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Guirado P, Iglesias‐Torrens Y, Miró E, Navarro F, Attolini CS, Balsalobre C, Madrid C. Host-associated variability of the cdtABC operon, coding for the cytolethal distending toxin, in Campylobacter jejuni. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 69:966-977. [PMID: 36053024 PMCID: PMC9826217 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter, a major cause of food-borne gastroenteritis worldwide, colonize the gastrointestinal tract of a wide range of animals, being birds the main reservoir. The mechanisms involved in the interaction of Campylobacter with the different hosts are poorly understood. The cytolethal distending toxin, encoded in the cdtABC operon, is considered a pivotal virulence factor during human infection. Differences in the prevalence of cdtABC genes in Campylobacter isolates from three distinct origins (wild birds, broiler chickens and humans) prompted us to further characterize their allelic variability. The sequence of cdtABC is highly conserved among broiler and human isolates. A high diversity of cdtABC alleles was found among wild bird isolates, including several alleles that do not produce any functional CDT. These results suggest that specific variants of the cdtABC operon might define the host range of specific Campylobacter jejuni isolates. Moreover, our data indicate that PCR methodology is inaccurate to characterize the prevalence of the cdt genes, since negative PCR detection can be the result of divergences in the sequence used for primer design rather than indicating the absence of a specific gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Guirado
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de BiologiaUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Yaidelis Iglesias‐Torrens
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau)BarcelonaSpain,Departament de Genètica i MicrobiologiaUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Elisenda Miró
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Ferran Navarro
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau)BarcelonaSpain,Departament de Genètica i MicrobiologiaUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Camile Stephan‐Otto Attolini
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona)The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
| | - Carlos Balsalobre
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de BiologiaUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Cristina Madrid
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de BiologiaUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
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Göttling J, Heckel JO, Hotzel H, Fruth A, Pfeifer Y, Henning K, Kopp P, Mertens-Scholz K, Rietschel W, Pfeffer M. Zoonotic bacteria in clinically healthy goats in petting zoo settings of zoological gardens in Germany. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 69:333-343. [PMID: 35229466 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Goats and other small ruminants are frequently used as contact animals in petting zoo settings of zoological gardens. However, they are capable to carry a broad spectrum of zoonotic pathogens without clinical signs. In this study, we analysed the presence of different zoonotic pathogens in 300 clinically healthy goats from 14 zoological gardens in Germany. Rectal and nasal swabs were investigated with a series of cultural and molecular techniques. In addition, vaginal swabs of the 230 female goats were investigated for the presence of Coxiella burnetii by real-time PCR. Antibodies against C. burnetii were tested in milk and serum by ELISA. Campylobacter spp. were found in 22.7%, Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli in 20.0% and Arcobacter spp. were found in 1.7% of the tested 300 goats after culture from rectal swabs and subsequent PCR. One sample contained an Escherichia fergusonii isolate with a blaCTX-M-1 -encoded extended-spectrum beta-lactamase phenotype. Neither Yersinia spp. nor Salmonella spp. were found. Nasal swabs of 20.7% of the goats yielded Staphylococcus aureus including one mecC-positive methicillin-resistant isolate. Neither Yersinia spp. nor Salmonella spp. were found, and none of the 230 vaginal swabs was positive for C. burnetii. Attempts to detect dermatophytes failed. In conclusion, a possible risk of transmission of zoonotic bacteria from goats in petting zoos to visitors should be considered. Appropriate information and facilities for hand washing and disinfection should be provided in all zoological gardens using goats as contact animals due to the regular presence of zoonotic bacteria in the collection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Helmut Hotzel
- Institute for Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - Angelika Fruth
- Robert Koch Institute, National Reference Centre for Salmonella and other Bacterial Enterics, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Yvonne Pfeifer
- Robert Koch Institute, Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistance, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Klaus Henning
- Institute for Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Kopp
- IDEXX Vet Med Labor GmbH, Kornwestheim, Germany
| | - Katja Mertens-Scholz
- Institute for Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - Wolfram Rietschel
- Tierärztliches Zentrum für Pferde in Kirchheim Altano GmbH, Kirchheim unter Teck, Germany
| | - Martin Pfeffer
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University Leipzig, Germany
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Tamburro M, Sammarco ML, Trematerra P, Colacci M, Ripabelli G. Alphitobius diaperinus Panzer (Insecta, Coleoptera) in a single house of a broiler production facility as a potential source of pathogenic bacteria for broilers and humans. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 74:883-892. [PMID: 35211998 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pest infestation in any stage can lead to a quality reduction in the finished products. This study aimed to detect Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., and Staphylococcus aureus in Alphitobius diaperinus adults, and in samples from broiler swabs, administered water and feed collected in a single house from a broiler production facility in central Italy. Three samplings were carried out, each collecting ninety adult beetles for microbial detection in the external, fecal and internal content; ten cloacal swab samples; and one sample of both administered feed and water. Microbiological cultures and biochemical identification were performed on suspected cultures and confirmed by species-specific PCRs. A. diaperinus was abundantly found near the windows, under the manger and in the corners of the facility. Salmonella enterica serovar Cholerasuis was found at the external surface of the beetles, while Staphylococcus xylosus and E. coli in the fecal content. The latter microrganism together with Staphylococcus lentus, S. xylosus and other staphylococcal species were detected in the internal microbiota. E. coli and Campylobacter spp. were observed in cloacal swabs, and S. xylosus in one feed sample. The study findings support evidence for Salmonella spp. and E. coli, and remark that adherence with sanitation rules and biosecurity procedures are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Tamburro
- Department of Medicine, Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Michela Lucia Sammarco
- Department of Medicine, Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Pasquale Trematerra
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Marco Colacci
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Ripabelli
- Department of Medicine, Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
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Edogawa S, Edwinson AL, Peters SA, Chikkamenahalli LL, Sundt WJ, Graves S, Gurunathan SV, Breen-Lyles MK, Johnson S, Dyer RB, Graham RP, Chen J, Kashyap P, Farrugia G, Grover M. Serine proteases as luminal mediators of intestinal barrier dysfunction and symptom severity in IBS. Gut 2020; 69:62-73. [PMID: 30923071 PMCID: PMC6765451 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-317416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The intestinal lumen contains several proteases. Our aim was to determine the role of faecal proteases in mediating barrier dysfunction and symptoms in IBS. DESIGN 39 patients with IBS and 25 healthy volunteers completed questionnaires, assessments of in vivo permeability, ex vivo colonic barrier function in Ussing chambers, tight junction (TJ) proteins, ultrastructural morphology and 16 s sequencing of faecal microbiota rRNA. A casein-based assay was used to measure proteolytic activity (PA) in faecal supernatants (FSNs). Colonic barrier function was determined in mice (ex-germ free) humanised with microbial communities associated with different human PA states. RESULTS Patients with IBS had higher faecal PA than healthy volunteers. 8/20 postinfection IBS (PI-IBS) and 3/19 constipation- predominant IBS had high PA (>95th percentile). High-PA patients had more and looser bowel movements, greater symptom severity and higher in vivo and ex vivo colonic permeability. High-PA FSNs increased paracellular permeability, decreased occludin and increased phosphorylated myosin light chain (pMLC) expression. Serine but not cysteine protease inhibitor significantly blocked high-PA FSN effects on barrier. The effects on barrier were diminished by pharmacological or siRNA inhibition of protease activated receptor-2 (PAR-2). Patients with high-PA IBS had lower occludin expression, wider TJs on biopsies and reduced microbial diversity than patients with low PA. Mice humanised with high-PA IBS microbiota had greater in vivo permeability than those with low-PA microbiota. CONCLUSION A subset of patients with IBS, especially in PI-IBS, has substantially high faecal PA, greater symptoms, impaired barrier and reduced microbial diversity. Commensal microbiota affects luminal PA that can influence host barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Edogawa
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Adam L Edwinson
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephanie A Peters
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Wendy J Sundt
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sara Graves
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Stephen Johnson
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics and Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Roy B Dyer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rondell P. Graham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics and Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Purna Kashyap
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Gianrico Farrugia
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Madhusudan Grover
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,Correspondence: Madhusudan Grover, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine and Physiology, Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA, Tel: 507-284-2478, Fax: 507-266-0350,
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Ferrari S, Frosth S, Svensson L, Fernström L, Skarin H, Hansson I. Detection of Campylobacter spp. in water by dead-end ultrafiltration and application at farm level. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:1270-1279. [PMID: 31291690 PMCID: PMC6851547 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The purposes were to evaluate the detection of low levels of Campylobacter in water by dead-end ultrafiltration (DEUF) to determine the sensitivity and suitability for use under field condition. METHODS AND RESULTS The DEUF technique followed by detection according to ISO 10272 was tested on artificially and naturally contaminated water. Campylobacter were detected in all samples spiked with more than 10 CFU 60 l-1 and in four of nine samples with a concentration below 10 CFU 60 l-1 water. Naturally contaminated water from five different broiler producers was analysed. Campylobacter were detected in four of 12 samples from ponds near the houses and in three of 24 samples from water pipes inside the broiler houses, but not in tap water sampled at the entrance of the broiler houses. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that DEUF is useful for detection of low numbers of Campylobacter in large volumes of water. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Contaminated water is an important source for transmission of Campylobacter to broilers and humans. The concentration of Campylobacter is usually low with a high level of background microbiota. This study shows the advantages of DEUF both in the laboratory and under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Ferrari
- Department of MicrobiologyNational Veterinary InstituteUppsalaSweden
| | - S. Frosth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ScienceSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - L. Svensson
- Department of Disease Control and EpidemiologyNational Veterinary InstituteUppsalaSweden
| | - L.‐L. Fernström
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ScienceSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
| | - H. Skarin
- Department of MicrobiologyNational Veterinary InstituteUppsalaSweden
| | - I. Hansson
- Department of MicrobiologyNational Veterinary InstituteUppsalaSweden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ScienceSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSweden
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Nowaczek A, Urban‐Chmiel R, Dec M, Puchalski A, Stępień‐Pyśniak D, Marek A, Pyzik E. Campylobacter spp. and bacteriophages from broiler chickens: Characterization of antibiotic susceptibility profiles and lytic bacteriophages. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e00784. [PMID: 30656847 PMCID: PMC6612548 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Campylobacter are the most common pathogens causing zoonotic diseases in humans. Therefore, the aim of the study was to isolate Campylobacter bacteria from broiler chickens and evaluate their susceptibility to selected antibiotics by determining minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), followed by isolation and characterization of bacteriophages specific for Campylobacter spp. The material for the study consisted of field isolates of Campylobacter spp. obtained from the gut (cecum) of broiler chickens directly after slaughter in slaughterhouses, and bacteriophages specific for these strains. We isolated 48 strains from poultry (140 broiler chickens): 31 strains of Campylobacter jejuni and 17 of Campylobacter coli. Identification of the strains was confirmed by multiplex PCR and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Over 83% of Campylobacter strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin, and over half the isolates were resistant to erythromycin, gentamicin, and tetracycline. Resistance to three or more antibiotics was observed in 91.6% of all strains. Four bacteriophages were obtained, and on the basis of their morphological structure, they were assigned to two families of the order Caudovirales: Myoviridae and Siphoviridae. A high percentage of the Campylobacter strains were resistant to at least three of the antibiotic groups tested. All of the phages exhibited lytic activity against the Campylobacter spp. isolates, but the antibacterial effect of the phages was not observed for all strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nowaczek
- Sub‐Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Basis of Animal DiseasesUniversity of Life SciencesLublinPoland
| | - Renata Urban‐Chmiel
- Sub‐Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Basis of Animal DiseasesUniversity of Life SciencesLublinPoland
| | - Marta Dec
- Sub‐Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Basis of Animal DiseasesUniversity of Life SciencesLublinPoland
| | - Andrzej Puchalski
- Sub‐Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Basis of Animal DiseasesUniversity of Life SciencesLublinPoland
| | - Dagmara Stępień‐Pyśniak
- Sub‐Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Basis of Animal DiseasesUniversity of Life SciencesLublinPoland
| | - Agnieszka Marek
- Sub‐Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Basis of Animal DiseasesUniversity of Life SciencesLublinPoland
| | - Ewelina Pyzik
- Sub‐Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Biological Basis of Animal DiseasesUniversity of Life SciencesLublinPoland
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Salvat G, Guyot M, Protino J. Monitoring Salmonella, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in traditional free-range 'Label Rouge' broiler production: a 23-year survey programme. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 122:248-256. [PMID: 27699969 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM 'Label Rouge' broiler free-range carcasses have been monitored since 1991, and broiler flocks since 2010, for contamination by the main foodborne zoonotic bacteria. METHODS AND RESULTS Initially, the monitoring plan mainly focused on the surveillance of Salmonella, and on indicators of the overall microbiological quality of free-range broiler carcasses such as Staphylococcus aureus and coliforms, but was extended in 2007 to include Campylobacter enumeration on carcasses and in 2010, to Salmonella in the environment of live birds. Salmonella contamination of free-range broiler carcasses rose to a peak of 16% in 1994 but less than 1% of carcasses are now regularly found to be positive. Indicators of the overall microbiological quality of carcasses are also improving. These results correlate with the low prevalence of Salmonella in free-range broiler breeding and production flocks, and with the continuous improvement of hazard analysis and critical control points in slaughterhouses, the implementation of a good manufacturing practice guide since 1997 and the application of EU regulations on Salmonella since 1998 in France. Regarding Campylobacter counts on carcasses, the situation has been improving continuously over the last few years, even if 2·5% of the carcasses are still contaminated by more than 1000 Campylobacter per g of skin. CONCLUSIONS Although the current control system focusing on Salmonella is based on firm epidemiologic data and offers effective means of control (e.g. slaughtering of positive breeder flocks), existing information on Campylobacter makes it more difficult to formulate an effective control plan for free-range broilers, due to their particular exposure to environmental contamination. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This long-term surveillance programme provided an extended view of the evolution of the contamination of free-range broilers and a direct measurement of the impact of mandatory and profession-driven interventions on the microbiological quality of carcasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Salvat
- Laboratory of Ploufragan/Plouzané, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation de, l'Environnement et du Travail, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Ploufragan, France
| | - M Guyot
- SYNALAF (Syndicat National des Labels Avicoles de France), Paris, France
| | - J Protino
- SYNALAF (Syndicat National des Labels Avicoles de France), Paris, France
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