1
|
Guan Q, Wang Z, Zhou F, Yu W, Yin Z, Zhang Z, Chi R, Zhou J. The Impurity Removal and Comprehensive Utilization of Phosphogypsum: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2067. [PMID: 38730874 PMCID: PMC11084927 DOI: 10.3390/ma17092067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Phosphogypsum (PG), a byproduct during the phosphoric acid production process, also known as the wet process, contains complex and diverse impurities, resulting in low utilization and considerable accumulation. This leads to a massive waste of land resources and a series of environmental pollution problems. Given the current urgent ecological and environmental situation, developing impurity removal processes with low energy consumption and high efficiency, exploring valuable resource recovery, preparing high value-added PG products, and broadening the comprehensive utilization ways of PG are significant strategies to promote the sustainable consumption of PG and sustainable development of the phosphorus chemical industry. This review comprehensively summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of existing PG impurity removal and utilization technologies and probes into the future development direction, which provides references and ideas for subsequent PG research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingjun Guan
- School of Resource Environment and Safety Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China; (Z.W.); (F.Z.); (W.Y.)
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Coal Resources Clean-Utilization and Mine Environment Protection, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Zhuang Wang
- School of Resource Environment and Safety Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China; (Z.W.); (F.Z.); (W.Y.)
| | - Fujia Zhou
- School of Resource Environment and Safety Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China; (Z.W.); (F.Z.); (W.Y.)
| | - Weijian Yu
- School of Resource Environment and Safety Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China; (Z.W.); (F.Z.); (W.Y.)
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Coal Resources Clean-Utilization and Mine Environment Protection, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Zhigang Yin
- Lithium Resources and Lithium Materials Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Tianqi Lithium Corporation, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Zhenyue Zhang
- School of Xingfa Mining Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China;
| | - Ru’an Chi
- Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, Yichang 443007, China;
| | - Juncheng Zhou
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Álvarez-Ayuso E, Murciego A, Rodríguez MA, Fernández-Pozo L, Cabezas J, Naranjo-Gómez JM, Mosser-Ruck R. Antimony distribution and mobility in different types of waste derived from the exploitation of stibnite ore deposits. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 816:151566. [PMID: 34758344 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wastes derived from the exploitation of stibnite ore deposits were studied to determine their mineralogical, chemical, and environmental characteristics and establish the Sb distribution and the current and long-term risks of Sb mobilization. Representative samples of mine waste rocks, mine tailings, and smelting waste were studied by X-ray powder diffraction, polarized light microscopy, electron microprobe analysis, and digestion, leaching, and extraction procedures. The main Sb-bearing minerals and phases identified in the smelting waste were natrojarosite, iron (oxyhydr)oxides, mixtures of iron and antimony (oxyhydr)oxides, and tripuhyite; those in the mine tailings and mine waste rocks were iron (oxyhydr)oxides and/or mixtures of iron and antimony (oxyhydr)oxides. Iron (oxyhydr)oxides and natrojarosite had high Sb contents, with maximum values of 16.51 and 9.63 wt% Sb2O5, respectively. All three types of waste were characterized as toxic; the mine waste rocks and mine tailings would require pretreatment to decrease their leachable Sb content before they would be acceptable at hazardous waste landfills. Relatively little of the Sb was in desorbable forms, which accounted for <0.01 and <0.8% of the total Sb content in the smelting waste and mine waste rocks/mine tailings, respectively. Under reducing conditions, further Sb mobilization from mine waste rocks and mine tailings could occur (up to 4.6 and 3.3% of the total content, respectively), considerably increasing the risk that Sb will be introduced into the surroundings. Although the smelting waste had the highest total Sb content, it showed the lowest risk of Sb release under different environmental conditions. The significant Fe levels in the smelting waste facilitated the formation of various Fe compounds that greatly decreased the Sb mobilization from these wastes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Álvarez-Ayuso
- Department of Environmental Geochemistry, IRNASA (CSIC), C/ Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - A Murciego
- Department of Geology, Salamanca University, Plza. de los Caídos s/n, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - M A Rodríguez
- Department of Environmental Resources Analysis, Extremadura University, Avda. Elvas s/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - L Fernández-Pozo
- Department of Environmental Resources Analysis, Extremadura University, Avda. Elvas s/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - J Cabezas
- Department of Environmental Resources Analysis, Extremadura University, Avda. Elvas s/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - J M Naranjo-Gómez
- Agricultural School, Extremadura University, Avda. de Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain
| | - R Mosser-Ruck
- Georessources UMR 7359 CNRS-UL, Université de Lorraine, BP 70239, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy 54506 Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang X, Ren B, Zhou Y, Shi X. Study on the mechanism and kinetics of manganese release from waste manganese ore waste rock under rainfall leaching. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:5541-5551. [PMID: 34424477 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16081-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Manganese released from the piled manganese ore wastes is a great threat to the local ecosystem and human health. The mechanism and dynamic characteristics of manganese release from the manganese ore wastes were studied based on the static and dynamic experiments. The concentration of manganese in the leaching solution under the intensive state is twice that resulted from the static state; the manganese release from the waste rock increased with the increase of the solid-liquid ratio and reached 922.3 mg/L when the solid-liquid ratio was 1:5. When the particle size of waste rock was less than 180 μm, the release amount of manganese was the largest and reached 491.3 mg/L. When the pH was 7 and the rainfall intensity was 80 mL/h, the increase of leaching time contributed to the rapidly decreased amount of manganese released, and the leaching process reached equilibrium gradually. The cumulative release of manganese increased with the increase of rainfall duration. In the dynamic leaching process, the change of pH and EC of the leachate had nothing to do with the initial pH of leaching agent but has a close relationship with the hydrolysis of minerals in waste. According to the experimental results, it was found that the double constant equation model fitted the kinetic process of release process better. The purpose of this study was to provide a scientific basis for the assessment and control of manganese pollution in soil and groundwater in manganese mining area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- School of Civil Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bozhi Ren
- School of Civil Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Shale Gas Resource Exploitation, Xiangtan, 411201, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yingying Zhou
- School of Civil Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiyang Shi
- School of Civil Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li L, Wang J, Zhang L, Deng R, Zhou S, Wang G. Strength and Durability Properties of Antimony Tailing Coarse Aggregate (ATCA) Concrete. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:5606. [PMID: 34640003 PMCID: PMC8510015 DOI: 10.3390/ma14195606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Antimony (Sb) is a trace element applied widely in modern industry. A large number of tailing solid wastes are left and accumulated in the mining area after purifying the precious antimony from the antimony ores, causing serious pollution to the environment. The major aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility of utilizing antimony tailing coarse aggregate (ATCA) as a complete substitute for natural coarse aggregate (NCA) in high-strength concrete. Concrete specimens with 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% ATCA replacing the NCA in conventional concrete were prepared for evaluating the performance of ATCA concrete. The investigators find that ATCA concrete has good workability, and the mechanical properties and long-term behavior (shrinkage and creep) of ATCA concrete with all replacement levels are superior to those of NCA concrete. The durability indices of ATCA concrete, such as the frost-resistant, chloride permeability, and resistance to carbonation, are better than those of NCA concrete. While the alkali activity and cracking sensitivity behavior of ATCA concrete seem to be decreased, nevertheless, the difference is not significant and can be neglected. The researchers demonstrate that all of the control indices of ATCA concrete meet the requirements of the current industry standards of China. Overall, ATCA can be used in concrete to minimize environmental problems and natural resources depletion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianqun Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Structures for Wind Resistance and Vibration Control, School of Civil Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China; (L.L.); (R.D.); (S.Z.); (G.W.)
| | - Longwei Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Structures for Wind Resistance and Vibration Control, School of Civil Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China; (L.L.); (R.D.); (S.Z.); (G.W.)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang J, Li L, Zhang L, Li B, Deng R, Shi D. Sustainable Applications for Utilizing Antimony Tailing Coarse Aggregate (ATCA) in Concrete: Characteristic of ATCA and Toxicity Risks of Concrete. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14195480. [PMID: 34639878 PMCID: PMC8509569 DOI: 10.3390/ma14195480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this research, the sustainable applications for utilizing antimony tailing coarse aggregate (ATCA) in concrete is investigated. Comprehensive verifications were performed by a series of experiments on the characteristic of ATCA and the toxicity risks of concrete. Firstly, a real case study of utilization of ATCA as a complete substitute for natural coarse aggregate (NCA) in high strength concrete was conducted. Then, chemical composition of ATCA was tested. It is demonstrated that the essential mineral is SiO2 and the lithology of ATCA is quartzite. The mechanical properties, coarse quality of ATCA, and NCA were studied and compared. The compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and compressive elastic modulus of ATWR are 221.51 MPa, 5.93 MPa, and 3.33 × 104 MPa, which are 1.31, 2.22, 1.40 times of that of NR, respectively. All of the quality control indices of ATCA meet the requirements of the current industry standards of China. Finally, the toxicity risks of ATCA concrete were investigated. It is illustrated that the leaching of main heavy metals including Sb, As, Hg, Pb, Cd, and Zn in the ATCA concrete under different pH conditions are below the regulatory limits. The utilization of antimony tailing has significant environmental and economic benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianqun Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Structures for Wind Resistance and Vibration Control, School of Civil Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China; (L.L.); (B.L.); (R.D.)
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (L.Z.)
| | - Long Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Structures for Wind Resistance and Vibration Control, School of Civil Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China; (L.L.); (B.L.); (R.D.)
| | - Longwei Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Structures for Wind Resistance and Vibration Control, School of Civil Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China; (L.L.); (B.L.); (R.D.)
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (L.Z.)
| | - Bei Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Structures for Wind Resistance and Vibration Control, School of Civil Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China; (L.L.); (B.L.); (R.D.)
| | - Renjian Deng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Structures for Wind Resistance and Vibration Control, School of Civil Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China; (L.L.); (B.L.); (R.D.)
| | - Defeng Shi
- School of Resources, Environment and Safety Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China;
| |
Collapse
|