1
|
Macias Franco A, Elins Moreira da Silva A, Holton G, Brody T, Alves Fonseca M. Establishing the relationship between wildfire smoke and performance metrics on finished beef cattle in Western Rangelands. Transl Anim Sci 2024; 8:txae022. [PMID: 38496706 PMCID: PMC10943418 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txae022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Identifying causal relationships is complicated. Researchers usually overlook causality behind relationships which can generate misleading associations. Herein, we carefully examine the parametric relationship and causality between wildfire smoke exposure and animal performance and behavior metrics over a period of 2 yr in Reno, Nevada. The animals in the 2020 smoke season were grain-finished (n = 12) and grass-finished (n = 12), whereas the animals during the 2021 season were fed under the same diet but finished with either a hormonal implant (n = 9), or without (n = 9). The dataset included daily records of feed intake (FI), body weight (BW), water intake (WI), average daily gain (ADG), and WI behavior (time spent drinking [TSD]; water intake events [WIE]; no-WIE [NWIE]). Variable tree length Bayesian additive regression trees (BART) were utilized to investigate the relationships between air quality index (AQI), particulate matter 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and 10 μm (PM10), NO2, SO2, Ozone, and CO levels in the air (sensors < 1.6 km from animals) with the animal data. Additionally, linear mixed models with a 7-d lag were used to evaluate parametric relationships among the same variables. All statistical analyses were performed on R Statistical Software (R Core Team 2023). Under the linear mixed model with a 7-d lag, significant positive and negative associations were found for all parameters examined (P < 0.05). Negative associations were found between FI, WI, ADG, BW, WIE, NWIE, TSD, and PM2.5 (P < 0.05) for at least one animal group. Positive linear associations between wildfire smoke parameters and the metrics evaluated were more variable and dependent on year, treatment, and smoke parameters. When examining the credible intervals and the variable importance in the BART, relationships were more difficult to identify. However, some associations were found for Ozone, AQI, NO2, CO, and PM10 (P < 0.05). Overall, our results carefully examine the relationship between smoke parameters and cattle performance and present interesting pathways previously unexplored that could guide early culling/finishing of animals to avoid economic losses associated with performance decrease in response to wildfire smoke exposure. Though interesting associations are found under linear mixed models, causality is difficult to establish, which highlights the need for controlled exposure experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Macias Franco
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary & Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Aghata Elins Moreira da Silva
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary & Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Graham Holton
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary & Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Tio Brody
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary & Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Mozart Alves Fonseca
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary & Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shahpoury P, Lelieveld S, Johannessen C, Berkemeier T, Celo V, Dabek-Zlotorzynska E, Harner T, Lammel G, Nenes A. Influence of aerosol acidity and organic ligands on transition metal solubility and oxidative potential of fine particulate matter in urban environments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167405. [PMID: 37777133 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
The adverse health effects of air pollution around the world have been associated with the inhalation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Such outcomes are thought to be related to the induction of oxidative stress due to the excess formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. The ability of airborne chemicals to deplete antioxidants and to form ROS is known as oxidative potential (OP). Here we studied the influence of aerosol acidity and organic ligands on the solubility of transition metals, in particular iron (Fe) and copper (Cu), and on the OP of PM2.5 from Canadian National Air Pollution Surveillance urban sites in Toronto, Vancouver, and Hamilton. Using chemical assays and model simulations of the lung redox chemistry, we quantified ROS formation in the lung lining fluid, targeting superoxide anion (O2•-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (•OH), as well as the PM2.5 redox potential (RP). Experimental •OH formation (OPOH) showed high correlations with RP and model-predicted ROS metrics. Both aerosol acidity and oxalate content enhanced the solubility of transition metals, with oxalate showing a stronger association. While experimental OP metrics were primarily associated with species of primary origin such as elemental carbon, Fe, and Cu, model-predicted ROS were associated with secondary processes including proton- and ligand-mediated dissolution of Fe. Model simulations showed that water-soluble Cu was the main contributor to O2•- formation, while water-soluble Fe dominated the formation of highly reactive •OH radical, particularly at study sites with highly acidic aerosol and elevated levels of oxalate. This study underscores the importance of reducing transition metal emissions in urban environments to improve population health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pourya Shahpoury
- Environmental and Life Sciences, Trent University, Peterborough, Canada; Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Steven Lelieveld
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Berkemeier
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Valbona Celo
- Analysis and Air Quality Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland; Center for the Study of Air Quality and Climate Change, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lyu Y, Wu H, Pang X, Wang J, Zhao M, Chen J, Qin K. The complexation of atmospheric Brown carbon surrogates on the generation of hydroxyl radical from transition metals in simulated lung fluid. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 180:108240. [PMID: 37797479 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) poses great adverse effects through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Various components in PM are acknowledged to induce ROS formation, while the interactions among chemicals remain to be elucidated. Here, we systematically investigate the influence of Brown carbon (BrC) surrogates (e.g., imidazoles, nitrocatechols and humic acid) on hydroxyl radical (OH) generation from transition metals (TMs) in simulated lung fluid. Present results show that BrC has an antagonism (interaction factor: 20-90 %) with Cu2+ in OH generation upon the interaction with glutathione, in which the concentrations of BrC and TMs influence the extent of antagonism. Rapid OH generation in glutathione is observed for Fe2+, while OH formation is very little for Fe3+. The compositions of antioxidants (e.g., glutathione, ascorbate, urate), resembling the upper and lower respiratory tract, respond differently to BrC and TMs (Cu2+, Fe2+ and Fe3+) in OH generation and the degree of antagonism. The complexation equilibrium constants and site numbers between Cu2+ and humic acid were further analyzed using fluorescence quenching experiments. Possible complexation products among TMs, 4-nitrocatechol and glutathione were also identified using quadropule-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The results suggest atmospheric BrC widely participate in complexation with TMs which influence OH formation in the human lung fluid, and complexation should be considered in evaluating ROS formation mediated by ambient PM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lyu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China; School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; Shaoxing Research Institute, Zhejiang University of Technology, Shaoxing 312077, China.
| | - Haonan Wu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Xiaobing Pang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
| | - Jiade Wang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Jinyuan Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Kai Qin
- School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li Z, Zhang L, Wang L, Yu W, Zhang S, Li X, Zhai S. Engineering the electronic structure of two-dimensional MoS2 by Ni dopants for pollutant degradation. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
|
5
|
Xing C, Wang Y, Yang X, Zeng Y, Zhai J, Cai B, Zhang A, Fu TM, Zhu L, Li Y, Wang X, Zhang Y. Seasonal variation of driving factors of ambient PM 2.5 oxidative potential in Shenzhen, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160771. [PMID: 36513240 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a central role in health effects of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5). In this work, we screened for efficient and complementary oxidative potential (OP) measurements by comparing the response values of multiple chemical probes (OPDTT, OPOH, OPGSH) to ambient PM2.5 in Shenzhen, China. Combined with meteorological condition and PM2.5 chemical composition analysis, we explored the effects of different chemical components and emission sources on the ambient PM2.5 OP and analyzed their seasonal variations. The results show that OPmDTT(mass-normalized) and OPmGSH-SLF were highly correlated (r = 0.77). OPDTT was mainly influenced by organic carbon, while OPOH was highly dominated by heavy metals. The combination of OPDTT and OPOH provides an efficient and comprehensive measurement of OP. Temporally, the OPs were substantially higher in winter than in summer (1.4 and 4 times higher for OPmDTT and OPmOH, respectively). The long-distance transported biomass burning sources from the north dominated the OPDTT in winter, while the ship emissions mainly influenced the summer OP. The OPmDTT increased sharply with the decrease of PM2.5 mass concentration, especially when the PM2.5 concentration was lower than 30 μg/m3. The huge differences in wind fields between the winter and summer cause considerable variations in PM2.5 concentrations, components, and OP. Our work emphasizes the necessity of long-term, multi-method, multi-component assessment of the OP of PM2.5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunbo Xing
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yixiang Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Yaling Zeng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jinghao Zhai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Baohua Cai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Antai Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tzung-May Fu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Ocean Sciences and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sacco O, Vaiano V, Navarra W, Daniel C, Pragliola S, Venditto V. Catalytic system based on recyclable Fe0 and ZnS semiconductor for UV-promoted degradation of chlorinated organic compounds. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
7
|
Xu X, Lu X, Li X, Liu Y, Wang X, Chen H, Chen J, Yang X, Fu TM, Zhao Q, Fu Q. ROS-generation potential of Humic-like substances (HULIS) in ambient PM 2.5 in urban Shanghai: Association with HULIS concentration and light absorbance. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 256:127050. [PMID: 32446002 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can cause adverse health effects through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after inhalation. Humic-like substances (HULIS) are major constituents contributing to the ROS-generation potential in organic aerosols. In this study, PM2.5 samples in urban Shanghai during autumn and winter (2018-2019) were collected. Mass-normalized ·OH generation rate in surrogate lung fluid (SLF) was used to denote the intrinsic ROS-generation potential of PM2.5 or of the HULIS isolated from PM2.5. In this study, ROS-generation potential of PM2.5 decreased with increasing ambient PM2.5 concentration due to higher percentage of inorganic components in high PM2.5 event. Same trend was observed for the ROS-generation potential of unit mass of HULIS, which was higher when HULIS and PM2.5 concentrations were both relatively lower. The HULIS with high ROS-generation potential but low concentration (High-ROS/Low-Conc HULIS) were likely produced by the atmospheric aqueous-phase reactions during nighttime or under high relative humidity conditions, not from biomass burning emissions or the photochemical pollution products. The association between ROS-generation potential and light absorption properties of HULIS was studied as well. The High-ROS/Low-Conc HULIS also showed stronger light absorbance than the other HULIS. Our results implied the potentially important roles that HULIS species might play in atmospheric environment and human health even when the PM2.5 pollution is low.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiaohui Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Xiang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yaxi Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Tzung-May Fu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qianbiao Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai, 200235, China
| | - Qingyan Fu
- Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai, 200235, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Airborne Aerosols and Human Health: Leapfrogging from Mass Concentration to Oxidative Potential. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11090917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mass concentration of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) has been systematically used in epidemiological studies as an indicator of exposure to air pollutants, connecting PM concentrations with a wide variety of human health effects. However, these effects can be hardly explained by using one single parameter, especially because PM is formed by a complex mixture of chemicals. Current research has shown that many of these adverse health effects can be derived from the oxidative stress caused by the deposition of PM in the lungs. The oxidative potential (OP) of the PM, related to the presence of transition metals and organic compounds that can induce the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), could be a parameter to evaluate these effects. Therefore, estimating the OP of atmospheric PM would allow us to evaluate and integrate the toxic potential of PM into a unique parameter, which is related to emission sources, size distribution and/or chemical composition. However, the association between PM and particle-induced toxicity is still largely unknown. In this commentary article, we analyze how this new paradigm could help to deal with some unanswered questions related to the impact of atmospheric PM over human health.
Collapse
|
9
|
Sun Y, Lu Y, Saredy J, Wang X, Drummer Iv C, Shao Y, Saaoud F, Xu K, Liu M, Yang WY, Jiang X, Wang H, Yang X. ROS systems are a new integrated network for sensing homeostasis and alarming stresses in organelle metabolic processes. Redox Biol 2020; 37:101696. [PMID: 32950427 PMCID: PMC7767745 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical for the progression of cardiovascular diseases, inflammations and tumors. However, the mechanisms of how ROS sense metabolic stress, regulate metabolic pathways and initiate proliferation, inflammation and cell death responses remain poorly characterized. In this analytic review, we concluded that: 1) Based on different features and functions, eleven types of ROS can be classified into seven functional groups: metabolic stress-sensing, chemical connecting, organelle communication, stress branch-out, inflammasome-activating, dual functions and triple functions ROS. 2) Among the ROS generation systems, mitochondria consume the most amount of oxygen; and nine types of ROS are generated; thus, mitochondrial ROS systems serve as the central hub for connecting ROS with inflammasome activation, trained immunity and immunometabolic pathways. 3) Increased nuclear ROS production significantly promotes cell death in comparison to that in other organelles. Nuclear ROS systems serve as a convergent hub and decision-makers to connect unbearable and alarming metabolic stresses to inflammation and cell death. 4) Balanced ROS levels indicate physiological homeostasis of various metabolic processes in subcellular organelles and cytosol, while imbalanced ROS levels present alarms for pathological organelle stresses in metabolic processes. Based on these analyses, we propose a working model that ROS systems are a new integrated network for sensing homeostasis and alarming stress in metabolic processes in various subcellular organelles. Our model provides novel insights on the roles of the ROS systems in bridging metabolic stress to inflammation, cell death and tumorigenesis; and provide novel therapeutic targets for treating those diseases. (Word count: 246).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research and Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, USA
| | - Yifan Lu
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research and Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, USA
| | - Jason Saredy
- Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Charles Drummer Iv
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research and Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, USA
| | - Ying Shao
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research and Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, USA
| | - Fatma Saaoud
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research and Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, USA
| | - Keman Xu
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research and Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, USA
| | - Ming Liu
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research and Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, USA
| | - William Y Yang
- Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xiaohua Jiang
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research and Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, USA; Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Centers for Cardiovascular Research and Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, USA; Metabolic Disease Research and Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Departments of Pharmacology, Microbiology and Immunology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ebersole J, Samburova V, Son Y, Cappelli D, Demopoulos C, Capurro A, Pinto A, Chrzan B, Kingsley K, Howard K, Clark N, Khlystov A. Harmful chemicals emitted from electronic cigarettes and potential deleterious effects in the oral cavity. Tob Induc Dis 2020; 18:41. [PMID: 32435175 PMCID: PMC7233525 DOI: 10.18332/tid/116988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), such as electronic cigarettes (e-cigs), is increasing across the US population and is particularly troubling due to their adoption by adolescents, teens, and young adults. The industry’s marketing approach for these instruments of addiction has been to promote them as a safer alternative to tobacco, a behavioral choice supporting smoking cessation, and as the ‘cool’ appearance of vaping with flavored products (e.g. tutti frutti, bubble gum, and buttered popcorn etc.). Thus, there is a clear need to better document the health outcomes of e-cig use in the oral cavity of the addicted chronic user. There appears to be an array of environmental toxins in the vapors, including reactive aldehydes and carbonyls resulting from the heating elements action on fluid components, as well as from the composition of chemical flavoring agents. The chemistry of these systems shows that the released vapors from the e-cigs frequently contain levels of environmental toxins that considerably exceed federal occupational exposure limits. Additionally, the toxicants in the vapors appear to be retained in the host fluids/tissues at levels often approximating 90% of the levels in the e-cig vapors. These water-soluble reactive toxins can challenge the oral cavity constituents, potentially contributing to alterations in the autochthonous microbiome and host cells critical for maintaining oral homeostasis. This review updates the existing chemistry/environmental aspects of e-cigs, as well as providing an overview of the somewhat limited data on potential oral health effects that could occur across the lifetime of daily e-cig users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Ebersole
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States
| | - Vera Samburova
- Organic Analytical Laboratory, Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, United States
| | - Yeongkwon Son
- Organic Analytical Laboratory, Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, United States
| | - David Cappelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States
| | - Christina Demopoulos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States
| | - Antonina Capurro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States
| | - Andres Pinto
- Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western University, Cleveland, United States
| | - Brian Chrzan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States
| | - Karl Kingsley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States
| | - Katherine Howard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States
| | - Nathaniel Clark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States
| | - Andrey Khlystov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Son Y, Mishin V, Laskin JD, Mainelis G, Wackowski OA, Delnevo C, Schwander S, Khlystov A, Samburova V, Meng Q. Hydroxyl Radicals in E-Cigarette Vapor and E-Vapor Oxidative Potentials under Different Vaping Patterns. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1087-1095. [PMID: 30977360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Available studies, while limited in number, suggest that e-cigarette vaping induces oxidative stress, with one potential mechanism being the direct formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in e-vapor. In the present studies, we measured the formation of hydroxyl radical (•OH), the most destructive ROS, in e-vapor under a range of vaping patterns (i.e., power settings, solvent concentrations, flavorings). Study results show that increased power output and puff volume correspond with the formation of significantly higher amounts of •OH in e-vapor because of elevated coil temperature and oxygen supply. Vegetable glycerin (VG) e-liquids generated higher •OH levels than propylene glycol (PG) e-liquids, as did flavored e-liquids relative to nonflavored e-liquids. E-vapor in combination with ascorbic acid, which is an abundant biological molecule in human epithelial lining fluid, can also induce •OH formation. The dose of radical per puff associated with e-cigarette vaping was 10-1000 times lower than the reported dose generated by cigarette smoking. However, the daily average •OH dose can be comparable to that from cigarette smoking depending on vaping patterns. Overall, e-cigarette users who use VG-based flavored e-cigarettes at higher power output settings may be at increased risk for •OH exposures and related health consequences such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeongkwon Son
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States.,Division of Atmospheric Sciences , Desert Research Institute , Reno , Nevada 89512 , United States
| | - Vladimir Mishin
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States
| | - Gediminas Mainelis
- Department of Environmental Sciences , Rutgers University , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08901 , United States
| | - Olivia A Wackowski
- Center for Tobacco Studies, School of Public Health , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey , United States.,Cancer Prevention & Control Program, Cancer Institute of New Jersey , Rutgers University , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08854 , United States
| | - Cristine Delnevo
- Center for Tobacco Studies, School of Public Health , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey , United States.,Cancer Prevention & Control Program, Cancer Institute of New Jersey , Rutgers University , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08854 , United States
| | - Stephan Schwander
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States.,Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States.,Center for Tobacco Studies, School of Public Health , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey , United States.,Department of Urban-Global Public Health, School of Public Health , Rutgers University , Newark , New Jersey 07102 , United States
| | - Andrey Khlystov
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences , Desert Research Institute , Reno , Nevada 89512 , United States
| | - Vera Samburova
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences , Desert Research Institute , Reno , Nevada 89512 , United States
| | - Qingyu Meng
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States.,Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey 08854 , United States.,Center for Tobacco Studies, School of Public Health , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey , United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bates JT, Fang T, Verma V, Zeng L, Weber RJ, Tolbert PE, Abrams JY, Sarnat SE, Klein M, Mulholland JA, Russell AG. Review of Acellular Assays of Ambient Particulate Matter Oxidative Potential: Methods and Relationships with Composition, Sources, and Health Effects. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:4003-4019. [PMID: 30830764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a potential mechanism of action for particulate matter (PM) toxicity and can occur when the body's antioxidant capacity cannot counteract or detoxify harmful effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to an excess presence of ROS. ROS are introduced to the body via inhalation of PM with these species present on and/or within the particles (particle-bound ROS) and/or through catalytic generation of ROS in vivo after inhaling redox-active PM species (oxidative potential, OP). The recent development of acellular OP measurement techniques has led to a surge in research across the globe. In this review, particle-bound ROS techniques are discussed briefly while OP measurements are the focus due to an increasing number of epidemiologic studies using OP measurements showing associations with adverse health effects in some studies. The most common OP measurement techniques, including the dithiothreitol assay, glutathione assay, and ascorbic acid assay, are discussed along with evidence for utility of OP measurements in epidemiologic studies and PM characteristics that drive different responses between assay types (such as species composition, emission source, and photochemistry). Overall, most OP assays respond to metals like copper than can be found in emission sources like vehicles. Some OP assays respond to organics, especially photochemically aged organics, from sources like biomass burning. Select OP measurements have significant associations with certain cardiorespiratory end points, such as asthma, congestive heart disease, and lung cancer. In fact, multiple studies have found that exposure to OP measured using the dithiothreitol and glutathione assays drives higher risk ratios for certain cardiorespiratory outcomes than PM mass, suggesting OP measurements may be integrating the health-relevant fraction of PM and will be useful tools for future health analyses. The compositional impacts, including species and emission sources, on OP could have serious implications for health-relevant PM exposure. Though more work is needed, OP assays show promise for health studies as they integrate the impacts of PM species and properties on catalytic redox reactions into one measurement, and current work highlights the importance of metals, organic carbon, vehicles, and biomass burning emissions to PM exposures that could impact health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josephine T Bates
- Civil and Environmental Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Ting Fang
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Irvine , Irvine , California 92697 , United States
| | - Vishal Verma
- Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Champaign , Illinois 61820 , United States
| | - Linghan Zeng
- Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Rodney J Weber
- Earth and Atmospheric Sciences , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Paige E Tolbert
- Rollins School of Public Health , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Joseph Y Abrams
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta , Georgia 30329 , United States
| | - Stefanie E Sarnat
- Rollins School of Public Health , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - Mitchel Klein
- Rollins School of Public Health , Emory University , Atlanta , Georgia 30322 , United States
| | - James A Mulholland
- Civil and Environmental Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Armistead G Russell
- Civil and Environmental Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Quinone and nitrofurantoin redox cycling by recombinant cytochrome b5 reductase. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 359:102-107. [PMID: 30222979 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
NADH cytochrome b5 reductase mediates electron transfer from NADH to cytochrome b5 utilizing flavin adenine dinucleotide as a redox cofactor. Reduced cytochrome b5 is an important cofactor in many metabolic reactions including cytochrome P450-mediated xenobiotic metabolism, steroid biosynthesis and fatty acid metabolism, hemoglobin reduction, and methionine and plasmalogen synthesis. Using recombinant human enzyme, we discovered that cytochrome b5 reductase mediates redox cycling of a variety of quinones generating superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and, in the presence of transition metals, hydroxyl radicals. Redox cycling activity was oxygen-dependent and preferentially utilized NADH as a co-substrate; NADH was 5-10 times more active than NADPH in supporting redox cycling. Redox cycling activity was greatest for 9,10-phenanthrenequinone and 1,2-naphthoquinone, followed by 1,4-naphthoquinone and 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (menadione), nitrofurantoin and 2-hydroxyestradiol. Using menadione as the substrate, quinone redox cycling was found to inhibit reduction of cytochrome b5 by cytochrome b5 reductase, as measured by heme spectral changes in cytochrome b5. Under anaerobic conditions where redox cycling is inhibited, menadione had no effect on the reduction of cytochrome b5. Chemical redox cycling by cytochrome b5 reductase may be important in generating cytotoxic reactive oxygen species in target tissues. This activity, together with the inhibition of cytochrome b5 reduction by redox-active chemicals and consequent deficiencies in available cellular cytochrome b5, are likely to contribute to tissue injury following exposure to quinones and related redox active chemicals.
Collapse
|
14
|
Gonzalez DH, Kuang XM, Scott JA, Rocha GO, Paulson SE. Terephthalate Probe for Hydroxyl Radicals: Yield of 2-Hydroxyterephthalic Acid and Transition Metal Interference. ANAL LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2018.1431246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David H. Gonzalez
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Xiaobi M. Kuang
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - John A. Scott
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | | | - Suzanne E. Paulson
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yu H, Wei J, Cheng Y, Subedi K, Verma V. Synergistic and Antagonistic Interactions among the Particulate Matter Components in Generating Reactive Oxygen Species Based on the Dithiothreitol Assay. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:2261-2270. [PMID: 29351719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the interactions among the particulate matter (PM) components in generating the reactive oxygen species (ROS) based on a dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. We started with the standard solutions of known redox-active substances, i.e., quinones (9,10-phenanthraquinone, 1,2-naphthoquinone, 1,4-naphthoquinone, and 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) and metals [Fe (II), Mn (II), and Cu (II)]. Both DTT consumption and hydroxyl radical (·OH) generation were measured in the DTT assay. The interactions of Fe were additive with quinones in DTT consumption but strongly synergistic in ·OH generation. Cu showed antagonistic interactions with quinones in both DTT consumption and ·OH generation. Mn interacted synergistically with quinones in DTT oxidation but antagonistically in ·OH generation. The nature of the interactions of these metals (Fe, Mn, and Cu) with ambient humic-like substances (HULIS) resembled that with quinones, although the intensity of interactions were weaker in DTT consumption than ·OH generation. Finally, we demonstrated that the DTT consumption capability of ambient PM can be well explained by HULIS, three transition metals (Fe, Mn, and Cu), and their interactions, but ·OH generation involves a contribution (∼50%) from additional compounds (aliphatic species or metals other than Fe, Mn, and Cu) present in the hydrophilic PM fraction. The study highlights the need to account for the interactions between organic compounds and metals, while apportioning the relative contributions of chemical components in the PM oxidative potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jinlai Wei
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yilan Cheng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kiran Subedi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 505 S. Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Vishal Verma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yang S, Jan YH, Mishin V, Heck DE, Laskin DL, Laskin JD. Diacetyl/l-Xylulose Reductase Mediates Chemical Redox Cycling in Lung Epithelial Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:1406-1418. [PMID: 28595002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Reactive carbonyls such as diacetyl (2,3-butanedione) and 2,3-pentanedione in tobacco and many food and consumer products are known to cause severe respiratory diseases. Many of these chemicals are detoxified by carbonyl reductases in the lung, in particular, dicarbonyl/l-xylulose reductase (DCXR), a multifunctional enzyme important in glucose metabolism. DCXR is a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily. Using recombinant human enzyme, we discovered that DCXR mediates redox cycling of a variety of quinones generating superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and, in the presence of transition metals, hydroxyl radicals. Redox cycling activity preferentially utilized NADH as a cosubstrate and was greatest for 9,10-phenanthrenequinone and 1,2-naphthoquinone, followed by 1,4-naphthoquinone and 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (menadione). Using 9,10-phenanthrenequinone as the substrate, quinone redox cycling was found to inhibit DCXR reduction of l-xylulose and diacetyl. Competitive inhibition of enzyme activity by the quinone was observed with respect to diacetyl (Ki = 190 μM) and l-xylulose (Ki = 940 μM). Abundant DCXR activity was identified in A549 lung epithelial cells when diacetyl was used as a substrate. Quinones inhibited reduction of this dicarbonyl, causing an accumulation of diacetyl in the cells and culture medium and a decrease in acetoin, the reduced product of diacetyl. The identification of DCXR as an enzyme activity mediating chemical redox cycling suggests that it may be important in generating cytotoxic reactive oxygen species in the lung. These activities, together with the inhibition of dicarbonyl/l-xylulose metabolism by redox-active chemicals, as well as consequent deficiencies in pentose metabolism, are likely to contribute to lung injury following exposure to dicarbonyls and quinones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun Yang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers University School of Public Health , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Yi-Hua Jan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers University School of Public Health , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Vladimir Mishin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Diane E Heck
- Department of Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College , Valhalla, New York 10595, United States
| | - Debra L Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers University School of Public Health , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xiong Q, Yu H, Wang R, Wei J, Verma V. Rethinking Dithiothreitol-Based Particulate Matter Oxidative Potential: Measuring Dithiothreitol Consumption versus Reactive Oxygen Species Generation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:6507-6514. [PMID: 28489384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We measured the rate of generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)] catalyzed by ambient particulate matter (PM) in the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. To understand the mechanism of ROS generation, we tested several redox-active substances, such as 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (PQ), 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (5H-1,4NQ), 1,2-naphthoquinone (1,2-NQ), 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-NQ), copper(II), manganese(II), and iron (II and III). Both pure compounds and their mixtures show different patterns in DTT oxidation versus ROS generation. The quinones, known to oxidize DTT in the efficiency order of PQ > 5H-1,4NQ > 1,2-NQ > 1,4-NQ, show a different efficiency order (5H-1,4NQ > 1,2-NQ ≈ PQ > 1,4-NQ) in the ROS generation. Cu(II), a dominant metal in DTT oxidation, contributes almost negligibly to the ROS generation. Fe is mostly inactive in DTT oxidation, but shows synergistic effect in •OH formation in the presence of other quinones (mixture/sum > 1.5). Ten ambient PM samples collected from an urban site were analyzed, and although DTT oxidation was significantly correlated with H2O2 generation (Pearson's r = 0.91), no correlation was observed between DTT oxidation and •OH formation. Our results show that measuring both DTT consumption and ROS generation in the DTT assay is important to incorporate the synergistic contribution from different aerosol components and to provide a more inclusive picture of the ROS activity of ambient PM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianshan Xiong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Haoran Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Runran Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jinlai Wei
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Vishal Verma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 205 North Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Vlasova EA, Kuznetsova AA, Golovashova ES, Makarov SV. Interaction of hydrogen peroxide and thiourea or its oxides with terephthalic acid. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363217040065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|