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Rashid F, Ghimire S, Mangalam AK, Giri S. A UPLC-MS/MS Based Rapid, Sensitive, and Non-Enzymatic Methodology for Quantitation of Dietary Isoflavones in Biological Fluids. Molecules 2023; 28:6729. [PMID: 37764503 PMCID: PMC10534480 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary isoflavones, a type of phytoestrogens, have gained importance owing to their health-promoting benefits. However, the beneficial effects of isoflavones are mediated by smaller metabolites produced with the help of gut bacteria that are known to metabolize these phytoestrogenic compounds into Daidzein and Genistein and biologically active molecules such as S-Equol. Identifying and measuring these phytoestrogens and their metabolites is an important step towards understanding the significance of diet and gut microbiota in human health and diseases. We have overcome the reported difficulties in quantitation of these isoflavones and developed a simplified, sensitive, non-enzymatic, and sulfatases-free extraction methodology. We have subsequently used this method to quantify these metabolites in the urine of mice using UPLC-MS/MS. The extraction and quantitation method was validated for precision, linearity, accuracy, recoveries, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ). Linear calibration curves for Daidzein, Genistein, and S-Equol were set up by performing linear regression analysis and checked using the correlation coefficient (r2 > 0.995). LOQs for Daidzein, Genistein, and S-Equol were 2, 4, and 2 ng/mL, respectively. This UPLC-MS/MS swift method is suitable for quantifying isoflavones and the microbial-derived metabolite S-Equol in mice urine and is particularly useful for large numbers of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraz Rashid
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA;
| | - Sudeep Ghimire
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | | | - Shailendra Giri
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA;
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Yeh KC, Hung CF, Lee HL, Hsieh TY, Wang SJ. Soybean Meal Extract Preserves Memory Ability by Increasing Presynaptic Function and Modulating Gut Microbiota in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:1649-1664. [PMID: 35001354 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02669-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Age-related degenerative brain diseases frequently manifest as memory deficits. Dietary interventions or nutraceuticals may provide efficacious treatments through prevention and cure. Soybean meal, a byproduct of soy oil refining, has health benefits, but its effect on memory function is unknown. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of the oral administration of soybean meal extract (SME) for 2 weeks on memory function using the Morris water maze (MWM) test in healthy rats and investigated the possible underlying mechanisms. First, analysis of the composition revealed that SME is rich in isoflavones; SME did not exhibit hepatotoxicity or renal toxicity at the different doses tested. The MWM results revealed that the escape latency and movement distance of rats were significantly shorter in the SME group than in the control group, indicating that SME can help in memory preservation. In addition, SME increased the levels of presynaptic proteins such as synaptophysin, synaptobrevin, synaptotagmin, syntaxin, synapsin I, and 25-kDa synaptosome-associated protein as well as protein kinases and their phosphorylated expression, including extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), protein kinase C (PKC), and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in the hippocampal nerve terminals (synaptosomes). Transmission electron microscopy also indicated that SME increased the number of synaptic vesicles in hippocampal synaptosomes. Furthermore, SME rats exhibited altered microbiota composition compared with control rats. Therefore, our data suggest that SME can increase presynaptic function and modulate gut microbiota, thus aiding in memory preservation in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Chieh Yeh
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, No.510, Zhongzheng Rd., Xinzhuang Dist, New Taipei City, 24205, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Feng Hung
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, No.510, Zhongzheng Rd., Xinzhuang Dist, New Taipei City, 24205, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ling Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yang Hsieh
- P.H.D. Program in Neutrition & Food Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Su-Jane Wang
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, No.510, Zhongzheng Rd., Xinzhuang Dist, New Taipei City, 24205, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.
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Tomani JCD, Bonnet O, Nyirimigabo A, Deschamps W, Tchinda AT, Jansen O, Ledoux A, Mukazayire MJ, Vanhamme L, Frédérich M, Muganga R, Souopgui J. In Vitro Antiplasmodial and Cytotoxic Activities of Compounds from the Roots of Eriosema montanum Baker f. (Fabaceae). Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092795. [PMID: 34068519 PMCID: PMC8125995 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains one of the leading causes of death in sub-Saharan Africa, ranked in the top three infectious diseases in the world. Plants of the Eriosema genus have been reported to be used for the treatment of this disease, but scientific evidence is still missing for some of them. In the present study, the in vitro antiplasmodial activity of the crude extract and compounds from Eriosema montanum Baker f. roots were tested against the 3D7 strain of Plasmodium falciparum and revealed using the SYBR Green, a DNA intercalating compound. The cytotoxicity effect of the compounds on a human cancer cell line (THP-1) was assessed to determine their selectivity index. It was found that the crude extract of the plant displayed a significant antiplasmodial activity with an IC50 (µg/mL) = 17.68 ± 4.030 and a cytotoxic activity with a CC50 (µg/mL) = 101.5 ± 12.6, corresponding to a selective antiplasmodial activity of 5.7. Bioactivity-guided isolation of the major compounds of the roots' crude extract afforded seven compounds, including genistein, genistin and eucomic acid. Under our experimental conditions, using Artemisinin as a positive control, eucomic acid showed the best inhibitory activity against the P. falciparum 3D7, a well-known chloroquine-sensitive strain. The present results provide a referential basis to support the traditional use of Eriosema species in the treatment of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Claude Didelot Tomani
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali P.O. Box 3286, Rwanda; (J.C.D.T.); (A.N.); (M.J.M.); (R.M.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; (W.D.); (L.V.)
| | - Olivier Bonnet
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, University of Liège, B36, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (O.B.); (O.J.); (A.L.); (M.F.)
| | - Alain Nyirimigabo
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali P.O. Box 3286, Rwanda; (J.C.D.T.); (A.N.); (M.J.M.); (R.M.)
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, University of Liège, B36, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (O.B.); (O.J.); (A.L.); (M.F.)
| | - William Deschamps
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; (W.D.); (L.V.)
| | - Alembert Tiabou Tchinda
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, Centre for Research on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Yaoundé P.O. Box 13033, Cameroon;
| | - Olivia Jansen
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, University of Liège, B36, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (O.B.); (O.J.); (A.L.); (M.F.)
| | - Allison Ledoux
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, University of Liège, B36, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (O.B.); (O.J.); (A.L.); (M.F.)
| | - Marie Jeanne Mukazayire
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali P.O. Box 3286, Rwanda; (J.C.D.T.); (A.N.); (M.J.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Luc Vanhamme
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; (W.D.); (L.V.)
| | - Michel Frédérich
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines (CIRM), Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, University of Liège, B36, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (O.B.); (O.J.); (A.L.); (M.F.)
| | - Raymond Muganga
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali P.O. Box 3286, Rwanda; (J.C.D.T.); (A.N.); (M.J.M.); (R.M.)
| | - Jacob Souopgui
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium; (W.D.); (L.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-2-650-9936
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Photoprotective Effects of Soybean Extract against UV-Induced Damage in Human Fibroblast and Hairless Mouse Model. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.12750/jarb.34.1.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Sun K, Xiang X, Li N, Huang S, Qin X, Wu Y, Tang X, Gao P, Li J, Wu T, Chen D, Hu Y. Gene-Diet Interaction between SIRT6 and Soybean Intake for Different Levels of Pulse Wave Velocity. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:14338-52. [PMID: 26114387 PMCID: PMC4519845 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160714338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean is a common food for the Chinese people. We aimed to investigate the risk for brachial ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) with inflammatory-related SNPs and soybean. baPWV was measured, and 16 inflammatory-related SNPs located on ADIPOQ, CDH13, SIRT3, SIRT6, CXCL12, CXCR4, NOS1, PON1 and CDKN2B were genotyped in 1749 Chinese participants recruited from various communities. ADIPOQ rs12495941 (GT/TT vs. GG: crude OR = 1.27, p = 0.044) and SIRT6 rs107251 (CT/TT vs. CC: crude OR = 0.74, p = 0.009) were associated with abnormal baPWV (baPWV ≥ 1700 cm/s). After adjustment for conventional environmental risk factors, rs12495941 was associated with abnormal baPWV (GT/TT vs. GG: adjusted OR = 1.43, p = 0.011), but the association between rs107251 and abnormal baPWV was not significant (CT/TT vs. CC: adjusted OR = 0.83, p = 0.173). The interaction between rs107251 and soybean intake for different levels of baPWV was statistically significant (p = 0.017). Compared with a high level of soybean intake, a low level of soybean intake can significantly decrease the risk of abnormal baPWV in individuals of rs107251 CT/TT genotypes (≤100 vs. >100 g/week: adjusted OR = 0.542, p = 0.003). In this study, associations between ADIPOQ rs12495941, SIRT6 rs107251 and baPWV, as well as an interaction between SIRT6 rs107251 and soybean intake for different levels of baPWV were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Xiao Xiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Na Li
- Fangshan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102401, China.
| | - Shaoping Huang
- Fangshan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102401, China.
| | - Xueying Qin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yiqun Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Xun Tang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Pei Gao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Dafang Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Yonghua Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
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Wang Q, Ge X, Tian X, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Zhang P. Soy isoflavone: The multipurpose phytochemical (Review). Biomed Rep 2013; 1:697-701. [PMID: 24649012 DOI: 10.3892/br.2013.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Soy isoflavones are compounds found in soybean and soybean products. They have been reported to possess numerous physiological properties, such as antitumor, anti-menopausal (female) osteoporosis and anti-aging. They have also been reported to improve learning and memory skills in menopausal women and aid in the prevention and treatment of heart disease, diabetes and Kawasaki disease (KD). In this review, the effects of soy isoflavones on various diseases were analyzed. Based on the analysis, it was hypothesized that the function of soybean isoflavones in the prevention and treatment of various diseases results from their phytoestrogen and antioxidant properties. However, due to their phytoestrogen properties, it is recommended that the risks of soy isoflavone intake as food and/or medical treatment be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering and Technology of Shandong High School, Shandong Wanjie Medical College, Zibo, Shandong 255213, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyue Ge
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering and Technology of Shandong High School, Shandong Wanjie Medical College, Zibo, Shandong 255213, P.R. China
| | - Xuewen Tian
- Shandong Research Center of Sports Science, Jinan, Shandong 250102, P.R. China
| | - Yujun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering and Technology of Shandong High School, Shandong Wanjie Medical College, Zibo, Shandong 255213, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering and Technology of Shandong High School, Shandong Wanjie Medical College, Zibo, Shandong 255213, P.R. China
| | - Pingping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering and Technology of Shandong High School, Shandong Wanjie Medical College, Zibo, Shandong 255213, P.R. China
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Huang CC, Hsu BY, Wu NL, Tsui WH, Lin TJ, Su CC, Hung CF. Anti-photoaging effects of soy isoflavone extract (aglycone and acetylglucoside form) from soybean cake. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:4782-95. [PMID: 21614173 PMCID: PMC3100816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11124782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Soy isoflavones, found in soybean and soybean products, have been reported to possess many physiological activities such as antioxidant activity, inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, reduction of cardiovascular risk, prevention of osteoporosis and alleviation of postmenopausal syndrome. In our previous study, soy isoflavone extract ISO-1 (containing 12 soy isoflavones) from soybean cake was demonstrated to prevent skin damage caused by UVB exposure. In this study, soy isoflavone extract from soybean cake was further purified and evaluated for the protective effects on UVB-induced damage. The results revealed that Fraction 3, which contains the aglycone group (daidzein, genistein and glycitein) and acetylglucoside group (acetyldaidzin, acetylgenistin and acetylglycitin) of soy isoflavones, could inhibit UVB-induced death of human keratinocytes and reduce the level of desquamation, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), erythema and epidermal thickness in mouse skin. Furthermore, topical application of Fraction 3 increased the activity of catalase and suppressed cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression in mice exposed to UVB. In addition, in comparison with ISO-1 and genistein, the Fraction 3 possessed much greater protective effects on both UVB-induced oxidative stress and keratinocyte death than other fractions. Therefore, the soy isoflavone extract Fraction 3 from soybean cake is a desirable anti-photoaging agent for skin care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Chen Huang
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan; E-Mail:
- Department of Dermatology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Bo-Yang Hsu
- Department of Food Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Nan-Lin Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan; E-Mail:
- Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Huei Tsui
- Department of Life Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Tzu-Ju Lin
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Ching-Chieh Su
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardinal Tien Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Chi-Feng Hung
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan; E-Mail:
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Bronikowska J, Szliszka E, Czuba ZP, Zwolinski D, Szmydki D, Krol W. The combination of TRAIL and isoflavones enhances apoptosis in cancer cells. Molecules 2010; 15:2000-15. [PMID: 20336028 PMCID: PMC6257263 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15032000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoflavones are a class of bioactive polyphenols with cancer chemopreventive properties. TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) is a naturally occurring antitumor agent that selectively induces programmed death (apoptosis) in cancer cells. Polyphenols can modulate TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in cancer cells. We examined the cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of isoflavones in combination with TRAIL on HeLa cancer cells. The apoptosis was detected by fluorescence microscopy with annexin V-FITC. The cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT and LDH assays. The tested isoflavones: genistein, biochanin-A and neobavaisoflavone enhance TRAIL-induced apoptosis in HeLa cells. Our study indicated that isoflavones augmented TRAIL-cytotoxicity against cancer cells and confirmed potential role of those polyphenols in chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Bronikowska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland.
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Content and Profile of Isoflavones in Soy-Based Foods as a Function of the Production Process. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-009-0311-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Wang BF, Wang JS, Lu JF, Kao TH, Chen BH. Antiproliferation effect and mechanism of prostate cancer cell lines as affected by isoflavones from soybean cake. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:2221-32. [PMID: 19292464 DOI: 10.1021/jf8037715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the antiproliferation effect of prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP and PC-3 as affected by 4 isoflavone fractions prepared from soybean cake and isoflavone standards genistein and daidzein. With the MTT test, most treatments were effective in inhibiting prostate cancer cell growth at a low dose of 5 and 10 mug/mL. In cell cycle analysis, the fractions of aglycon, a mixture of acetylglucoside and aglycon, as well as genistein and a combination of genistein and daidzein standards exhibited a high G2/M ratio for LNCaP, as did the acetylglucoside, genistein and a combination of genistein and daidzein standards for PC-3. Results of Western blotting revealed an increase in p53 protein expression of LNCaP following treatments of the aglycon fraction, genistein and a combination of genistein and daidzein standards. However, all the treatments did not affect Bcl-2 protein expression significantly in both LNCaP and PC-3 cells. A decline in cyclin B1 expression of LNCaP was observed for all the treatments, with the mixture of acetylglucoside and aglycon possessing the most pronounced effect. But for PC-3, a decrease in cyclin B1 expression was shown for all the isoflavones, with the exception of malonylglucoside, glucoside and acetylglucoside fractions. The outcome of this study may provide a basis for possible production of functional food in the future with soybean cake as raw material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai Fu Wang
- Department of Urology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
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