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Jiang Z, Guo Z, Peng C, Anaman R, Gao Z, Xiao X. Effects of Simulated Reclaimed Water on Soil Particle Sizes and Cd Adsorption and Migration in Soils at Smelting Sites. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 111:36. [PMID: 37702759 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-023-03800-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
This work studied the vertical migration characteristics of Cd in soil profiles from a zinc smelting site under the influence of simulated reclaimed water containing NaCl and Na2SO4. The isothermal adsorption curves of Cd in the soils of miscellaneous fill and weathered slate well fitted the Freundlich and Langmuir models, with R2 ranging from 0.991 to 0.998. The maximum adsorption capacity of Cd in the soils decreased significantly under the salt ion treatments with NaCl and Na2SO4. After leaching, the Cd concentrations in the leachates and Cd contents in the subsoil layers of 10-60 cm followed the order NaCl treatment > Na2SO4 treatment > CK (p < 0.05), suggesting that the salt ions promoted the vertical migration of exogenous Cd. The proportion of coarse particles (> 0.02 mm) decreased, while that of fine particles (< 0.02 mm) increased under salt ion treatments (p < 0.05). The morphological characterization indicated that salt ions accelerated the erosion and fragmentation of coarse particles to form fine particles. The use of reclaimed water to flush smelting sites may increase the risk of Cd migration with small-sized soil particles from the soil to groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Jiang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Zhaohui Guo
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Chi Peng
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Richmond Anaman
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Zilun Gao
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Xiyuan Xiao
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
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Lyu S, Wu L, Wen X, Wang J, Chen W. Effects of reclaimed wastewater irrigation on soil-crop systems in China: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 813:152531. [PMID: 34953828 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Reclaimed wastewater (RW) use represents a substantial opportunity to alleviate the growing scarcity of water for irrigation of agricultural crops in China. However, insufficient understanding of the effects and fates of possible contaminants in RW promotes concerns over crop safety and prevents the extensive incorporation of RW in agriculture. We reviewed the characteristics of contaminants in RW, the fate of contaminants in soil-crop systems, and the effects of RW irrigation on soil quality and crop growth in China. We found that concentrations of heavy metals in RW were higher than the permissible limits in some areas. The total concentrations and main categories of emerging contaminants and pathogens in RW varied markedly among municipal wastewater treatment plants, and the greatest risks of contamination were posed by ofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, and erythromycin, the most frequently observed compounds with risk quotients >1. The negative effects of salts and nutrients in RW on soil quality and crop growth were minor and manageable. The accumulation of heavy metals and emerging contaminants in soils irrigated with RW did not pose an immediate risk to soils and crops. Changes in soil microbial populations, diversity, and activity caused by RW irrigation increased crop yields and protected crops against contaminants. However, attention is necessary to the risks of bioaccumulation in soils and crops of heavy metals, emerging contaminants, intermediate metabolites, and pathogens, and their effects on human health with long-term RW irrigation. We recommend irrigation practices, crop screening, soil treatments, prioritizing the risks of contaminants, and comprehensive management to increase safety in RW used for agricultural irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidan Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Laosheng Wu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Xuefa Wen
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Weiping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Liang P, Jingan X, Liying S. The effects of reclaimed water irrigation on the soil characteristics and microbial populations of plant rhizosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:17570-17579. [PMID: 34669129 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16983-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the effects of irrigation with different water qualities on the soil characteristics of 8 kinds of garden plants were analyzed. The results showed that soil pH (ranging at 7.76-8.73) had no significant difference in different soils compared with the contrast treatment. Under the reclaimed water irrigation, the content of soil total salinity, chloride ions, and water soluble sodium in soil of most plants was averagely 160.3%, 83.3%, and 67.5% higher than that of tap water, respectively. The influences of reclaimed water irrigation on soil nutrients were changed with the types of plants. The content of soil organic matter and the available potassium showed no significant differences in most plants. Compared with the tap water irrigation, the content of alkaline nitrogen in 5 plants increased (averagely 25.8%) after 5-year irrigation with reclaimed water. In terms of soil microorganism, the increase of soil microbial population, including bacteria, fungus and actinomycetes, has been promoted by different levels of reclaimed water irrigation, which is closely related with soil nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Liang
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Jingan
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Sun Liying
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China.
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Lu S, Cai W, Shao W, Taghizadeh-Hesary F, Faisal M, Zhang H, Xue Y. Ecological Water Requirement in Upper and Middle Reaches of the Yellow River Based on Flow Components and Hydraulic Index. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182010956. [PMID: 34682702 PMCID: PMC8535701 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Deterioration of the ecological environment in the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River in China substantially impacts the growth and development of aquatic organisms in the drainage basin. This paper builds a conceptual model by applying flow components and fish ecological requirements relation with a relevant object of main fish in the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River. The paper utilized the flow restoration method by employing the River2D model (two-dimensional model of river hydrodynamics and fish habitat), and a one-dimensional hydrodynamics HEC-RAS (hydrologic engineering center's-river analysis system). The calculation result showed that the runoff condition required for Silurus lanzhouensis survival is that the monthly lowest flow in a year is 150 m3·s-1, and the lowest flow for suitable flow from April to October is 150 m3·s-1, and 300 m3·s-1 from November to March. The research result is closer to the actual condition and has more outstanding operability. Meanwhile, the results proposed the coupling method of ecological water requirement for the mainstream of the Yellow River. Moreover, the results portrayed the ecological flow process according to the upper envelope of minimum and maximum ecological water requirements of each fracture surface. It is regarded that the ecological flow process is deemed as the initial value of the reservoir regulation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibao Lu
- School of Public Administration, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou 310018, China;
- School of Political Science and Public Administration, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641000, China
| | - Wenting Cai
- China Urban Construction Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100120, China;
- China Research Institute of Regulation and Public Policy, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Wei Shao
- School of Economics, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Correspondence: (W.S.); (F.T.-H.)
| | - Farhad Taghizadeh-Hesary
- Social Science Research Institute, Tokai University, Hiratsuka-shi 259-1292, Kanagawa-ken, Japan
- Correspondence: (W.S.); (F.T.-H.)
| | - Muhammad Faisal
- College of Economics and Management, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, China;
| | - Yangang Xue
- School of Electrical Engineering, Lanzhou Institute of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China;
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Abstract
As the most important resource for life, water has been a central issue on the international agenda for several decades. Yet, the world’s supply of clean freshwater is steadily decreasing due to extensive agricultural demand for irrigated lands. Therefore, water resources should be used with greater efficiency, and the use of non-traditional water resources, such as Treated Wastewater (TW), should be increased. Reusing TW could be an alternative option to increase water resources. Thus, many countries have decided to turn wastewater into an irrigation resource to help meet urban demand and address water shortages. However, because of the nature of that water, there are potential problems associated with its use in irrigation. Some of the major concerns are health hazards, salinity build-up, and toxicity hazards. The objectives of this comprehensive literature review are to illuminate the importance of using TW in irrigation as an alternative freshwater source and to assess the effects of its use on soil fertility and other soil properties, plants, and public health. The literature review reveals that TW reuse has become part of the extension program for boosting water resource utilization. However, the uncontrolled application of such waters has many unfavorable effects on both soils and plants, especially in the long-term. To reduce these unfavorable effects when using TW in irrigation, proper guidelines for wastewater reuse and management should be followed to limit negative effects significantly.
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Gong L, Chen G, Li J, Zhu G. Utilization of rural domestic sewage tailwaters by Ipomoea aquatica in different hydroponic vegetable and constructed wetland systems. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2020; 82:386-400. [PMID: 32941179 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2020.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For the utilization of nitrogen and phosphorus in rural sewage tailwaters after biological treatment, four systems were examined regarding their ability to purify tailwaters of rural domestic sewage: a hydroponic vegetable system (HV), a subsurface flow constructed wetland (SFCW), a compound system with HV followed by SFCW (HV-SFCW), and a compound system with SFCW followed by HV (SFCW-HV). Parameters of the four systems were optimized to maximize the utilization efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus, and the characteristics and pollutant removal efficiency of the process were investigated. Moreover, the edible security of vegetables was also evaluated. Results showed that the optimal hydraulic loadings for the four systems were 0.2, 0.3, 0.3, and 0.3 m3/(m2·d) (the lowest being the HV), respectively. In the combined system of HV-SFCW, high contribution proportions of the HV unit to the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were obtained, reaching 46.7%, 58.1%, and 53.7%. The heavy metal content of plants harvested met the standards of the National Food Safety Standard Limit of Pollutants in Food (GB 2762-2012). Overall, the compound HV-SFCW system achieved the best performance, ensuring that effluent water quality met national standards and realized the effective utilization of nitrogen and phosphorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Gong
- School of Energy and Environment, Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China E-mail:
| | - Guiding Chen
- School of Energy and Environment, Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China E-mail:
| | - Jialin Li
- School of Energy and Environment, Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China E-mail:
| | - Guangcan Zhu
- School of Energy and Environment, Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China E-mail:
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Lu S, Zhang X, Pei L, Guo M. Health assessment of spatial and temporal distribution of arsenic in soils irrigated with reclaimed water. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:1001-1008. [PMID: 31768837 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-019-00453-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Reclaimed water is an important water resource for agricultural irrigation. Based on the systematic analysis of experimental data, this paper studies the spatiotemporal transformation and distribution of As in soil-crop system. Through the comparison with groundwater irrigation, reclaimed water irrigation was tested and studied in connection with the greenhouse vegetables in the growing season. The accumulation, distribution and transportation of As in different depths of soil within 7 days after reclaimed water irrigation were analyzed and discussed. The results showed that the concentration of As was the highest on the first day after irrigation; it was the highest at the depth of 100 cm on the third day after irrigation, but its concentration in the topsoil slightly decreased; from the fifth to the seventh day, the concentrations of As in the different layers of soil were almost the same, but it was the highest at the depth of 80-120 cm; and it decreased slightly with the increase in depth when the depth was less than 120 cm. As in soil during the growing season varied as the frequency of irrigation increased. The specific situation was as follows: as the accumulated As in the topsoil increased, the increased As at the depth of 80-120 cm would become less and the concentration of As at 200 cm would fall. Therefore, when the appropriate concentration of reclaimed water is used for irrigation, the concentration of As in the deep layer soil will comply with the standard limits of GB15618-1995 and the irrigation with reclaimed water of appropriate concentration will not cause As pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibao Lu
- School of Public Administration, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, 310018, Hang Zhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Department of Public Policy, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, 518057, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Liang Pei
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Min Guo
- School of Public Administration, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, 310018, Hang Zhou, China
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Gu X, Xiao Y, Yin S, Liu H, Men B, Hao Z, Qian P, Yan H, Hao Q, Niu Y, Huang H, Pei Q. Impact of Long-Term Reclaimed Water Irrigation on the Distribution of Potentially Toxic Elements in Soil: An In-Situ Experiment Study in the North China Plain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16040649. [PMID: 30813230 PMCID: PMC6406732 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16040649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The widespread use of reclaimed water has alleviated the water resource crisis worldwide, but long-term use of reclaimed water for irrigation, especially in agricultural countries, might threaten the soil environment and further affect groundwater quality. An in-situ experiment had been carried out in the North China Plain, which aimed to reveal the impact of long-term reclaimed water irrigation on soil properties and distribution of potentially toxic elements (As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Zn and Pb) in the soil profile as well as shallow groundwater. Four land plots were irrigated with different quantity of reclaimed water to represent 0, 13, 22 and 35 years’ irrigation duration. Pollution Load Index (PLI) values of each soil layer were calculated to further assess the pollution status of irrigated soils by potentially toxic elements (PTEs). Results showed that long-term reclaimed water irrigation caused appreciable increase of organic matter content, and might improve the soil quality. High soil organic matter concentrations conduced to high adsorption and retention capacity of the soils toward PTEs, which could reduce the risk of PTEs leaching into deep layers or shallow groundwater. Highest levels of Cr, Pb and Zn were observed at 200–240 cm and 460–500 cm horizons in plots. Longer irrigation time (35 years and 22 years) resulted in a decreasing trend of As, Cd, Hg, Pb and Zn in lower part of soil profiles (>540 cm) compared with that with 13-years’ irrigation years. Long-term reclaimed water irrigation still brought about increases in concentrations of some elements in deep soil layer although their content in soils and shallow groundwater was below the national standard. Totally speaking, proper management for reclaimed water irrigation, such as reduction of irrigation volume and rate of reclaimed water, was still needed when a very long irrigation period was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Gu
- School of Geographic Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China.
| | - Yong Xiao
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China.
| | - Shiyang Yin
- School of Renewable Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Honglu Liu
- Beijing Water Science and Technology Institute, Beijing 100044, China.
| | - Baohui Men
- School of Renewable Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Zhongyong Hao
- Beijing Water Science and Technology Institute, Beijing 100044, China.
| | - Peng Qian
- School of Geographic Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226000, China.
| | - Huijun Yan
- Geological Environmental Monitoring Central Station of Qinghai Province, Xining 810008, China.
| | - Qichen Hao
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Science, Shijiazhuang 050061, China.
| | - Yong Niu
- Forestry College of Shangong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China.
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Nantong Vocational University, Nantong 226007, China.
| | - Qiuming Pei
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China.
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