1
|
Brătfelan DO, Tabaran A, Colobatiu L, Mihaiu R, Mihaiu M. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolates from Chicken Meat in Romania. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3488. [PMID: 38003106 PMCID: PMC10668644 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study was conducted in order to analyze the prevalence of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in samples of chicken meat (100 chicken meat samples), as well as to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of these isolates. A total of 30 samples were positive for E. coli among the collected chicken samples. Most isolates proved to be highly resistant to tetracycline (80%), ampicillin (80%), sulfamethoxazole (73.33%), chloramphenicol (70%) and nalidixic acid (60%). Strong resistance to ciprofloxacin (56.66%), trimethoprim (50%), cefotaxime (46.66%), ceftazidime (43.33%) and gentamicin (40%) was also observed. Notably, one E. coli strain also proved to be resistant to colistin. The antimicrobial resistance determinants detected among the E. coli isolates recovered in our study were consistent with their resistance phenotypes. Most of the isolates harbored the tetA (53.33%), tetB (46.66%), blaTEM (36.66%) and sul1 (26.66%) genes, but also aadA1 (23.33%), blaCTX (16.66%), blaOXA (16.66%), qnrA (16.66%) and aac (10%). In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge, this is among the first studies analyzing the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of E. coli strains isolated from chicken meat in Romania and probably the first study reporting colistin resistance in E. coli isolates recovered from food sources in our country.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dariana Olivia Brătfelan
- Department of Animal Breeding and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Manastur Street No. 3/5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (D.O.B.); (A.T.); (M.M.)
| | - Alexandra Tabaran
- Department of Animal Breeding and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Manastur Street No. 3/5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (D.O.B.); (A.T.); (M.M.)
| | - Liora Colobatiu
- Department of Medical Devices, Faculty of Pharmacy, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Victor Babes Street No. 8, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Romolica Mihaiu
- Department of Management, Faculty of Economic Sciences and Business Administration, Babes Bolyai University, Mihail Kogalniceanu Street No.1, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Marian Mihaiu
- Department of Animal Breeding and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Manastur Street No. 3/5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (D.O.B.); (A.T.); (M.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Panikar SS, Sekhar Reddy KC, Gonzalez AL, Ramírez-García G, Rodríguez ÁG, Mondragon Sosa MA, Salas P, Mota-Morales JD. Deep Eutectic Solvent-Enabled Plasmonic Nanocellulose Aerogel: On-Demand Three-Dimensional (3D) SERS Hotspot Based on Collapsing Mechanism. Anal Chem 2022; 94:16470-16480. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Surendra Panikar
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada (CFATA), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, 76230, México
| | - Kolli Chandra Sekhar Reddy
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV) Unidad Querétaro, Querétaro, 76230, México
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Ana L. Gonzalez
- Instituto de Física, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Apdo. Post. J-48, Puebla, 72570, México
| | - Gonzalo Ramírez-García
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada (CFATA), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, 76230, México
| | - Ángel G. Rodríguez
- Coordinación para la Innovación y la Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí (UASLP), Álvaro Obregón 64, 78000 San Luis Potosí, S.L.P. México
| | - María Antonieta Mondragon Sosa
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada (CFATA), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, 76230, México
| | - Pedro Salas
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada (CFATA), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, 76230, México
| | - Josué D. Mota-Morales
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada (CFATA), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, 76230, México
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Barnhart B, Flinders C, Ragsdale R, Johnson G, Wiegand P. Deriving Human Health and Aquatic Life Water Quality Criteria in the United States for Bioaccumulative Substances: A Historical Review and Future Perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:2394-2405. [PMID: 34062012 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Methods used to derive water quality regulations for persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic substances (PBTs) in the United States have evolved substantially over the past 50 yr, leveraging current understandings and assumptions about the nature and magnitude of partitioning and accumulation of substances in water, sediments, and organisms. In the United States and across the world, environmental regulations continue to evolve into more refined water quality criteria protective of aquatic life and human health. The present review provides historical context on the establishment of aquatic life and human health water quality criteria in the United States by compiling information from regulatory agencies and peer-reviewed literature on methods used to characterize and quantify bioaccumulation of substances in aquatic organisms and humans. Primary data needs and assumptions for various methods, as well as their application in setting criteria by the US Environmental Protection Agency over the past half century, are highlighted. Our review offers an important retrospective on the data and methods used to derive water quality criteria for PBTs and provides commentary on the future of US criteria development. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2394-2405. © 2021 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brad Barnhart
- National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Camille Flinders
- National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Anacortes, Washington, USA
| | - Renee Ragsdale
- National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Anacortes, Washington, USA
| | - Giffe Johnson
- National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Sarasota, Florida, USA
| | - Paul Wiegand
- National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Munene A, Hall DC. Factors influencing perceptions of private water quality in North America: a systematic review. Syst Rev 2019; 8:111. [PMID: 31077249 PMCID: PMC6511211 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-019-1013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An estimated four million and 43 million people in Canada and the USA use private water supplies. Private water supplies are vulnerable to waterborne disease outbreaks. Private water supplies in Canada and the USA are often unregulated and private water management is often a choice left to the owner. Perceptions of water quality become important in influencing the adoption of private water stewardship practices, therefore safeguarding public health. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature review to understand factors that shape perceptions of water quality among private water users. We searched six computer databases (Web of science, Medline, Scopus, EBSCO, PubMed and Agricola). The search was limited to primary peer-reviewed publications, grey literature and excluded conference proceedings, review articles, and non-peer review articles. We restricted the search to papers published in English and to articles which published data on surveys of private water users within Canada and the USA. The search was also restricted to publications from 1986 to 2017. The literature search generated 36,478 records. Two hundred and four full text were reviewed. RESULTS Fifty-two articles were included in the final review. Several factors were found to influence perceptions of water quality including organoleptic preferences, chemical and microbiological contaminants, perceived risks, water well infrastructure, past experience with water quality, external information, demographics, in addition to the values, attitudes, and beliefs held by well owners. CONCLUSIONS Understanding the factors that shape perceptions of water quality among private water users is an important step in developing private water management policies to increase compliance towards water testing and treatment in Canada and the USA. As many jurisdictions in Canada and the USA do not have mandatory private water testing or treatment guidelines, delineating these factors is an important step in informing future research and guiding policy on the public health of private water systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Munene
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada.
| | - David C Hall
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Water is Medicine: Reimagining Water Security through Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in Relationships to Treated and Traditional Water Sources in Yukon, Canada. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11030624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is growing acknowledgement that the material dimensions of water security alone are inadequate; we also need to engage with a broader set of hydrosocial relationships. Indeed, more holistic approaches are needed to explain Indigenous peoples’ relationships to water including the use of traditional water sources such as mountain creeks and springs. In this paper, we seek to reimagine water security through a case study of Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in’s relationships to both treated and traditional water sources throughout the First Nation’s traditional territory in Yukon, Canada. Through community-based research including interviews with Elders and other community members, we examine the importance of traditional water sources for meeting important health requirements including physical, spiritual and cultural wellbeing. This intervention contributes to ongoing debates about what it means to secure safe and affordable water in three key ways: First, we argue that Indigenous water relations invite a shift towards more a holistic understanding of water security; second, we contend that settler colonial politics should be understood as a root cause of water insecurity; finally, we explore how Two-Eyed Seeing can be applied as an alternative to the ‘integration’ of Western scientific and Indigenous approaches to drinking water.
Collapse
|
6
|
Mian HR, Hu G, Hewage K, Rodriguez MJ, Sadiq R. Prioritization of unregulated disinfection by-products in drinking water distribution systems for human health risk mitigation: A critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 147:112-131. [PMID: 30308371 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Water disinfection involves the use of different types of disinfectants, which are oxidizing agents that react with natural organic matter (NOM) to form disinfection by-products (DBPs). The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has established threshold limits on some DBPs, which are known as regulated DBPs (R-DBPs). The human health risks associated with R-DBPs in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) and application of stricter regulations have led water utilities to switch from conventional disinfectant (i.e., chlorination) to alternative disinfectants. However, the use of alternative disinfectants causes formation of a new suit of DBPs known as unregulated DBPs (UR-DBPs), which in many cases can be more toxic. There is a growing concern of UR-DBPs formation in drinking water. This review prioritizes some commonly occurring UR-DBP groups and species in DWDSs based on their concentration level, reported frequency, and toxicity using an indexing method. There are nine UR-DBPs group and 36 species that have been identified based on recent published peer-reviewed articles. Haloacetonitriles (HANs) and haloacetaldehydes (HALs) are identified as important UR-DBP groups. Dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) and trichloroacetaldehye (TCAL) are identified as critical UR-DBPs species. The outcomes of this review can help water regulators to identify the most critical UR-DBPs species in the context of drinking water safety and provide them with useful information to develop guidelines or threshold limits for UR-DBPs. The outcomes can also help water utilities in selecting water treatment processes for the mitigation of human health risk posed by UR-DBPs through drinking water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haroon R Mian
- School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Guangji Hu
- School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Kasun Hewage
- School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Manuel J Rodriguez
- École Supérieure D'aménagement du Territoire et Développement Régional (ESAD), 2325, allée des Bibliothèque Université Laval, Québec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Rehan Sadiq
- School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wright CJ, Sargeant JM, Edge VL, Ford JD, Farahbakhsh K, Shiwak I, Flowers C, Harper SL. Water quality and health in northern Canada: stored drinking water and acute gastrointestinal illness in Labrador Inuit. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:32975-32987. [PMID: 28702908 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9695-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the highest self-reported incidence rates of acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) in the global peer-reviewed literature occurs in Inuit communities in the Canadian Arctic. This high incidence of illness could be due, in part, to the consumption of contaminated water, as many northern communities face challenges related to the quality of municipal drinking water. Furthermore, many Inuit store drinking water in containers in the home, which could increase the risk of contamination between source and point-of-use (i.e., water recontamination during storage). To examine this risk, this research characterized drinking water collection and storage practices, identified potential risk factors for water contamination between source and point-of-use, and examined possible associations between drinking water contamination and self-reported AGI in the Inuit community of Rigolet, Canada. The study included a cross-sectional census survey that captured data on types of drinking water used, household practices related to drinking water (e.g., how it was collected and stored), physical characteristics of water storage containers, and self-reported AGI. Additionally, water samples were collected from all identified drinking water containers in homes and analyzed for presence of Escherichia coli and total coliforms. Despite municipally treated tap water being available in all homes, 77.6% of households had alternative sources of drinking water stored in containers, and of these containers, 25.2% tested positive for total coliforms. The use of transfer devices and water dippers (i.e., smaller bowls or measuring cups) for the collection and retrieval of water from containers were both significantly associated with increased odds of total coliform presence in stored water (ORtransfer device = 3.4, 95% CI 1.2-11.7; ORdipper = 13.4, 95% CI 3.8-47.1). Twenty-eight-day period prevalence of self-reported AGI during the month before the survey was 17.2% (95% CI 13.0-22.5), which yielded an annual incidence rate of 2.4 cases per person per year (95% CI 1.8-3.1); no water-related risk factors were significantly associated with AGI. Considering the high prevalence of, and risk factors associated with, indicator bacteria in drinking water stored in containers, potential exposure to waterborne pathogens may be minimized through interventions at the household level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlee J Wright
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Jan M Sargeant
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Victoria L Edge
- Public Health Agency of Canada, 160 Research Lane, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 5B2, Canada
- Indigenous Health Adaptation to Climate Change, Montréal, Canada
| | - James D Ford
- Indigenous Health Adaptation to Climate Change, Montréal, Canada
- Priestly International Centre for Climate, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- Department of Geography, McGill University, 845 Rue Sherbrooke Ouest, Montréal, Québec, H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Khosrow Farahbakhsh
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Inez Shiwak
- Rigolet Inuit Community Government, Rigolet, Labrador, A0P 1P0, Canada
| | - Charlie Flowers
- Rigolet Inuit Community Government, Rigolet, Labrador, A0P 1P0, Canada
| | - Sherilee L Harper
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
- Indigenous Health Adaptation to Climate Change, Montréal, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Taggar G, Rehman MA, Yin X, Lepp D, Ziebell K, Handyside P, Boerlin P, Diarra MS. Antimicrobial-Resistant E. coli from Surface Waters in Southwest Ontario Dairy Farms. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2018; 47:1068-1078. [PMID: 30272802 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2018.04.0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Untreated surface waters can be contaminated with a variety of bacteria, including , some of which can be pathogenic for both humans and animals. Therefore, such waters need to be treated before their use in dairy operations to mitigate risks to dairy cow health and milk safety. To understand the molecular ecology of , this study aimed to assess antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in recovered from untreated surface water sources of dairy farms. Untreated surface water samples ( = 240) from 15 dairy farms were collected and processed to isolate . A total of 234 isolates were obtained and further characterized for their serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility. Of the 234 isolates, 71.4% were pan-susceptible, 23.5% were resistant to one or two antimicrobial classes, and 5.1% were resistant to three or more antimicrobial classes. Whole genome sequence analysis of 11 selected multidrug-resistant isolates revealed AMR genes including and that confer resistance to the critically important extended-spectrum cephalosporins, as well as a variety of plasmids (mainly of the replicon type) and class 1 integrons. Phylogenetic and comparative genome analysis revealed a genetic relationship between some of the sequenced and Shiga toxin-producing O157:H7 (STEC), which warrants further investigation. This study shows that untreated surface water sources contain antimicrobial-resistant which may serve as a reservoir of AMR that could be disseminated through horizontal gene transfer. This is another reason why effective water treatment before usage should be routinely done on dairy farm operations.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wright CJ, Sargeant JM, Edge VL, Ford JD, Farahbakhsh K, Shiwak I, Flowers C, Gordon AC, Harper SL. How are perceptions associated with water consumption in Canadian Inuit? A cross-sectional survey in Rigolet, Labrador. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 618:369-378. [PMID: 29132004 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Concerns regarding the safety and aesthetic qualities of one's municipal drinking water supply are important factors influencing drinking water perceptions and consumption patterns (i.e. sources used and daily volume of consumption). In northern Canada, Inuit communities face challenges with drinking water quality, and many Inuit have reported concerns regarding the safety of their drinking water. The objectives of this research were to describe perceptions of municipal tap water, examine use of water sources and changes following the installation of a potable water dispensing unit (PWDU) in 2014, and identify factors associated with water consumption in the Inuit community of Rigolet. This study used data from three cross-sectional census surveys conducted between 2012 and 2014. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to aggregate data from multiple variables related to perceptions of water, and logistic regressions were used to identify variables associated with water consumption patterns. Three quarters of residents reported using the PWDU after its installation, with concomitant declines reported in consumption of bottled, tap, and brook water. Negative perceptions of tap water were associated with lower odds of consuming tap water (ORPCAcomponent1=0.73, 95% CI 0.56-0.94; ORPCAcomponent2=0.67, 95% CI 0.49-0.93); women had higher odds of drinking purchased water compared to men (OR=1.90, 95% CI 1.11-3.26). The median amount of water consumed per day was 1L. Using brook water (OR=2.60, 95% CI 1.22-5.56) and living in a household where no one had full-time employment (OR=2.94, 95% CI 1.35-6.39) were associated with consuming >2L of water per day. Results of this study may inform drinking water interventions, risk assessments, and public health messaging in Rigolet and other Indigenous communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlee J Wright
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Jan M Sargeant
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Victoria L Edge
- Public Health Agency of Canada, 160 Research Lane, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5B2, Canada
| | - James D Ford
- Priestley International Centre for Climate, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Khosrow Farahbakhsh
- Formerly with the School of Engineering, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Inez Shiwak
- Rigolet Inuit Community Government, Rigolet, Labrador A0P 1P0, Canada
| | - Charlie Flowers
- Rigolet Inuit Community Government, Rigolet, Labrador A0P 1P0, Canada
| | - Allan C Gordon
- Formerly with the School of Engineering, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sherilee L Harper
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
McLeod L, Bharadwaj L, Epp T, Waldner CL. Use of Principal Components Analysis and Kriging to Predict Groundwater-Sourced Rural Drinking Water Quality in Saskatchewan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14091065. [PMID: 28914824 PMCID: PMC5615602 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14091065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Groundwater drinking water supply surveillance data were accessed to summarize water quality delivered as public and private water supplies in southern Saskatchewan as part of an exposure assessment for epidemiologic analyses of associations between water quality and type 2 diabetes or cardiovascular disease. Arsenic in drinking water has been linked to a variety of chronic diseases and previous studies have identified multiple wells with arsenic above the drinking water standard of 0.01 mg/L; therefore, arsenic concentrations were of specific interest. Principal components analysis was applied to obtain principal component (PC) scores to summarize mixtures of correlated parameters identified as health standards and those identified as aesthetic objectives in the Saskatchewan Drinking Water Quality Standards and Objective. Ordinary, universal, and empirical Bayesian kriging were used to interpolate arsenic concentrations and PC scores in southern Saskatchewan, and the results were compared. Empirical Bayesian kriging performed best across all analyses, based on having the greatest number of variables for which the root mean square error was lowest. While all of the kriging methods appeared to underestimate high values of arsenic and PC scores, empirical Bayesian kriging was chosen to summarize large scale geographic trends in groundwater-sourced drinking water quality and assess exposure to mixtures of trace metals and ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lianne McLeod
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada.
| | - Lalita Bharadwaj
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada.
| | - Tasha Epp
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada.
| | - Cheryl L Waldner
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bereskie T, Rodriguez MJ, Sadiq R. Drinking Water Management and Governance in Canada: An Innovative Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) Framework for a Safe Drinking Water Supply. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 60:243-262. [PMID: 28424879 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-017-0873-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water management in Canada is complex, with a decentralized, three-tiered governance structure responsible for safe drinking water throughout the country. The current approach has been described as fragmented, leading to governance gaps, duplication of efforts, and an absence of accountability and enforcement. Although there have been no major waterborne disease outbreaks in Canada since 2001, a lack of performance improvement, especially in small drinking water systems, is evident. The World Health Organization water safety plan approach for drinking water management represents an alternative preventative management framework to the current conventional, reactive drinking water management strategies. This approach has seen successful implementation throughout the world and has the potential to address many of the issues with drinking water management in Canada. This paper presents a review and strengths-weaknesses-opportunities-threats analysis of drinking water management and governance in Canada at the federal, provincial/territorial, and municipal levels. Based on this analysis, a modified water safety plan (defined as the plan-do-check-act (PDCA)-WSP framework) is proposed, established from water safety plan recommendations and the principles of PDCA for continuous performance improvement. This proposed framework is designed to strengthen current drinking water management in Canada and is designed to fit within and incorporate the existing governance structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ty Bereskie
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
| | | | - Rehan Sadiq
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bylund J, Toljander J, Lysén M, Rasti N, Engqvist J, Simonsson M. Measuring sporadic gastrointestinal illness associated with drinking water - an overview of methodologies. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2017; 15:321-340. [PMID: 28598337 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2017.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing awareness that drinking water contributes to sporadic gastrointestinal illness (GI) in high income countries of the northern hemisphere. A literature search was conducted in order to review: (1) methods used for investigating the effects of public drinking water on GI; (2) evidence of possible dose-response relationship between sporadic GI and drinking water consumption; and (3) association between sporadic GI and factors affecting drinking water quality. Seventy-four articles were selected, key findings and information gaps were identified. In-home intervention studies have only been conducted in areas using surface water sources and intervention studies in communities supplied by ground water are therefore needed. Community-wide intervention studies may constitute a cost-effective alternative to in-home intervention studies. Proxy data that correlate with GI in the community can be used for detecting changes in the incidence of GI. Proxy data can, however, not be used for measuring the prevalence of illness. Local conditions affecting water safety may vary greatly, making direct comparisons between studies difficult unless sufficient knowledge about these conditions is acquired. Drinking water in high-income countries contributes to endemic levels of GI and there are public health benefits for further improvements of drinking water safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Bylund
- National Food Agency, Box 622, Uppsala SE-751 26, Sweden E-mail:
| | - Jonas Toljander
- National Food Agency, Box 622, Uppsala SE-751 26, Sweden E-mail:
| | - Maria Lysén
- National Food Agency, Box 622, Uppsala SE-751 26, Sweden E-mail:
| | - Niloofar Rasti
- National Food Agency, Box 622, Uppsala SE-751 26, Sweden E-mail:
| | - Jannes Engqvist
- National Food Agency, Box 622, Uppsala SE-751 26, Sweden E-mail:
| | - Magnus Simonsson
- National Food Agency, Box 622, Uppsala SE-751 26, Sweden E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Blaschke AP, Derx J, Zessner M, Kirnbauer R, Kavka G, Strelec H, Farnleitner AH, Pang L. Setback distances between small biological wastewater treatment systems and drinking water wells against virus contamination in alluvial aquifers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 573:278-289. [PMID: 27570196 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of groundwater by pathogenic viruses from small biological wastewater treatment system discharges in remote areas is a major concern. To protect drinking water wells against virus contamination, safe setback distances are required between wastewater disposal fields and water supply wells. In this study, setback distances are calculated for alluvial sand and gravel aquifers for different vadose zone and aquifer thicknesses and horizontal groundwater gradients. This study applies to individual households and small settlements (1-20 persons) in decentralized locations without access to receiving surface waters but with the legal obligation of biological wastewater treatment. The calculations are based on Monte Carlo simulations using an analytical model that couples vertical unsaturated and horizontal saturated flow with virus transport. Hydraulic conductivities and water retention curves were selected from reported distribution functions depending on the type of subsurface media. The enteric virus concentration in effluent discharge was calculated based on reported ranges of enteric virus concentration in faeces, virus infectivity, suspension factor, and virus reduction by mechanical-biological wastewater treatment. To meet the risk target of <10-4infections/person/year, a 12 log10 reduction was required, using a linear dose-response relationship for the total amount of enteric viruses, at very low exposure concentrations. The results of this study suggest that the horizontal setback distances vary widely ranging 39 to 144m in sand aquifers, 66-289m in gravel aquifers and 1-2.5km in coarse gravel aquifers. It also varies for the same aquifers, depending on the thickness of the vadose zones and the groundwater gradient. For vulnerable fast-flow alluvial aquifers like coarse gravels, the calculated setback distances were too large to achieve practically. Therefore, for this category of aquifer, a high level of treatment is recommended before the effluent is discharged to the ground surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A P Blaschke
- TU Wien, Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, E222/2, Karlsplatz 13, A-1040 Vienna, Austria; Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health (ICC Water & Health), www.waterandhealth.at; Centre for Water Resource Systems, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.
| | - J Derx
- TU Wien, Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, E222/2, Karlsplatz 13, A-1040 Vienna, Austria; Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health (ICC Water & Health), www.waterandhealth.at; Centre for Water Resource Systems, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.
| | - M Zessner
- Centre for Water Resource Systems, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Water Quality, Resources and Waste Management, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - G Kavka
- Austrian Federal Agency for Water Management, Petzenkirchen, Austria
| | - H Strelec
- TU Wien, Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, E222/2, Karlsplatz 13, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - A H Farnleitner
- Interuniversity Cooperation Centre for Water and Health (ICC Water & Health), www.waterandhealth.at; Centre for Water Resource Systems, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria; TU Wien, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Technology, Research Group Environmental Microbiology and Microbial Diagnostics, Gumpendorferstraße 1a, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - L Pang
- Institute of Environmental Science & Research Ltd., P.O. Box 29181, Christchurch, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
|