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Amábile-Cuevas CF, Lund-Zaina S. Non-Canonical Aspects of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:565. [PMID: 38927231 PMCID: PMC11200725 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13060565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The understanding of antibiotic resistance, one of the major health threats of our time, is mostly based on dated and incomplete notions, especially in clinical contexts. The "canonical" mechanisms of action and pharmacodynamics of antibiotics, as well as the methods used to assess their activity upon bacteria, have not changed in decades; the same applies to the definition, acquisition, selective pressures, and drivers of resistance. As a consequence, the strategies to improve antibiotic usage and overcome resistance have ultimately failed. This review gathers most of the "non-canonical" notions on antibiotics and resistance: from the alternative mechanisms of action of antibiotics and the limitations of susceptibility testing to the wide variety of selective pressures, lateral gene transfer mechanisms, ubiquity, and societal factors maintaining resistance. Only by having a "big picture" view of the problem can adequate strategies to harness resistance be devised. These strategies must be global, addressing the many aspects that drive the increasing prevalence of resistant bacteria aside from the clinical use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofia Lund-Zaina
- Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
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2
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Carramaschi IN, de C Queiroz MM, da Mota FF, Zahner V. First Identification of bla NDM-1 Producing Escherichia coli ST 9499 Isolated from Musca domestica in the Urban Center of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:278. [PMID: 37436443 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03393-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study presents phenotypic and molecular characterization of a multidrug-resistant strain of Escherichia coli (Lemef26), belonging to sequence type ST9499 carrying a blaNDM-1 carbapenem resistance gene. The bacterium was isolated from a specimen of Musca domestica, collected in proximity to a hospital in Rio de Janeiro City, Brazil. The strain was identified as E. coli by matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (Maldi-TOF-MS) and via genotypic analysis (Whole-Genome Sequencing-WGS), followed by phylogenetic analysis, antibiotic resistance profiling (using phenotypic and genotypic methods) and virulence genotyping. Interestingly, the blaNDM-1 was the only resistance determinant detected using a panel of common resistance genes, as evaluated by PCR. In contrast, WGS detected genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, quinolones, trimethoprim, beta-lactams, chloramphenicol, macrolides, sulfonamide, tetracycline, lincosamide and streptogramin B. Conjugation experiments demonstrated the transfer of carbapenem resistance, via acquisition of the blaNDM-1 sequence, to a sensitive receptor strain of E. coli, indicating that blaNDM-1 is located on a conjugative plasmid (most likely of the IncA/C incompatibility group, in association with the transposon Tn3000). Phylogenetic analyses placed Lemef26 within a clade of strains exhibiting allelic and environment diversity, with the greatest level of relatedness recorded with a strain isolated from a human source suggesting a possible anthropogenic origin. Analysis of the virulome revealed the presence of fimbrial and pilus genes, including a CFA/I fimbriae (cfaABCDE), common pilus (ecpABCDER), laminin-bind fimbrae (elfADG), hemorrhagic pilus (hcpABC) and fimbrial adherence determinants (stjC) indicates the ability of strain Lemef26 to colonize animal hosts. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first report of blaNDM-1 carbapenemase gene in an E. coli strain isolated from M. domestica. In concordance with the findings of previous studies on the carriage of MDR bacteria by flies, the data presented herein provide support to the idea that flies may represent a convenient means (as sentinel animals) for the monitoring of environmental contamination with multidrug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel N Carramaschi
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica e Forense, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Cep 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Margareth M de C Queiroz
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica e Forense, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Cep 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Fabio Faria da Mota
- Laboratório de Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Cep 21040-360, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Viviane Zahner
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica e Forense, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Cep 21040-360, Brazil.
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Tseng CH, Liu CW, Liu PY. Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases (ESBL) Producing Bacteria in Animals. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040661. [PMID: 37107023 PMCID: PMC10135299 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals have been identified as potential reservoirs and vectors of resistance genes, with studies showing that Gram-negative bacteria can acquire resistance through the horizontal transmission of resistance genes on plasmids. It is important to understand the distribution of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and their drug-resistant genes in animals. Previous review articles mostly focused on a single bacterium or a single animal. Our objective is to compile all ESBL-producing bacteria isolated from various animals in recent years and provide a comprehensive viewpoint. Using a thorough PubMed literature search spanning from 1 January 2020 to 30 June 2022, studies exploring extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria in animals were included. ESBL-producing bacteria are present in animals from various countries around the world. The most common sources of these bacteria were farm animals, and the most frequently isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The most detected ESBL genes were blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M. The presence of ESBL-producing bacteria in animals highlights the importance of the One Health approach to address the issue of antibiotic resistance. Further research is needed to better understand the epidemiology and mechanisms of the spread of ESBL-producing bacteria in animal populations and their potential impact on human and animal health.
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Behrens W, Kolte B, Junker V, Frentrup M, Dolsdorf C, Börger M, Jaleta M, Kabelitz T, Amon T, Werner D, Nübel U. Bacterial genome sequencing tracks the housefly-associated dispersal of fluoroquinolone- and cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli from a pig farm. Environ Microbiol 2023. [PMID: 36772962 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The regular use of antimicrobials in livestock production selects for antimicrobial resistance. The potential impact of this practice on human health needs to be studied in more detail, including the role of the environment for the persistence and transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. During an investigation of a pig farm and its surroundings in Brandenburg, Germany, we detected abundant cephalosporin- and fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli in pig faeces, sedimented dust, and house flies (Musca domestica). Genome sequencing of E. coli isolates revealed large phylogenetic diversity and plasmid-borne extended-spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) genes CTX-M-1 in multiple strains. [Correction added on 28 February 2023, after first online publication: In the preceding sentence, 'and TEM-1' was previously included but has been deleted in this version.] Close genomic relationships indicated frequent transmission of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli between pigs from different herds and across buildings of the farm and suggested dust and flies as vectors for dissemination of faecal pathogens. Strikingly, we repeatedly recovered E. coli from flies collected up to 2 km away from the source, whose genome sequences were identical or closely related to those from pig faeces isolates, indicating the fly-associated transport of diverse ESBL-producing E. coli from the pig farm into urban habitation areas. The observed proximity of contaminated flies to human households poses a risk of transmission of antimicrobial-resistant enteric pathogens from livestock to man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Behrens
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Baban Kolte
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Vera Junker
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Martinique Frentrup
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Claudia Dolsdorf
- Teaching and Research Station for Animal Breeding and Husbandry (LVAT), Ruhlsdorf, Germany
| | - Maria Börger
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Megarsa Jaleta
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tina Kabelitz
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Thomas Amon
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Potsdam, Germany.,Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health (ITU), Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Doreen Werner
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Nübel
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Braunschweig-Hannover, Braunschweig, Germany.,Braunschweig Integrated Center of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technical University, Braunschweig, Germany
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Rawat N, Sabu B, Jamwal R, Devi PP, Yadav K, Raina HS, Rajagopal R. Understanding the role of insects in the acquisition and transmission of antibiotic resistance. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159805. [PMID: 36461578 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance (AR) is a global healthcare threat that requires a comprehensive assessment. Poorly regulated antibiotic stewardship in clinical and non-clinical settings has led to a horizontal dissemination of AR. A variety of often neglected elements facilitate the circulation of AR from antibiotic sinks like concentrated animal feeding operations and healthcare settings to other environments that include healthy human communities. Insects are one of those elements that have received underwhelming attention as vectors of AR, despite their well-known role in transmitting clinically relevant pathogens. We here make an exhaustive attempt to highlight the role of insects as zoonotic reservoirs of AR by discussing the available literature and deriving realistic inferences. We review the AR associated with insects housing various human-relevant environments, namely, animal farm industry, edible-insects enterprise, healthcare institutes, human settlements, agriculture settings and the wild. We also provide evidence-based accounts of the events of the transmission of AR from insects to humans. We evaluate the clinical threats associated with insect-derived AR and propose the adoption of more sophisticated strategies to understand and mitigate future AR concerns facilitated by insects. Future works include a pan-region assessment of insects for AR in the form of AR bacteria (ARB) and AR determinants (ARDs) and the introduction of modern techniques like whole-genome sequencing, metagenomics, and in-silico modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitish Rawat
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Benoy Sabu
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Rohit Jamwal
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Pukhrambam Pushpa Devi
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Karuna Yadav
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Harpreet Singh Raina
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India; Department of Zoology, Sri Guru Teg Bahadur Khalsa College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Raman Rajagopal
- Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Room No. 117, Delhi 110007, India.
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Brunke MS, Konrat K, Schaudinn C, Piening B, Pfeifer Y, Becker L, Schwebke I, Arvand M. Tolerance of biofilm of a carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae involved in a duodenoscopy-associated outbreak to the disinfectant used in reprocessing. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2022; 11:81. [PMID: 35659363 PMCID: PMC9164365 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-022-01112-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One possible transmission route for nosocomial pathogens is contaminated medical devices. Formation of biofilms can exacerbate the problem. We report on a carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae that had caused an outbreak linked to contaminated duodenoscopes. To determine whether increased tolerance to disinfectants may have contributed to the outbreak, we investigated the susceptibility of the outbreak strain to disinfectants commonly used for duodenoscope reprocessing. Disinfection efficacy was tested on planktonic bacteria and on biofilm. Methods Disinfectant efficacy testing was performed for planktonic bacteria according to EN standards 13727 and 14561 and for biofilm using the Bead Assay for Biofilms. Disinfection was defined as ≥ 5log10 reduction in recoverable colony forming units (CFU). Results The outbreak strain was an OXA-48 carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae of sequence type 101. We found a slightly increased tolerance of the outbreak strain in planktonic form to peracetic acid (PAA), but not to other disinfectants tested. Since PAA was the disinfectant used for duodenoscope reprocessing, we investigated the effect of PAA on biofilm of the outbreak strain. Remarkably, disinfection of biofilm of the outbreak strain could not be achieved by the standard PAA concentration used for duodenoscope reprocessing at the time of outbreak. An increased tolerance to PAA was not observed in a K. pneumoniae type strain tested in parallel. Conclusions Biofilm of the K. pneumoniae outbreak strain was tolerant to standard disinfection during duodenoscope reprocessing. This study establishes for the first time a direct link between biofilm formation, increased tolerance to disinfectants, reprocessing failure of duodenoscopes and nosocomial transmission of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13756-022-01112-z.
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Perestrelo S, Correia Carreira G, Valentin L, Fischer J, Pfeifer Y, Werner G, Schmiedel J, Falgenhauer L, Imirzalioglu C, Chakraborty T, Käsbohrer A. Comparison of approaches for source attribution of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in Germany. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271317. [PMID: 35839265 PMCID: PMC9286285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia (E.) coli have been widely described as the cause of treatment failures in humans around the world. The origin of human infections with these microorganisms is discussed controversially and in most cases hard to identify. Since they pose a relevant risk to human health, it becomes crucial to understand their sources and the transmission pathways. In this study, we analyzed data from different studies in Germany and grouped ESBL-producing E. coli from different sources and human cases into subtypes based on their phenotypic and genotypic characteristics (ESBL-genotype, E. coli phylogenetic group and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance pattern). Then, a source attribution model was developed in order to attribute the human cases to the considered sources. The sources were from different animal species (cattle, pig, chicken, dog and horse) and also from patients with nosocomial infections. The human isolates were gathered from community cases which showed to be colonized with ESBL-producing E. coli. We used the attribution model first with only the animal sources (Approach A) and then additionally with the nosocomial infections (Approach B). We observed that all sources contributed to the human cases, nevertheless, isolates from nosocomial infections were more related to those from human cases than any of the other sources. We identified subtypes that were only detected in the considered animal species and others that were observed only in the human population. Some subtypes from the human cases could not be allocated to any of the sources from this study and were attributed to an unknown source. Our study emphasizes the importance of human-to-human transmission of ESBL-producing E. coli and the different role that pets, livestock and healthcare facilities may play in the transmission of these resistant bacteria. The developed source attribution model can be further used to monitor future trends. A One Health approach is necessary to develop source attribution models further to integrate also wildlife, environmental as well as food sources in addition to human and animal data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Perestrelo
- Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Lars Valentin
- Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jennie Fischer
- Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yvonne Pfeifer
- Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistance, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Guido Werner
- Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistance, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Judith Schmiedel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Linda Falgenhauer
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Campus Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Hessisches universitäres Kompetenzzentrum Krankenhaushygiene (HuKKH), Giessen, Germany
| | - Can Imirzalioglu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Campus Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Trinad Chakraborty
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Campus Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Annemarie Käsbohrer
- Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
- Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Flies as Vectors and Potential Sentinels for Bacterial Pathogens and Antimicrobial Resistance: A Review. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9060300. [PMID: 35737352 PMCID: PMC9228806 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9060300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The unique biology of flies and their omnipresence in the environment of people and animals makes them ideal candidates to be important vectors of antimicrobial resistance genes. Consequently, there has been increasing research on the bacteria and antimicrobial resistance genes that are carried by flies and their role in the spread of resistance. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on the transmission of bacterial pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes by flies, and the roles flies might play in the maintenance, transmission, and surveillance of antimicrobial resistance.
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Treskova M, Kuhlmann A, Freise F, Kreienbrock L, Brogden S. Occurrence of Antimicrobial Resistance in the Environment in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland: A Narrative Review of Existing Evidence. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040728. [PMID: 35456779 PMCID: PMC9027620 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: This study summarizes the current research on antibiotic resistance (AR) in the environment conducted in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland; (2) Methods: A narrative systematic literature review of epidemiological studies based on searches in EMBASE and CAB abstracts (up to 16 June2021) was conducted. Environmental reservoirs included water sources, wastewater, animal husbandry, wildlife, soil, and sediment; (3) Results: Four hundred and four records were screened, and 52 studies were included. Thirteen studies examined aquatic environments, and eleven investigated wastewater. Eight studies investigated both wildlife and animal husbandry. Less evidence was available for sediments, soil, and air. Considerable heterogeneity in research focus, study design, sampling, and measurement of resistance was observed. Resistance to all categories of antimicrobials in the WHO CIA list was identified. Resistance to critically important and highly important substances was reported most frequently; (4) Conclusions: The current research scope presents data-gathering efforts. Usage of a unified protocol for isolate collection, selecting sampling sites, and susceptibility testing is required to provide results that can be compared between the studies and reservoirs. Epidemiological, environmental, and ecological factors should be considered in surveys of the environmental dissemination of AR. Systematic epidemiological studies investigating AR at the interface of human, animal, and environmental health are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Treskova
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (M.T.); (F.F.); (L.K.)
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Kuhlmann
- Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University of Halle Wittenberg, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Fritjof Freise
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (M.T.); (F.F.); (L.K.)
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (M.T.); (F.F.); (L.K.)
| | - Sandra Brogden
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (M.T.); (F.F.); (L.K.)
- Correspondence:
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Göttling J, Heckel JO, Hotzel H, Fruth A, Pfeifer Y, Henning K, Kopp P, Mertens-Scholz K, Rietschel W, Pfeffer M. Zoonotic bacteria in clinically healthy goats in petting zoo settings of zoological gardens in Germany. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 69:333-343. [PMID: 35229466 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Goats and other small ruminants are frequently used as contact animals in petting zoo settings of zoological gardens. However, they are capable to carry a broad spectrum of zoonotic pathogens without clinical signs. In this study, we analysed the presence of different zoonotic pathogens in 300 clinically healthy goats from 14 zoological gardens in Germany. Rectal and nasal swabs were investigated with a series of cultural and molecular techniques. In addition, vaginal swabs of the 230 female goats were investigated for the presence of Coxiella burnetii by real-time PCR. Antibodies against C. burnetii were tested in milk and serum by ELISA. Campylobacter spp. were found in 22.7%, Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli in 20.0% and Arcobacter spp. were found in 1.7% of the tested 300 goats after culture from rectal swabs and subsequent PCR. One sample contained an Escherichia fergusonii isolate with a blaCTX-M-1 -encoded extended-spectrum beta-lactamase phenotype. Neither Yersinia spp. nor Salmonella spp. were found. Nasal swabs of 20.7% of the goats yielded Staphylococcus aureus including one mecC-positive methicillin-resistant isolate. Neither Yersinia spp. nor Salmonella spp. were found, and none of the 230 vaginal swabs was positive for C. burnetii. Attempts to detect dermatophytes failed. In conclusion, a possible risk of transmission of zoonotic bacteria from goats in petting zoos to visitors should be considered. Appropriate information and facilities for hand washing and disinfection should be provided in all zoological gardens using goats as contact animals due to the regular presence of zoonotic bacteria in the collection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Helmut Hotzel
- Institute for Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - Angelika Fruth
- Robert Koch Institute, National Reference Centre for Salmonella and other Bacterial Enterics, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Yvonne Pfeifer
- Robert Koch Institute, Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistance, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Klaus Henning
- Institute for Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Kopp
- IDEXX Vet Med Labor GmbH, Kornwestheim, Germany
| | - Katja Mertens-Scholz
- Institute for Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - Wolfram Rietschel
- Tierärztliches Zentrum für Pferde in Kirchheim Altano GmbH, Kirchheim unter Teck, Germany
| | - Martin Pfeffer
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University Leipzig, Germany
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Tufa TB, Fuchs A, Wienemann T, Eggers Y, Abdissa S, Schneider M, Jensen BEO, Bode JG, Pfeffer K, Häussinger D, Mackenzie CR, Orth HM, Feldt T. Carriage of ESBL-producing Gram-negative bacteria by flies captured in a hospital and its suburban surroundings in Ethiopia. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2020; 9:175. [PMID: 33148323 PMCID: PMC7640391 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-020-00836-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Local data from the Asella Teaching and Referral Hospital in the town of Asella, Ethiopia reveal a high prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase- (ESBL) producing Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) in clinical isolates. To investigate a possible route of transmission, we determined the proportions ESBL-producing GNB in isolates from flies caught in the hospital and in the town of Asella. METHODS Flies were collected in August 2019 from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), the orthopedic ward, the hospital's waste disposal area, and from a butchery situated 1.5 km from the hospital. After trapping, the flies were macerated and suspended in sterile normal saline. The suspensions were inoculated on MacConkey agar and incubated overnight. Species identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed using Vitek®-MS and VITEK® 2. RESULTS In total, 103 bacterial isolates were obtained from 85 flies (NICU: 11 isolates from 20 flies, orthopedic ward: 10 isolates from 12 flies, waste disposal area: 37 isolates from 26 flies, butchery: 45 isolates from 27 flies). The proportions of ESBL-producing bacteria among isolates obtained from flies collected in the hospital compound were significantly higher (82%, 90%, and 57% in NICU, orthopedic ward and waste disposal area, respectively) compared to flies collected outside of the hospital compound (2% (@1/45) in the butchery) (p ≤ 0.001). The proportion of ESBL was 67% (6/9) among Raoultella spp. 67% (4/6) among Kluyvera spp., 56% (5/9) among Enterobacter spp., 50% (5/10) among E. coli, and 44% (8/18) among Klebsiella spp.. Of the 40 ESBL-genes detected, 85% were CTX-M-like, 83% TEM-like, 23% SHV-like, and 2% CTX-M-2-like. ESBL-producing bacteria showed higher rates of resistance against ciprofloxacin (66% vs. 5%), gentamicin (68% vs. 3%), piperacillin-tazobactam (78% vs. 5%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (88% vs. 16%), compared to non-ESBL-producing bacteria. CONCLUSION A high proportion of ESBL was identified in isolates from flies caught in the hospital compound compared with isolates of flies collected at a distance of 1.5 km from the hospital. Flies can be potential vectors for transmission of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria within hospitals. Further studies are needed to determine the source of MDR colonization in flies and possible impact of MDR for nosocomial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tafese Beyene Tufa
- College of Health Sciences, Arsi University, P.O. Box 04, Asella, Ethiopia
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 04, Asella, Ethiopia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Düsseldorf University Hospital Center, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Düsseldorf University Hospital Centre, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andre Fuchs
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 04, Asella, Ethiopia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine, Nephrology and Rheumatology, St. Georg Hospital, Delitzscher Str. 141, 04129 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Wienemann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Düsseldorf University Hospital Centre, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Yannik Eggers
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 04, Asella, Ethiopia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Düsseldorf University Hospital Center, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sileshi Abdissa
- College of Health Sciences, Arsi University, P.O. Box 04, Asella, Ethiopia
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 04, Asella, Ethiopia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Düsseldorf University Hospital Center, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Düsseldorf University Hospital Centre, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marlen Schneider
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 04, Asella, Ethiopia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Düsseldorf University Hospital Center, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Björn-Erik Ole Jensen
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 04, Asella, Ethiopia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Düsseldorf University Hospital Center, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes G. Bode
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 04, Asella, Ethiopia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Düsseldorf University Hospital Center, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Pfeffer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Düsseldorf University Hospital Centre, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 04, Asella, Ethiopia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Düsseldorf University Hospital Center, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Colin R. Mackenzie
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Düsseldorf University Hospital Centre, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans Martin Orth
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 04, Asella, Ethiopia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Düsseldorf University Hospital Center, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Torsten Feldt
- Hirsch Institute of Tropical Medicine, P.O. Box 04, Asella, Ethiopia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Düsseldorf University Hospital Center, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Kresken M, Korte-Berwanger M, Gatermann SG, Pfeifer Y, Pfennigwerth N, Seifert H, Werner G. In vitro activity of cefiderocol against aerobic Gram-negative bacterial pathogens from Germany. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 56:106128. [PMID: 32758648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cefiderocol (CID), also known as S-649266, a novel siderophore cephalosporin, possesses potent activity against multidrug-resistant aerobic Gram-negative bacteria (GNB). This study aimed to determine the in vitro activity of CID against two different sets of GNB: i) a random sample of 213 clinical isolates, including 17 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers, obtained from intensive care unit patients with nosocomial infections collected during a multicentre surveillance study (set I); and ii) a group of 59 challenge GNB producing various types of carbapenemases (CP; set II). METHODS Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using the microdilution method according to the standard ISO 20776-1. Iron-depleted medium was used for testing CID. RESULTS CID inhibited 97.2% of set I isolates at the EUCAST susceptibility breakpoint of ≤ 2 mg/L. The concentrations of CID inhibiting 50% and 90% (MIC50/90) of the Enterobacterales isolates (n = 146) were 0.12/1.0 mg/L, with ESBL-positive isolates tending to exhibit higher MICs than ESBL-negative isolates to CID. MIC50/90 values of CID for isolates of the Acinetobacter baumannii group (n = 13) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 54) were 0.06/0.12 mg/L and 0.12/0.5 mg/L, respectively. Further, CID inhibited 88.1% of set II CP-producing isolates at ≤ 2 mg/L. All seven class D CP-producing Acinetobacter baumannii were inhibited at ≤ 0.25 mg/L. MIC50/90 values for CP-producing Enterobacterales (n = 30) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 22) were 1/4 mg/L and 0.5/2 mg/L, respectively. CONCLUSION CID showed potent activity against Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterobacterales and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including CP-producing isolates. Overall, CID inhibited 259 of 272 (95.2%) GNB at ≤ 2 mg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kresken
- Antiinfectives Intelligence GmbH, Rheinbach, Germany; Rheinische Fachhochschule Köln gGmbH, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Miriam Korte-Berwanger
- German National Reference Centre for Multidrug-Resistant Gram-negative Bacteria, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sören G Gatermann
- German National Reference Centre for Multidrug-Resistant Gram-negative Bacteria, Bochum, Germany
| | - Yvonne Pfeifer
- Robert Koch Institute, Department of Infectious Diseases, FG13 Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Niels Pfennigwerth
- German National Reference Centre for Multidrug-Resistant Gram-negative Bacteria, Bochum, Germany
| | - Harald Seifert
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Cologne-Bonn, Cologne, Germany
| | - Guido Werner
- Robert Koch Institute, Department of Infectious Diseases, FG13 Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Wernigerode, Germany
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Occurrence and Characteristics of Mobile Colistin Resistance ( mcr) Gene-Containing Isolates from the Environment: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17031028. [PMID: 32041167 PMCID: PMC7036836 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17031028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The emergence and spread of mobile colistin (COL) resistance (mcr) genes jeopardize the efficacy of COL, a last resort antibiotic for treating deadly infections. COL has been used in livestock for decades globally. Bacteria have mobilized mcr genes (mcr-1 to mcr-9). Mcr-gene-containing bacteria (MGCB) have disseminated by horizontal/lateral transfer into diverse ecosystems, including aquatic, soil, botanical, wildlife, animal environment, and public places. The mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-5, mcr-7, and mcr-8 have been detected in isolates from and/or directly in environmental samples. These genes are harboured by Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella, Citrobacter, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Kluyvera, Aeromonas, Providencia, and Raulotella isolates. Different conjugative and non-conjugative plasmids form the backbones for mcr in these isolates, but mcr have also been integrated into the chromosome of some strains. Insertion sequences (IS) (especially ISApl1) located upstream or downstream of mcr, class 1–3 integrons, and transposons are other drivers of mcr in the environment. Genes encoding multi-/extensive-drug resistance and virulence are often co-located with mcr on plasmids in environmental isolates. Transmission of mcr to/among environmental strains is clonally unrestricted. Contact with the mcr-containing reservoirs, consumption of contaminated animal-/plant-based foods or water, international animal-/plant-based food trades and travel, are routes for transmission of MGCB.
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