1
|
Chen KM, Sun YW, Hu J, Balogh K, Gowda K, Aliaga C, Sun D, Christensen N, Amin S, El-Bayoumy K. Gender Difference in DNA Damage Induced by the Environmental Carcinogen Dibenzo[ def,p]chrysene Individually and in Combination with Mouse Papillomavirus Infection in the Mouse Oral Cavity. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:8434-8438. [PMID: 38405470 PMCID: PMC10882652 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking and human papillomavirus infection are established etiological agents in the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The incidence and mortality of HNSCC are higher in men than women. To provide biochemical basis for sex differences, we tested the hypothesis that carcinogen treatment using dibenzo[def,p]chrysene, which is an environmental pollutant and tobacco smoke constituent, in the absence or presence of the mouse papillomavirus infection results in significantly higher levels of DNA damage in the oral cavity in male than in female mice. However, the results of the present investigation do not support our hypothesis since we found that females were more susceptible to carcinogen-induced covalent DNA damage than males independent of the viral infection. Since DNA damage represents only a single-step in the carcinogenesis process, additional factors may contribute to sex differences in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Ming Chen
- Department
of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2360, United States
| | - Yuan-Wan Sun
- Department
of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2360, United States
| | - Jiafen Hu
- The
Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2360, United States
- Department
of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2360, United
States
| | - Karla Balogh
- The
Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2360, United States
| | - Krishne Gowda
- Department
of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2360, United
States
| | - Cesar Aliaga
- Department
of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2360, United States
| | - Dongxiao Sun
- Department
of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2360, United
States
| | - Neil Christensen
- The
Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2360, United States
- Department
of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2360, United
States
| | - Shantu Amin
- Department
of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2360, United
States
| | - Karam El-Bayoumy
- Department
of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-2360, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guo J, Hecht SS. DNA damage in human oral cells induced by use of e-cigarettes. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:1189-1197. [PMID: 36169810 PMCID: PMC10043052 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has increased rapidly in the United States, especially among high school students. e-Cigarettes contain some recognized carcinogens and may induce DNA damage in oral cells. The aim of this review is to summarize studies reporting DNA adducts or other types of DNA damage in oral cells in vitro or in vivo upon exposure to e-cigarette vapor and to evaluate the possible connections between e-cigarette exposure and oral cancer. Three databases including PubMed, Scopus, and EMBASE and gray literature were searched for articles published up to April 24, 2022. After screening 321 articles, we extracted 27 for further investigation. Based on the inclusion criteria, 22 articles were eligible for this review. The in vitro studies demonstrate that e-cigarette liquid or vapor can induce DNA damage, oxidative stress, DNA double-stranded breaks, apoptosis, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity in different types of oral cells. The clinical studies showed that e-cigarette users have significantly higher levels of N'-nitrosonornicotine, acrolein DNA adducts, metanuclear anomalies, gene regulation, and lactate dehydrogenase enzyme expression and significantly lower levels of apurinic/apyrimidinic sites than non-users. Comparison of micronuclei levels between e-cigarette users and non-users gave inconsistent results. e-Cigarettes are implicated in DNA damage to oral cells, but publications to date present limited evidence. Future studies with larger sample sizes are required to investigate the long-term consequences of e-cigarette use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiehong Guo
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bedford R, Smith G, Rothwell E, Martin S, Medhane R, Casentieri D, Daunt A, Freiberg G, Hollings M. A multi-organ, lung-derived inflammatory response following in vitro airway exposure to cigarette smoke and next-generation nicotine delivery products. Toxicol Lett 2023; 387:35-49. [PMID: 37774809 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite increasing use of in vitro models that closely resemble in vivo human biology, their application in understanding downstream effects of airway toxicity, such as inflammation, are at an early stage. In this study, we used various assays to examine the inflammatory response induced in MucilAir™ tissues and A549 cells exposed to three products known to induce toxicity. Reduced barrier integrity was observed in tissues following exposure to each product, with reduced viability and increased cytotoxicity also shown. Similar changes in viability were also observed in A549 cells. Furthermore, whole cigarette smoke (CS) induced downstream phenotypic THP-1 changes and endothelial cell adhesion, an early marker of atherosclerosis. In contrast, exposure to next-generation delivery product (NGP) aerosol did not induce this response. Cytokine, histological and RNA analysis highlighted increased biomarkers linked to inflammatory pathways and immune cell differentiation following exposure to whole cigarette smoke, including GM-CSF, IL-1β, cleaved caspase-3 and cytochrome P450 enzymes. As a result of similar observations in human airway inflammation, we propose that our exposure platform could act as a representative model for studying such events in vitro. Furthermore, this model could be used to test the inflammatory or anti-inflammatory impact posed by inhaled compounds delivered to the lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Bedford
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, UK.
| | - G Smith
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, UK
| | - E Rothwell
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, UK
| | - S Martin
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, UK
| | - R Medhane
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, UK
| | - D Casentieri
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, UK
| | - A Daunt
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, UK
| | - G Freiberg
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Eye, UK
| | - M Hollings
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bautista M, Mogul AS, Fowler CD. Beyond the label: current evidence and future directions for the interrelationship between electronic cigarettes and mental health. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1134079. [PMID: 37645635 PMCID: PMC10460914 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1134079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarette use has dramatically increased over the last decade. With this recent technological development and wide range of constituents in various products, putative adverse effects on the brain and body have been largely unexplored. Here, we review current evidence linking electronic nicotine cigarette use with potential health consequences and provide evidence supporting an association between drug use and depression in humans. We also examine the biological effects of individual constituents in electronic cigarette aerosols, which include labeled ingredients, such as propylene glycol, vegetable glycerin, nicotine, and flavorants, as well as unlabeled ingredients found in the aerosols, such as carbonyls and heavy metals. Lastly, we examine the effects of electronic cigarette use on endogenous metabolism via changes in cytochrome P450 enzymes, which can thereby impact therapeutic outcomes. While the current evidence offers insight into the potential effects of electronic cigarette use on biological processes, further studies are necessary to determine the long-term clinical relevance of aerosol inhalation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christie D. Fowler
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Maan M, Abuzayeda M, Kaklamanos EG, Jamal M, Dutta M, Moharamzadeh K. Molecular insights into the role of electronic cigarettes in oral carcinogenesis. Crit Rev Toxicol 2023; 53:1-14. [PMID: 37051806 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2023.2190764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarette (EC) usage or vaping has seen a significant rise in recent years across various parts of the world. They have been publicized as a safe alternative to smoking; however, this is not supported strongly by robust research evidence. Toxicological analysis of EC liquid and aerosol has revealed presence of several toxicants with known carcinogenicity. Oral cavity is the primary site of exposure of both cigarette smoke and EC aerosol. Role of EC in oral cancer is not as well-researched as that of traditional smoking. However, several recent studies have shown that it can lead to a wide range of potentially carcinogenic molecular events in oral cells. This review delineates the oral carcinogenesis potential of ECs at the molecular level, providing a summary of the effects of EC usage on cancer therapy resistance, cancer stem cells (CSCs), immune evasion, and microbiome dysbiosis, all of which may lead to increased tumor malignancy and poorer patient prognosis. This review of literature indicates that ECs may not be as safe as they are perceived to be, however further research is needed to definitively determine their oncogenic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Maan
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, UAE
| | - Moosa Abuzayeda
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, UAE
| | - Eleftherios G Kaklamanos
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, UAE
- School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- School of Dentistry, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Mohamed Jamal
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, UAE
| | - Mainak Dutta
- Department of Biotechnology, BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus, Academic City, Dubai, UAE
| | - Keyvan Moharamzadeh
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine (HBMCDM), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Dubai, UAE
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Reis R, Kolci K, Bahcivan İ, Coskun GP, Sipahi H. Alpha-Lipoic Acid Modulates the Oxidative and Inflammatory Responses Induced by Traditional and Novel Tobacco Products in Human Liver Epithelial Cells. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202200928. [PMID: 36650104 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Smoking has been associated with NAFLD recently, thus might be a contributing factor for liver disease progression. In this study, we identified the modulative action of α-lipoic acid (α-LA), an organosulphur compound, towards heated tobacco product (HTP) and cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in human liver HepG2 cells. The cells were pre-treated with α-LA and exposed to tobacco extracts, and cytotoxicity, oxidative response (SOD, CAT activities and GSH, MDA levels), inflammation (nitrite, IL-6, AhR levels), and liver function (AST/ALT) were assessed. According to the results, a notable increase in oxidative response was observed with CSE, whereas GSH depletion and decreased SOD activity were the key toxicological events induced by HTP (p<0.05). The oxidative and inflammatory responses were ameliorated with α-LA treatment, particularly through GSH restoration and IL-6 modulation. To conclude, these findings on α-LA might contribute to the design of novel adjuvant therapies for people exposed to tobacco smoke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rengin Reis
- Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kübra Kolci
- Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Istanbul, Turkey
- Yeditepe University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İrem Bahcivan
- Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Goknil Pelin Coskun
- Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hande Sipahi
- Yeditepe University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Soo J, Easwaran M, Erickson‐DiRenzo E. Impact of Electronic Cigarettes on the Upper Aerodigestive Tract: A Comprehensive Review for Otolaryngology Providers. OTO Open 2023; 7:e25. [PMID: 36998560 PMCID: PMC10046796 DOI: 10.1002/oto2.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The use and effects of electronic (e)-cigarettes (e-cigs) are particularly relevant for otolaryngology providers as tobacco plays a major role in benign and malignant diseases of the upper aerodigestive tract. This review aims to (1) summarize the recent policies regarding e-cigs and important patterns of use and (2) serve as a comprehensive resource for clinical providers on the known biologic and clinical effects of e-cigs on the upper aerodigestive tract. Data Sources PubMed/MEDLINE. Review Methods We conducted a narrative review on (1) general information on e-cig use and informative findings in the lower respiratory system and a comprehensive review on (2) the effects of e-cigs on cell and animal models and the clinical implications of these products on human health as is relevant to otolaryngology. Conclusions Although e-cigs are likely less harmful than conventional cigarettes, preliminary research on e-cigs suggest several deleterious effects including in the upper aerodigestive tract. Due to this, there has been increased interest in restricting e-cig usage, particularly among the adolescent population, and caution in recommending e-cigs to current smokers. Implications for Practice Chronic e-cig use is likely to have clinical implications. It is critical for otolaryngology providers to be aware of the rapidly changing regulations and use patterns regarding e-cigs and how e-cigs influence human health, particularly with regards to the upper aerodigestive tract, to accurately council patients regarding potential risks and benefits of use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Soo
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford California USA
| | - Meena Easwaran
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford California USA
| | - Elizabeth Erickson‐DiRenzo
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford California USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen KM, Sun YW, Sun D, Gowda K, Amin S, El-Bayoumy K. Black Raspberry Extract Enhances Glutathione Conjugation of the Fjord-Region Diol Epoxide Derived from the Tobacco Carcinogen Dibenzo[ def, p]chrysene in Human Oral Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:2152-2159. [PMID: 36260657 PMCID: PMC10630969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In a series of previous studies we reported that black raspberry (BRB) powder inhibits dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DBP)-induced DNA damage, mutagenesis, and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) development in mice. In the present study, using human oral leukoplakia (MSK-Leuk1) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC1483) cells, we tested the hypothesis that BRB extract (BRBE) will enhance the synthesis of glutathione (GSH) and in turn increase GSH conjugation of the fjord-region DBP diol epoxide (DBPDE) derived from DBP leading to inhibition of DBP-induced DNA damage. The syntheses of DBPDE-GSH conjugate, DBPDE-dA adduct, and the corresponding isotope-labeled internal standards were performed; LC-MS/MS methods were used for their quantification. BRBE significantly (p < 0.05) increased cellular GSH by 31% and 13% at 6 and 24 h, respectively, in OSCC cells; in MSK-LeuK1 cells, the levels of GSH significantly (p < 0.05) increased by 55% and 22%, at 1 and 6 h. Since BRBE significantly enhanced the synthesis of GSH in both cell types, subsequent experiments were performed in MSK-Leuk1 cells. Western blot analysis was performed to determine the types of proteins involved in the synthesis of GSH. BRBE significantly (p < 0.05) increased the protein expression (2.5-fold) of the glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) but had no effect on the glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM) and glutathione synthetase (GSS). LC-MS/MS analysis showed that pretreatment of cells with BRBE followed by DBPDE significantly (p < 0.05) increased the levels of DBPDE-GSH conjugate (2.5-fold) and decreased DNA damage by 74% measured by assessing levels of DBPDE-dA adduct formation. Collectively, the results of this in vitro study clearly support our hypothesis, and the LC-MS/MS methods developed in the present study will be highly useful in testing the same hypothesis initially in our mouse model and ultimately in smokers.
Collapse
|
9
|
He H, Huang Y, Lu Y, Wang X, Ni H, Wu Y, Xia D, Ye D, Ding J, Mao Y, Teng Y. Effect of benzo[a]pyrene on proliferation and metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells: A transcriptome analysis based on RNA-seq. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:2589-2604. [PMID: 35870112 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a representative polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compound, is a carcinogen that causes head and neck cancers. Despite intensive research, the molecular mechanism of BaP in the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains largely unknown. In the present study, the SCC-9 human OSCC cell line was cultured in vitro, separated into treatment groups, and treated with dimethyl sulfoxide or BaP at various concentrations. The malignant behavior ascribed to the BaP treatment was investigated by cell proliferation, clony formation assay, and Transwell assays. Furthermore, transcriptome sequencing was performed to detect the differentially expressed genes, followed by quantitative real-time PCR to measure the expression levels of nine of these genes. Moreover, the Gene Ontology (GO) term and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses showed the biological processes and signaling pathways in which the target genes were involved. Significant effects on SCC-9 cell proliferation, tumorigenicity, cell migration, and invasion were observed after exposure to 8 μM BaP. Additional results revealed that BaP inhibited apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. The transcriptome sequencing results showed 137 upregulated genes and 135 downregulated genes induced by BaP, associated with tumor-related biological processes and signaling pathways, mainly including transcriptional dysregulation in cancer, the tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, and so forth. Our study demonstrates that BaP may regulate the expression of certain genes involved in tumor-associated signaling pathways, thereby promoting the proliferative, tumorigenic, and metastatic behaviors of OSCC cells while suppressing their apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanyi He
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yixing Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yueyue Lu
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinlu Wang
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haifeng Ni
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yihua Wu
- Department of Toxicology of School of Public Health, and Department of Gynecologic Oncology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dajing Xia
- Department of Toxicology of School of Public Health, and Department of Gynecologic Oncology of Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dong Ye
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jinwang Ding
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanjiao Mao
- Department of Oncology Radiotherapy, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaoshu Teng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wold LE, Tarran R, Crotty Alexander LE, Hamburg NM, Kheradmand F, St Helen G, Wu JC. Cardiopulmonary Consequences of Vaping in Adolescents: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circ Res 2022; 131:e70-e82. [PMID: 35726609 DOI: 10.1161/res.0000000000000544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the US Food and Drug Administration has not approved e-cigarettes as a cessation aid, industry has at times positioned their products in that way for adults trying to quit traditional cigarettes; however, their novelty and customizability have driven them into the hands of unintended users, particularly adolescents. Most new users of e-cigarette products have never smoked traditional cigarettes; therefore, understanding the respiratory and cardiovascular consequences of e-cigarette use has become of increasing interest to the research community. Most studies have been performed on adult e-cigarette users, but the majority of these study participants are either former traditional smokers or smokers who have used e-cigarettes to switch from traditional smoking. Therefore, the respiratory and cardiovascular consequences in this population are not attributable to e-cigarette use alone. Preclinical studies have been used to study the effects of naive e-cigarette use on various organ systems; however, almost all of these studies have used adult animals, which makes translation of health effects to adolescents problematic. Given that inhalation of any foreign substance can have effects on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, a more holistic understanding of the pathways involved in toxicity could help to guide researchers to novel therapeutic treatment strategies. The goals of this scientific statement are to provide salient background information on the cardiopulmonary consequences of e-cigarette use (vaping) in adolescents, to guide therapeutic and preventive strategies and future research directions, and to inform public policymakers on the risks, both short and long term, of vaping.
Collapse
|
11
|
A Review of Toxicity Mechanism Studies of Electronic Cigarettes on Respiratory System. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095030. [PMID: 35563421 PMCID: PMC9102406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have attracted much attention as a new substitute for conventional cigarettes. E-cigarettes are first exposed to the respiratory system after inhalation, and studies on the toxicity mechanisms of e-cigarettes have been reported. Current research shows that e-cigarette exposure may have potentially harmful effects on cells, animals, and humans, while the safety evaluation of the long-term effects of e-cigarette use is still unknown. Similar but not identical to conventional cigarettes, the toxicity mechanisms of e-cigarettes are mainly manifested in oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and DNA damage. This review will summarize the toxicity mechanisms and signal pathways of conventional cigarettes and e-cigarettes concerning the respiratory system, which could give researchers a better understanding and direction on the effects of e-cigarettes on our health.
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Since the spread of tobacco from the Americas hundreds of years ago, tobacco cigarettes and, more recently, alternative tobacco products have become global products of nicotine addiction. Within the evolving alternative tobacco product space, electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) vaping has surpassed conventional cigarette smoking among adolescents and young adults in the United States and beyond. This review describes the experimental and clinical evidence of e-cigarette toxicity and deleterious health effects. Adverse health effects related to e-cigarette aerosols are influenced by several factors, including e-liquid components, physical device factors, chemical changes related to heating, and health of the e-cigarette user (e.g., asthmatic). Federal, state, and local regulations have attempted to govern e-cigarette flavors, manufacturing, distribution, and availability, particularly to underaged youths. However, the evolving e-cigarette landscape continues to impede timely toxicological studies and hinder progress made toward our understanding of the long-term health consequence of e-cigarettes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terry Gordon
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA;
| | - Emma Karey
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA;
| | - Meghan E Rebuli
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Yael-Natalie H Escobar
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Lung Chi Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kim SY, Kim KW, Lee SM, Park S, Kim BG, Choi EK, Son BS, Park MK. Effects of intranasal instillation of nanoparticulate matter in the olfactory bulb. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16997. [PMID: 34417533 PMCID: PMC8379193 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96593-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticulate matter activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway in the respiratory system in a process involving the AhR nuclear translocator (ARNT) and cytochrome P450 family 1, member A1 (CYP1A1). We examined changes in AhR-related pathways following intranasal instillation of nanoparticulate matter in the olfactory bulb and cerebral cortex. Twice a day for 5 days per week for 1 week or 2 weeks, 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were intranasally instilled with 10 µL nanoparticulate matter (nano group; n = 36). An equal volume of saline was intranasally instilled in control rats (n = 36). One week after intranasal instillation, olfactory function and Y-maze tests were performed. The expression levels of AhR in the olfactory bulb and temporal cortex were analyzed using western blotting and immunofluorescence assays. The expression levels of AhR, CYP1A1, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and five genes encoding cation transporters (ARNT, ATP7B, ATPB1, OCT1, and OCT2) in the olfactory bulb were analyzed using quantitative reverse transcription. The olfactory discrimination capability was reduced in the nano group compared with the control group. Proportional changes in the Y-maze test were not significantly different between the nano and control groups. AhR mRNA and protein expression in the olfactory bulb increased 1.71-fold (P < 0.001) and 1.60-fold (P = 0.008), respectively. However, no significant changes were observed in the temporal cortex. In the olfactory bulb, the expression of ARNT, ATP7B, ATPB1, and OCT2 was downregulated. CYP1A1 and iNOS expression in the olfactory bulb was upregulated compared with that in the temporal cortex. The intranasal instillation of nanoparticulate matter decreased the olfactory discrimination ability, which was accompanied by upregulation of AhR expression and downregulation of cation transporters in the olfactory bulb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- So Young Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Kyung Woon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - So Min Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, College of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Sohyeon Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Gon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Choi
- Electron Microscope Lab, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bu Soon Son
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, SoonChunHyang University, Asan, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo Kyun Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
- Sensory Organ Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Novel nicotine products, particularly electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), have become increasingly popular over the past decade. E-cigarettes are sometimes regarded as a less harmful alternative to tobacco smoking, and there is some evidence of their potential role as a smoking cessation aid. However, there are concerns about their health consequences, particularly in users who are not tobacco smokers, and also when used long term. Given the mode of delivery of these products, there is potential for oral health consequences. Over the past few years, there have been an increasing number of studies conducted to explore their oral health effects. In vitro studies have reported a range of cellular effects, but these are much less pronounced than those resulting from exposure to tobacco smoke. Microbiological studies have indicated that e-cigarette users have a distinct microbiome, and there is some indication this may be more pathogenic compared to nonusers. Evidence of oral health effects from clinical trials is still limited, and most studies to date have been small in scale and usually cross-sectional in design. Epidemiological studies highlight concerns over oral dryness, irritation, and gingival diseases. Interpreting data from e-cigarette studies is challenging, given the different populations that have been investigated and the continual emergence of new products. Overall, studies reveal potential oral health harms, underscoring the importance of efforts to reduce use in nonsmokers. However, in smokers who are using e-cigarettes as an aid to help them quit, the benefits of quitting tobacco smoking may outweigh any negative oral health impacts of e-cigarette use, particularly in the short term. Future research is needed to understand the clinical significance of some of the biological changes observed by following different cohorts of users longitudinally in carefully designed clinical studies and pragmatic trials supported by high-quality in vitro studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R. Holliday
- School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- R. Holliday, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - B.W. Chaffee
- School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - N.S. Jakubovics
- School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - R. Kist
- School of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - P.M. Preshaw
- School of Dentistry, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dusautoir R, Zarcone G, Verriele M, Garçon G, Fronval I, Beauval N, Allorge D, Riffault V, Locoge N, Lo-Guidice JM, Anthérieu S. Comparison of the chemical composition of aerosols from heated tobacco products, electronic cigarettes and tobacco cigarettes and their toxic impacts on the human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123417. [PMID: 32763707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) and more recently the heated tobacco products (HTP) provide alternatives for smokers as they are generally perceived to be less harmful than conventional cigarettes. However, it is crucial to compare the health risks of these different emergent devices, in order to determine which product should be preferred to substitute cigarette. The present study aimed to compare the composition of emissions from HTP, e-cigs and conventional cigarettes, regarding selected harmful or potentially harmful compounds, and their toxic impacts on the human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells. The HTP emitted less polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and carbonyls than the conventional cigarette. However, amounts of these compounds in HTP aerosols were still higher than in e-cig vapours. Concordantly, HTP aerosol showed reduced cytotoxicity compared to cigarette smoke but higher than e-cig vapours. HTP and e-cig had the potential to increase oxidative stress and inflammatory response, in a manner similar to that of cigarette smoke, but after more intensive exposures. In addition, increasing e-cig power impacted levels of certain toxic compounds and related oxidative stress. This study provides important data necessary for risk assessment by demonstrating that HTP might be less harmful than tobacco cigarette but considerably more harmful than e-cig.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Dusautoir
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Gianni Zarcone
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Marie Verriele
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Guillaume Garçon
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | | | - Nicolas Beauval
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Delphine Allorge
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | | | - Nadine Locoge
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Jean-Marc Lo-Guidice
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Sébastien Anthérieu
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Smart DJ, Phillips G. Collecting e-cigarette aerosols for in vitro applications: A survey of the biomedical literature and opportunities to increase the value of submerged cell culture-based assessments. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:161-174. [PMID: 33015847 PMCID: PMC7756347 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) are being developed as potentially reduced‐risk alternatives to the continued use of combustible tobacco products. Because of the widespread uptake of ENDS—in particular, e‐cigarettes—the biological effects, including the toxic potential, of their aerosols are under investigation. Preclinically, collection of such aerosols is a prerequisite for testing in submerged cell culture‐based in vitro assays; however, despite the growth in this research area, there is no apparent standardized collection method for this application. To this end, through an Institute for in vitro Sciences, Inc. workshop initiative, we surveyed the biomedical literature catalogued in PubMed® to map the types of methods hitherto used and reported publicly. From the 47 relevant publications retrieved, we identified seven distinct collection methods. Bubble‐through (with aqueous solvents) and Cambridge filter pad (CFP) (with polar solvents) collection were the most frequently cited methods (57% and 18%, respectively), while the five others (CFP + bubble‐through; condensation; cotton filters; settle‐upon; settle‐upon + dry) were cited less often (2–10%). Critically, the collected aerosol fractions were generally found to be only minimally characterized chemically, if at all. Furthermore, there was large heterogeneity among other experimental parameters (e.g., vaping regimen). Consequently, we recommend that more comprehensive research be conducted to identify the method(s) that produce the fraction(s) most representative of the native aerosol. We also endorse standardization of the aerosol generation process. These should be regarded as opportunities for increasing the value of in vitro assessments in relation to predicting effects on human health. Collection of e‐cigarette aerosols is a prerequisite to enable testing in submerged culture‐based in vitro assays; however, there is no standardized method for this. Thus, we surveyed the biomedical literature to map the types of published methods. Bubble‐through and Cambridge filter pad methods were most common, although there was heterogeneity among other parameters, and moreover, the resulting fractions were only minimally characterized. Comprehensive research is required to identify the method(s) that produce the fraction(s) most representative of the native aerosol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Smart
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products SA, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yang I, Sandeep S, Rodriguez J. The oral health impact of electronic cigarette use: a systematic review. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:97-127. [PMID: 32043402 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1713726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use is becoming more prevalent and is particularly popular among adolescents and conventional smokers. While the oral health sequelae of conventional smoking are well-established, the impact of e-cigarettes on oral health is still unknown. This study aims to systematically review the available research evidence on the oral health impact of e-cigarette use.Methods: This systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines and used the Effective Public Health Practice Project Quality Assessment Tool to evaluate the evidence. Three electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase) were systematically searched for studies including case reports. Two independent reviewers extracted data and synthesized the findings.Results: Ninety-nine articles were included in this systematic review. Analyses of the articles yielded seven categories based on symptom similarity and/or focus: mouth effects, throat effects, periodontal effects, dental effects, cytotoxic/genotoxic/oncologic effects, oral microbiome effects, and traumatic/accidental injury. The majority of mouth and throat symptoms experienced by e-cigarette users were relatively minor and temporary, with some evidence that conventional smokers who switched to e-cigarettes experienced mitigation of these symptoms. E-cigarette exposure increased the risk for deteriorating periodontal, dental and gingival health as well as changes to the oral microbiome. Extensive dental damage as a result of e-cigarette explosions were described in case reports. Components of e-cigarette vapor have known cytotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic properties.Conclusions: Although switching to e-cigarettes may mitigate oral symptomatology for conventional smokers, findings from this review suggest that a wide range of oral health sequelae may be associated with e-cigarette use. Well-designed studies to investigate oral health outcomes of e-cigarette use are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Yang
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shelly Sandeep
- Emory University Midtown Hospital, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeannie Rodriguez
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Merecz-Sadowska A, Sitarek P, Zielinska-Blizniewska H, Malinowska K, Zajdel K, Zakonnik L, Zajdel R. A Summary of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies Evaluating the Impact of E-Cigarette Exposure on Living Organisms and the Environment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020652. [PMID: 31963832 PMCID: PMC7013895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide use of electronic cigarettes has been rapidly expanding over recent years, but the long-term effect of e-cigarette vapor exposure on human health and environment is not well established; however, its mechanism of action entails the production of reactive oxygen species and trace metals, and the exacerbation of inflammation, which are associated with potential cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. The present study examines the effects of selected liquid chemicals used in e-cigarettes, such as propylene glycol/vegetable glycerin, nicotine and flavorings, on living organisms; the data collected indicates that exposure to e-cigarette liquid has potentially detrimental effects on cells in vitro, and on animals and humans in vivo. While e-liquid exposure can adversely influence the physiology of living organisms, vaping is recommended as an alternative for tobacco smoking. The study also compares the impact of e-cigarette liquid exposure and traditional cigarette smoke on organisms and the environmental impact. The environmental influence of e-cigarette use is closely connected with the emission of airborne particulate matter, suggesting the possibility of passive smoking. The obtained data provides an insight into the impact of nicotine delivery systems on living organisms and the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Merecz-Sadowska
- Department of Economic Informatics, University of Lodz, 90-214 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (L.Z.); (R.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-663-626-667
| | - Przemyslaw Sitarek
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Lodz, 90-151 Lodz, Poland;
| | | | - Katarzyna Malinowska
- Department of Economic Informatics, University of Lodz, 90-214 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (L.Z.); (R.Z.)
- Department of Allergology and Respiratory Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, 90-725 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Karolina Zajdel
- Department of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-645 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Lukasz Zakonnik
- Department of Economic Informatics, University of Lodz, 90-214 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (L.Z.); (R.Z.)
| | - Radoslaw Zajdel
- Department of Economic Informatics, University of Lodz, 90-214 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (L.Z.); (R.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|