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Lyu J, Jin S, Ji C, Yan R, Feng C, Rozelle S, Wang H. The Connection between Sleep Patterns and Mental Health: Insights from Rural Chinese Students. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1507. [PMID: 39120210 PMCID: PMC11311341 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12151507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between sleep patterns and young students' mental health, which is crucial for their development, remains understudied in rural China. Therefore, the relationship between sleep patterns and mental health among primary and junior high school students in rural China was examined. METHOD A total of 1592 primary and junior high school students from rural areas of Gansu Province were surveyed, and the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) was utilized to assess mental health, alongside self-reported data on their daily sleep patterns. RESULTS Significant sleep inadequacies were identified: 28% of students received less than 8 h of sleep on weekdays, and 19% went to bed later than recommended. On weekends, 38% of students had delayed bedtimes, though only 7.2% received less than 8 h of sleep. Notably, a "U-shaped" relationship was uncovered between sleep duration and mental health for students on weekends, with optimal mental health correlated with receiving 10-11 h of sleep, while both shorter and longer sleep durations on weekends worsened outcomes. This pattern is absent on weekdays. Additionally, adequate sleep and an earlier bedtime was linked to a 6-8% decrease in mental health risks. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers seeking to enhance student mental well-being in rural settings, emphasizing the importance of implementing measures that promote balanced sleep habits among young students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayang Lyu
- China Academy for Rural Development (CARD), Department of Agricultural Economics and Management, School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd., Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.L.)
- Stanford Center on China’s Economy and Institutions, Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Songqing Jin
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Resource Economics, Michigan State University, 220 Trowbridge Rd., East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Chen Ji
- China Academy for Rural Development (CARD), Department of Agricultural Economics and Management, School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd., Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.L.)
| | - Ru Yan
- China Academy for Rural Development (CARD), Department of Agricultural Economics and Management, School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd., Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.L.)
- Stanford Center on China’s Economy and Institutions, Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cindy Feng
- Stanford Center on China’s Economy and Institutions, Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Scott Rozelle
- Stanford Center on China’s Economy and Institutions, Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Tsingshan Institute for Advanced Business Studies, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd., Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Stanford Center on China’s Economy and Institutions, Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Zhang Y, Guan H, Ding Y, Xue J. Gender differences in vision health-seeking behavior and vision health outcomes among rural Chinese schoolchildren by birth order and family size. Int J Equity Health 2023; 22:87. [PMID: 37179296 PMCID: PMC10183124 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-023-01907-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gender gap remains a major impediment in the path toward equality, and it is especially wide in low-income countries. Gender differences in health-seeking behaviors may be a factor. Family size and childbirth order are two critical factors affecting family resource allocation. This study examines gender differences in healthcare-seeking behaviors among children with visual impairment in rural China across different family structures (birth order and family size). METHODS We draw on a dataset containing 19,934 observations constructed by combining data from 252 different school-level surveys spanning two provinces. The surveys were all conducted in 2012 using uniform survey instruments and data collection protocols in randomly selected schools across western provinces in rural China. The sample children range in grades from 4 to 5. Our analysis compares rural girls with rural boys regarding vision health outcome and behavior (vision examination and correction). RESULTS The findings revealed that girls have worse vision than boys. Regarding vision health behaviors, girls have a lower overall vision examination rate than boys. There is no gender difference when the sample student is the only child or the youngest child in the family, but there is still a gender difference when the sample student is the oldest child in the family or the middle child in the birth order. When it comes to vision correction behavior, boys are more likely to own eyeglasses than girls are for groups of students with mild visual impairment, even when the sample student is the only child in the family. However, when the sample student has another brother or sister (the sample student is the youngest, the oldest child in the family, or the middle child in the birth order), the gender difference disappears. CONCLUSIONS Gender differences in vision health outcomes are correlated with gender differences in vision health-seeking behaviors among rural children. Depending on the birth order and family size, gender disparities in visual health practices vary. In the future, consideration should be given to providing medical subsidies to reduce the cost of vision health behaviors and to provide information interventions to change gender inequality in households and promote equality in children's vision health behaviors. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was approved by the Stanford University Institutional Review Board (Protocol No. ISRCTN03252665). Permission was received from local Boards of Education in each region and the principals of all schools. The principles of the Declaration of Helsinki were followed throughout. Written informed consent was obtained from at least one parent for all child participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Zhang
- Center for Experimental Economics in Education, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620 West Chang'an Street, Chang'an District, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hongyu Guan
- Center for Experimental Economics in Education, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620 West Chang'an Street, Chang'an District, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Yuxiu Ding
- Center for Experimental Economics in Education, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620 West Chang'an Street, Chang'an District, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jing Xue
- Center for Experimental Economics in Education, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620 West Chang'an Street, Chang'an District, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi Province, China
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Wu L, Feng J, Zhang M. Implementing interventions to promote spectacle wearing among children with refractive errors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1053206. [PMID: 36969641 PMCID: PMC10036364 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1053206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PurposeTo investigate the level of compliance of children with refractive errors who are provided free spectacles, and to identify the reasons for non-compliance.MethodsWe systematically searched the PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases from the time these databases were established to April 2022, including studies published in English. The search terms were “randomized controlled trial” [Publication Type] OR “randomized” [Title/Abstract], OR “placebo” [Title/Abstract]) AND ((“Refractive Errors”[MeSH Terms] OR (“error refractive” [Title/Abstract] OR “errors refractive” [Title/Abstract] OR “refractive error” [Title/Abstract] OR “refractive disorders” [Title/Abstract] OR “disorder refractive” [Title/Abstract] OR “disorders refractive” [Title/Abstract] OR “refractive disorder” [Title/Abstract] OR “Ametropia” [Title/Abstract] OR “Ametropias” [Title/Abstract])) AND (“Eyeglasses” [MeSH Terms] OR (“Spectacles” [Title/Abstract] OR “Glasses”[Title/Abstract]) AND (“Adolescent” [MeSH Terms] OR (“Adolescents” [Title/Abstract] OR “Adolescence”[Title/Abstract]) OR “Child”[MeSH Terms] OR “Children”[Title/Abstract])). We only selected studies that were randomized controlled trials. Two researchers independently searched the databases, and 64 articles were retrieved after the initial screening. Two reviewers independently assessed the quality of the collected data.ResultsFourteen articles were eligible for inclusion, and 11 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The overall compliance with spectacle use was 53.11%. There was a statistically significant effect of free spectacles on compliance among children (OR = 2.45; 95% CI = 1.39–4.30). In the subgroup analysis, longer follow-up time was associated with significantly lower reported ORs (6–12 vs. <6 months, OR = 2.30 vs. 3.18). Most studies concluded that sociomorphic factors, RE severity, and other factors contributed to children not wearing glasses at the end of the follow-up.ConclusionThe combination of providing free spectacles along with educational interventions can lead to high levels of compliance among the study participants. Based on this study's findings, we recommend implementing policies that integrate the provision of free spectacles with educational interventions and other measures. In addition, a combination of additional health promotion strategies may be needed to improve the acceptability of refractive services and to encourage the consistent use of eyewear.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=338507, identifier: CRD42022338507.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linrong Wu
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center (JSIEC) of Shantou University & The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- School of Public Health, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Jiayi Feng
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center (JSIEC) of Shantou University & The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- School of Public Health, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center (JSIEC) of Shantou University & The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
- *Correspondence: Mingzhi Zhang
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Du K, Yang T, Zhao J, Guan H. The impact of parental migration on left-behind children's vision health in rural China. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2. [PMID: 36593478 PMCID: PMC9809040 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14962-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parental migration is an important factor affecting left-behind children's health. However, few studies have addressed the effect of parental migration on children's vision health in China. To fill the gap, this study aimed to assess the impact of parental migration on left-behind children's vision health and to explore the possible mechanisms of the effect. METHODS Data were obtained from the baseline survey of the China Education Panel Survey (CEPS), which included over 10,000 junior high school students. This study used myopia, the most common vision problem among junior high school students, and tried to analyze whether myopia was corrected with eyeglasses as indicator variables of vision health. The impact of parental migration on vision health was assessed using an instrumental variables approach. RESULTS The results show that parental migration reduced the likelihood of myopia in left-behind children and decreased the possibility of myopic left-behind children being corrected. This result passed a series of robustness tests. The mechanism analysis indicated that compared to non-left-behind children, left-behind children spent more time on outdoor activities and less time on after-school classes, reducing their risk of being myopic. Further, because left-behind children live apart from their parents, their myopia problem is more difficult for parents to notice, and left-behind children are less likely to inform their parents of their myopia than non-left-behind children actively. This helps to explain why left-behind children have a lower correction rate with eyeglasses. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that parental migration, while not increasing the prevalence of myopia in left-behind children, has led to inequity in myopic left-behind children's correction. Given the severe consequences of uncorrected myopia, action is required to enhance the correction rate of myopic left-behind children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Du
- grid.464491.a0000 0004 1755 0877School of Economics, Xi’an University of Finance and Economics, Xi’an, China
| | - Tianli Yang
- grid.24539.390000 0004 0368 8103School of Labor and Human Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- grid.464491.a0000 0004 1755 0877School of Marxism, Xi’an University of Finance and Economics, Xi’an, China
| | - Hongyu Guan
- grid.412498.20000 0004 1759 8395Center for Experimental Economics in Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
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Zhao J, Wang H, Guan H, Du K, Zhang Y, Congdon N. Impact of Teacher Incentive Intervention on Students' Vision Healthcare Uptake: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12727. [PMID: 36232037 PMCID: PMC9566120 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Less than one-third of rural Chinese children with refractive error own or wear eyeglasses. To study the effect of teacher incentives on the acceptance of vision care offered to rural students with uncorrected refractive error, we conducted a cluster-randomized controlled trial in 18 townships in one county in Shaanxi Province. Primary and junior high schools within each township were assigned to either intervention (all teachers received an incentive) or control (no teacher incentives were offered) groups. A total of 42 schools were assigned to either the intervention group (13 schools) or the control group (29 schools). Teachers in the intervention group could elect to receive high-value (sunglasses worth USD 148), moderate-value (eyeglasses worth USD 89), or cash incentives (USD 35) if ≥70% of eligible students (uncorrected visual acuity (VA) ≤ 6/12 in both eyes and corrected VA ≤ 6/9.5 in both eyes) in the teacher's class visited a program-affiliated vision center (VC) within 60 days after their vision screening. Among 8238 students, 3401 (41.2%, of which 53.0% were girls with a mean age of 12 (SD 1.75)) met the enrollment criteria and were randomly allocated to the intervention (n = 1645, 49.0%) and control groups (n = 1579, 51.0%). Among these, 3224 (94.8%) completed the study and underwent analysis. Nearly equal numbers of students had classroom teachers selecting the high-value (n = 524, 31.9%), moderate-value (n = 582, 35.4%), and cash incentives (n = 539, 32.8%). The rate of the acceptance of offered vision care was significantly higher in the intervention group (382/1645 = 23.2%) compared to the control group (172/1579 = 10.9%, 95% confidence interval for observed difference 12.3%, p < 0.001). Teacher incentives appeared effective in improving Chinese rural school-aged children's uptake rate of vision services provided by county hospital-based VCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhao
- School of Marxism, Xi’an University of Finance and Economics, Xi’an 710110, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hongyu Guan
- Center for Experimental Economics for Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710110, China
| | - Kang Du
- School of Economics, Xi’an University of Finance and Economics, Xi’an 710110, China
| | - Yunyun Zhang
- Center for Experimental Economics for Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710110, China
| | - Nathan Congdon
- Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China
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Zhang Y, Yang T, Guan H, Du K, Ding Y, Wang D, Shi Y. Factors influencing post-screening visits of students to local vision centres in rural northwest China. Clin Exp Optom 2021; 105:865-871. [PMID: 34751077 DOI: 10.1080/08164622.2021.1988521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CLINICAL RELEVANCE Children with uncorrected visual impairment have lower scores on a variety of motor and cognitive tests. Exploring the influencing factors of low-income groups seeking vision care services is helpful for identifying relevant barriers and necessary measures to improve the utilization rate of vision care services. BACKGROUND The community-based vision center (VC) is a popular model for solving vision problem of students in rural China. Compliance is the key factor to the success of the VC model. Factors determining compliance with visitations to VC among primary school students after screening were explored. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted with 15,763 students from 228 primary schools. Information was collected through questionnaires and vision examinations. The determinants that affect visits of students to the VC were analyzed using logistic regression. RESULTS Among the 15,763 sample, 5,361 (34%) students had a visual impairment. At baseline, only 962 (18%) of students with visual impairment sought vision care services. After a local VC was established, among the 5,163 students who needed to be referred, only 2,237 (43.33%) students visited the VC. Multivariate logistic regression models for predicting students visit the VC revealed that the following characteristics were significant predictors: poor uncorrected visual acuity (P < 0.001), a higher grade level (P = 0.008; P = 0.010), 'left-behind' children (P < 0.001), short living distance between home and the VC (P < 0.001), and the fact that these students lived in Gansu province (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Establishing a VC that provides students with vision screening and free vision care services can increase the rate of seeking vision health services for students in rural areas, but the compliance rate still needs to be improved. The influencing factors for student compliance have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Zhang
- Center for Experimental Economics in Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tianli Yang
- School of Labor and Human Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Guan
- Center for Experimental Economics in Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kang Du
- Center for Experimental Economics in Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuxiu Ding
- Center for Experimental Economics in Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Decai Wang
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaojiang Shi
- Center for Experimental Economics in Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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Sun W, Mei J, Wang Y, Zhao X, Zhu Z, Zhang C, Pan C, Li G, Chen Y, Miao J, Lan Y, Qiu X, Xu Y. Psycho-social factors associated with high depressive symptomatology in female adolescents and gender difference in adolescent depression: an epidemiological survey in China's Hubei Province. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:168. [PMID: 33771118 PMCID: PMC7995784 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03165-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exploring etiological clues to adolescent depression, especially in female adolescents, might be helpful to improve the social environment of female adolescents. The aim at this study is to explore psycho-social factors of female adolescents with high depressive symptomatology and gender differences in depressive symptoms among Chinese adolescents. METHOD We examined 4100 adolescents from Wuhan city and Jianli county via a cross-sectional study. Depressive symptomatology was screened through the Chinese version of Center for Epidemiology Studies Depression Scale. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to explore the factors related to high depressive symptomatology in female and male adolescents, respectively. RESULTS The prevalence of high depressive symptomatology in female and male were 38.9 and 30.2% respectively. The psycho-social factors of high depressive symptomatology in female adolescents were age (Adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.201, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.076 ~ 1.341), single parent family (aOR = 2.004, 95%CI, 1.448 ~ 2.772) and fathers' education level (compared to primary school and below, [Junior middle school, aOR = 0.641, 95%CI, 0.439 ~ 0.934; Senior middle school, aOR = 0.603, 95%CI, 0.410 ~ 0.888; College degree and above, aOR = 0.639, 95%CI, 0.437 ~ 0.936]). CONCLUSION Fathers' education level was associated with high depressive symptomatology in female adolescents. Female adolescents whose father with primary school education or below deserves more attention. Further epidemiologic researches need to be conducted to explore the different risk factors between female and male adolescents in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhe Sun
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Junhua Mei
- grid.410609.aDepartment of Neurology, Wuhan First Hospital, No.215 Zhongshan Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Xin Zhao
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Zhou Zhu
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Chenyan Zhang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Chensheng Pan
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Guo Li
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Yuxi Chen
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Jinfeng Miao
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Yan Lan
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Xiuli Qiu
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Plastic surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Emotional and Behavioral Problems Among 3- to 5-Year-Olds Left-Behind Children in Poor Rural Areas of Hunan Province: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16214188. [PMID: 31671897 PMCID: PMC6862179 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16214188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The term left-behind children (LBC) refers to underage children who have been separated from their father/mother or parents for a long period of time. At present, there are few studies on the emotional and behavioral problems of three- to five-year-old LBC in poor rural areas of China. In this study, random cluster sampling was used to recruit caregivers of left-behind children (CLBC) aged three to five years in two poor rural areas in Hunan Province. General demographic data of LBC and their caregivers were collected via face-to-face questionnaires. Children’s emotional and behavioral problems were assessed by the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Among 557 LBC, the prevalence of a total difficulties score in an abnormal/borderline range was 27.6–50.6%. The most common problem of LBC was hyperactivity, with a rate of 33.6%. Compared with boys, girls had more emotional problems (p < 0.05) and fewer hyperactivity disorders (p < 0.01). Factors related to the emotional and behavioral problems of LBC were the LBC’s age, the number of sick people at home, and the CLBC’s willingness to take care of the LBC. The detection rate of emotional and behavioral problems of three- to five-year-old LBC in poor rural areas is higher than that of children of the same age in urban areas and Western developed countries. There were gender differences in hyperactivity and emotional symptoms. Poor care will increase the risk of children’s emotional and behavioral abnormalities.
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The Impact of Primary Treatment on Post-Traumatic Endophthalmitis in Children with Open Globe Injuries: A Study in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16162956. [PMID: 31426389 PMCID: PMC6719907 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16162956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic endophthalmitis (PTE) is considered as one of the most serious complications after open globe injuries (OGIs), especially in children. Poor prognosis of this disease can lead to a variety of socioeconomic problems. This study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics of pediatric OGIs and the factors associated with the development of PTE in China. 131 patients under 14 years old and needed hospitalization for management of OGIs were enrolled. There were 90 males and 41 females. 44 patients were left-behind children, the majority were 3–6 years old (n = 71, 71/131, 54.2%) and living in rural area (n = 106, 106/131, 80.9%). After injury, 82 patients received primary repair within 24 h, with the remaining 49 patients receiving primary repair after 24 h. Eventually, there were 28 (28/131, 21.4%) patients presented with PTE. In those 49 patients, the frequency of PTE achieving 32.7% (16/49). Univariate analysis showed that the timing of primary repair is significantly associated with the development of PTE (p < 0.05). Moreover, left-behind children took higher risks in having delayed treatment that over 24 h after OGIs (OR = 2.466, 95% CI: 1.16–5.26). Reducing the time before primary repair is a useful strategy to prevent the development of PTE. Special supervision is needed for pre-school-aged boys living in rural areas, especially for left-behind children.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Epidemiological literature suggests that urbanization is potentially linked to a number of stressors that could be associated with harmful substance use and mental disorders. This may vary by country. This review gives attention to emergent literature examining the pathways between urbanization and harmful substance use. RECENT FINDINGS Studies examining the links between urbanization, mental health and substance use suggest complex pathways between urbanization and substance use as well as a range of modifying variables that could contribute to these associations. Such variables include increased supply of illicit and licit substances brought about by economic development, globalization and technology as well as an increased demand for particular substances. Rural areas may also have unique factors associated with harmful substance use but these are beyond the scope of this review. SUMMARY We have presented evidence to suggest potential associations between urbanization and harmful substance use. We acknowledge that data are limited because of a paucity of longitudinal studies elucidating these relationships.
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The Effect of Providing Free Eyeglasses on Children's Mental Health Outcomes in China: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15122749. [PMID: 30563118 PMCID: PMC6313387 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
If children with common vision problems receive and use eyeglasses, their educational performance rises. Without proper treatment, visually impaired children may not achieve educational gains and could suffer from poor mental health. We use a randomized controlled trial to study the impact of an eyeglasses promotion program in rural China on the mental health of myopic primary school students. Three measures of mental health are used: learning anxiety, physical anxiety, and scores on the Mental Health Test (MHT). Our empirical analysis showed that on average, the treatment has small and insignificant for learning anxiety and MHT, and a small but significant reduction in physical anxiety. However, subgroup analysis reveals that myopic students who study more intensively see their learning anxiety and physical anxiety reduced after being provided with eyeglasses. In contrast, students with the lower study intensity suffer a rise in learning anxiety after receiving eyeglasses. A potential mechanism for the differing impacts is the increase in teasing reported among low study-intensity students that does not occur for high study-intensity students. Care should be taken to maximize the benefits and minimize the costs of in-school vision programs.
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