth cycle, nutrient-dense sprouts and microgreens can be produced with minimal input; without pesticides, they can even be home-grown and harvested as needed, hence having low environmental impacts and a broad acceptance among health-conscious consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas W Ebert
- World Vegetable Center, 60 Yi-Min Liao, Shanhua, Tainan 74151, Taiwan
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