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Jolly YN, Akter S, Kabir MJ, Mamun KM, Abedin MJ, Fahad SM, Rahman A. Heavy Metals Accumulation in Vegetables and Its Consequences on Human Health in the Areas Influenced by Industrial Activities. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:3362-3376. [PMID: 37897594 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03923-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of the environment due to numerous industrial practices has emerged as a major issue globally, particularly in a country like Bangladesh. The present study dispenses information about heavy metal (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) contamination in some frequently consumed vegetables, namely, ash pumpkin, potato, bitter gourd, buffalo spinach, snake gourd, and pointed gourd grown in an industrially prone location and their repercussion on consumers' health. Proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) technique was used as the major analytical tool to detect heavy metal concentrations. Mean concentration and the range of Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in vegetables were detected (4.81 ± 2.79, 2.43-10.94), (497.57 ± 258.08, 181.24-886.67), (644.49 ± 298.40, 179.56-998.78), (38.88 ± 14.31, 18.88-60.12), (58.11 ± 12.58, 42.55-84.79), (137.24 ± 48.37, 71.99-208.98), (123.31 ± 63.62, 49.97-256.09), (8.09 ± 2.69, 4.29-14.94), and (4.16 ± 2.95, 1.22-9.98) mg/kg (dry weight basis), respectively. An extreme level of heavy metal contamination in vegetable samples was notified regarding the estimated metal pollution index (MPI) and Nemerow pollution index (P) value, which underpinned the health risk values. The estimated hazard index (HI) value stipulated high risk in all varieties of vegetables regardless of age group and cadmium (Cd) was found as the major contributor. Concerning the carcinogenic risk index (CR) for single elements, the value of Co, Ni, and Cr was approximated far above the USEPA threshold risk limit (CR>1E-04). Moreover, total carcinogenic risk (TCR) for all varieties of vegetables exceeded the safety threshold value for both the age group and children, in particular, were found most vulnerable. The outshot of the present study divulged associated health risks for the population group by the heavy metals via dietary intake of vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeasmin N Jolly
- Atmospheric and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Atomic Energy Centre Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Shirin Akter
- Atmospheric and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Atomic Energy Centre Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M Jamiul Kabir
- Atmospheric and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Atomic Energy Centre Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - K M Mamun
- Atmospheric and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Atomic Energy Centre Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M Joynal Abedin
- Accelerator Facilities Division, Atomic Energy Centre Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - S M Fahad
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Gono Bishwabidyalay, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Arafat Rahman
- Department of Soil, Water and Environment, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
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Haghi B, Cheraghi M, Sobhanardakani S, Lorestani B, Kiani Sadr M. Assessment of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in atmospheric dry deposition of Hamedan Metropolis, west of Iran: pollution status, spatiotemporal variation, health risk implications, and source identification. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:252. [PMID: 38879860 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-02074-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The present study was designed to assess concentrations, contamination levels, spatiotemporal variations, health hazards and source apportionment of potentially toxic elements (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, and V) of atmospheric dry deposition (ADD) in Hamedan Metropolis. In so doing, a total of 144 atmospheric dry deposition samples were collected from 12 sites during four seasons in 2023. The concentrations of the analyzed PTEs in dry deposition samples were determined using ICP-OES after samples were digested with acid. The results illustrated that the average contents of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn with 4.52, 0.591, 4.01, 36.5, 42.5, 10.9, 84.6, 69.6, 178, and 3.91 mg/kg, respectively, were higher than those in the background samples reported for Iran, which could indicate the anthropogenic origin of these PTEs. The highest quantities of the tested PTEs in various seasons were observed in summer and/or fall samples and their highest amount in various functional regions pertained to the samples collected from the commercial or industrial regions, showing the effect of seasonal changes on emission sources and human inputs. Values of average contamination factor (CF), geo-accumulation index (I-geo), and enrichment factor (EF) ranged from 0.013 to 4.45, - 7.07 to 1.56, and 0.120 to 41.3, respectively, showing 'slight to high' pollution, 'unpolluted to moderately polluted', and 'no enrichment to very severe enrichment' levels, respectively. The pollution load index (PLI) with an average value of 0.680 reflected slight pollution levels in the entire study area. The average hazard index (HI) values of the tested PTEs for the residents were all within the safe limit (< 1). Additionally, the total carcinogenic risk (TCR) values showed that the carcinogenic risk of As, Cr and Ni for both target groups were at an acceptable level. Based on the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, non-exhaust emissions and natural sources, fossil fuel combustion and industrial emissions, and traffic sources were identified as the primary contributors to ADD pollution, accounting for 26%, 38%, and 36%, of the total pollution respectively. In conclusion, further research is recommended to investigate the source-oriented ecological and health risks associated with atmospheric dry deposition pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijan Haghi
- Department of the Environment, College of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Cheraghi
- Department of the Environment, College of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran.
| | - Soheil Sobhanardakani
- Department of the Environment, College of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Bahareh Lorestani
- Department of the Environment, College of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Maryam Kiani Sadr
- Department of the Environment, College of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran
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Varrà MO, Husáková L, Lanza GT, Piroutková M, Patočka J, Ghidini S, Zanardi E. Multi-elemental composition of botanical preparations and probabilistic evaluation of toxic metals and metalloids intake upon dietary exposure. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 188:114664. [PMID: 38636597 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the inorganic elemental composition (49 elements) of 29 botanical preparations obtained from fruits, leaves, peels, seeds, roots, fungi, and spirulina by using inductively coupled-mass spectrometry and a mercury analyzer. Simultaneously, the risk associated with the chronic dietary exposure to 12 toxic metals and metalloids among the European population was evaluated by using a probabilistic approach based on Monte Carlo simulations. The analysis revealed worrying intake levels of Al, As, and Ni, primarily stemming from the consumption of spirulina-, peel-, and leaf-based botanicals by younger age groups. The intake of As from all analyzed botanicals posed a significant risk for infants, yielding margins of exposure (MOEs) below 1, while those deriving from peel-based botanicals raised concerns across all age groups (MOEs = 0.04-2.3). The consumption of peel-based botanicals contributed substantially (13-130%) also to the tolerable daily intake of Ni for infants, toddlers, and children, while that of spirulina-based botanicals raised concerns related to Al intake also among adults, contributing to 11-176% of the tolerable weekly intake of this element. The findings achieved underscore the importance of implementing a monitoring framework to address chemical contamination of botanicals, thus ensuring their safety for regular consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Olga Varrà
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Lenka Husáková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 573 HB/D, Pardubice, CZ-532 10, Czech Republic.
| | - Giovanni Tommaso Lanza
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Martina Piroutková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 573 HB/D, Pardubice, CZ-532 10, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Patočka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 573 HB/D, Pardubice, CZ-532 10, Czech Republic
| | - Sergio Ghidini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Emanuela Zanardi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126, Parma, Italy.
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Gopal V, Krishnamurthy RR, Indhumathi A, Sharon BTX, Priya TSD, Rathinavel K, Bharath KM, Magesh NS, Ayyamperumal R. Geochemical evaluation, ecological and human health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in urban soil, Southern India. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 248:118413. [PMID: 38316388 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Roadside soil contamination is mostly caused by human-caused pollutant deposition. PTEs are among the many substances that are harmful for both humans and the environment. PTE concentrations in roadside soil in Chennai, southern India, have been determined in this study. To evaluate the seriousness of the threats, more environmental and geochemical indices have been applied. 83 soil samples have been obtained from the study regions and focusing on important roads. Elemental analysis has been analyzed with ED-XRF and sieve-filtered samples focused on PTEs such as arsenic, barium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, potassium, nickel, lead, thorium, titanium, zinc, and uranium. Significant metallic variations have been found in soil samples around roads by the investigation. The elements this study examined section ascending in the following sequence: Fe > Ti > Zn > Cr > Pb > Cu > Ni > Th > As > U > K. In the research area, the CD classification denotes high contamination, whereas the CF indices show mild to significant pollution. PLI indicates moderate to high pollution, whereas EF suggests excessive enrichment. Igeo demonstrates a range from uncontaminated to highly contaminated. PERI showed high levels in the northern study region, whereas GUFI shows several hot spots indicating moderate to severe pollution. The Hazard Index (HI) values for all metals were less than one, demonstrating the absence of non-carcinogenic risks for both adults and children. Multivariate data show natural and anthropogenic PTEs in roadside soil. In addition, a soil quality monitoring system is needed to mitigate continual contamination risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gopal
- Centre for Earth and Atmospheric Sciences (CEAS), Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology Deemed to Be University, Chennai, 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - R R Krishnamurthy
- Department of Applied Geology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Indhumathi
- Department of Applied Geology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Beenu T X Sharon
- Department of Applied Geology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - T S Derlin Priya
- Department of Applied Geology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Rathinavel
- Department of Applied Geology, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Manikanda Bharath
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National Institute of Technical Teachers Training and Research (NITTTR), (Ministry of Education, Govt. of India), Anna University, Chennai, 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - N S Magesh
- Centre for Water Resources Development and Management, Kozhikode, 673 571, Kerala, India
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Khan A, Khan MS, Shafique MA, Khan Q, Saddiq G. Assessment of potentially toxic and mineral elements in paddy soils and their uptake by rice ( Oryza sativa L.) with associated health hazards in district Malakand, Pakistan. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28043. [PMID: 38586322 PMCID: PMC10998073 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Rice, a primary food source in many countries of the world accumulate potentially harmful elements which pose a significant health hazard to consumers. The current study aimed to evaluate potentially toxic and mineral elements in both paddy soils and rice grains associated with allied health risks in Malakand, Pakistan. Rice plants with intact root soil were randomly collected from paddy fields and analyzed for mineral and potentially toxic elements (PTEs) through inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP‒OES). Through deterministic and probabilistic risk assessment models, the daily intake of PTEs with allied health risks from consumption of rice were estimated for children and adults. The results of soil pH (< 8.5) and electrical conductivity (EC > 400 μs/cm), indicated slightly saline nature. The mean phosphorus concentration of 291.50 (mg/kg) in soil samples exceeded FAO/WHO permissible limits. The normalized variation matrix of soil pH with respect to Ni (0.05), Ca (0.05), EC (0.08), and Mg (0.09), indicated significant influence of pH on PTEs mobility. In rice grains, the mean concentrations (mg/kg) of Mg (463.81), Al (70.40), As (1.23), Cr (12.53), Cu (36.07), Fe (144.32), Mn (13.89), and Ni (1.60) exceeded FAO/WHO safety limits. The transfer factor >1 for K, Cu, P and Zn indicated bioavailability and transfer of these elements from soil to rice grains. Monte Carlo simulations of hazard index >1 for Cr, Zn, As, and Cu with certainties of 89.93% and 90.17%, indicated significant noncarcinogenic risks for children and adults from rice consumption. The total carcinogenic risk (TCR) for adults and children exceeded the USEPA acceptable limits of 1×10-6 to 1×10-4, respectively. The sensitivity analysis showed that the ingestion rate was a key risk factor. Arsenic (As) primarily influenced total cancer risk (TCR) in children, while chromium (Cr) significantly impacted adults. Deterministic cancer risk values slightly exceeded probabilistic values due to inherent uncertainties in deterministic analysis. Rice consumption poses health risks, mainly from exposure to Cr, Ni and As in the investigated area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Khan
- Department of Botany, Islamia College Peshawar, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Qaisar Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Saddiq
- Department of Physics, Islamia College Peshawar, Pakistan
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Guadalupe GA, Grandez-Yoplac DE, Arellanos E, Doménech E. Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Metals, Acrylamide and Ochratoxin A in Instant Coffee from Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. Foods 2024; 13:726. [PMID: 38472839 DOI: 10.3390/foods13050726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study analysed the probabilistic risk to consumers associated with the presence of iAs, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, acrylamide (AA) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in instant coffee from Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. The results found iAs to be the metal with the highest concentrations (3.50 × 10-2 to 6.00 × 10-2 mg/kg), closely followed by Pb (1.70 × 10-2 to 2.70 × 10-2 mg/kg) and Cr (5.00 × 10-3 to 1.00 × 10-2 mg/kg), although these differences were not significant between countries. Cd and Hg were not detected. Focusing on AA, the concentrations ranged from 1.77 × 10-1 mg/kg (Peru) to 4.77 × 10-1 mg/kg (Brazil), while OTA ranged from 1.32 × 10-3 (Peru) to 1.77 × 10-3 mg/kg (Brazil) with significant differences between countries in both cases. As regards risk, the hazard quotient and hazard index were less than 1, meaning that the consumption of instant coffee represents a low level of concern for non-genotoxic effects. The results of the combination of margin of exposure and probability of exceedance indicated that the non-genotoxic effects of Pb, AA and OTA pose no threat. However, the probability values of suffering cancer from iAs and AA (between 1 × 10-6 and 1 × 10-4) indicated a moderate risk and that management measures should be taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grobert A Guadalupe
- Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva (INDES-CES), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, 342 Higos Urco, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru
- Instituto de Investigación, Innovación y Desarrollo para el Sector Agrario y Agroindustrial de la Región Amazonas (IIDAA), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru
| | - Dorila E Grandez-Yoplac
- Instituto de Investigación, Innovación y Desarrollo para el Sector Agrario y Agroindustrial de la Región Amazonas (IIDAA), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru
| | - Erick Arellanos
- Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería Ambiental (INAM), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Higos Urco 342, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru
| | - Eva Doménech
- Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de Alimentos Food-UPV, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Doménech E, Martorell S. Review of the Terminology, Approaches, and Formulations Used in the Guidelines on Quantitative Risk Assessment of Chemical Hazards in Food. Foods 2024; 13:714. [PMID: 38472827 DOI: 10.3390/foods13050714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews the published terminology, mathematical models, and the possible approaches used to characterise the risk of foodborne chemical hazards, particularly pesticides, metals, mycotoxins, acrylamide, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The results confirmed the wide variability of the nomenclature used, e.g., 28 different ways of referencing exposure, 13 of cancer risk, or 9 of slope factor. On the other hand, a total of 16 equations were identified to formulate all the risk characterisation parameters of interest. Therefore, the present study proposes a terminology and formulation for some risk characterisation parameters based on the guidelines of international organisations and the literature review. The mathematical model used for non-genotoxic hazards is a ratio in all cases. However, the authors used the probability of cancer or different ratios, such as the margin of exposure (MOE) for genotoxic hazards. For each effect studied per hazard, the non-genotoxic effect was mostly studied in pesticides (79.73%), the genotoxic effect was mostly studied in PAHs (71.15%), and both effects were mainly studied in metals (59.4%). The authors of the works reviewed generally opted for a deterministic approach, although most of those who assessed the risk for mycotoxins or the ratio and risk for acrylamide used the probabilistic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Doménech
- Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de Alimentos Food-UPV, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Sebastián Martorell
- MEDASEGI Research Group, Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Cao D, Zhu Z, Zhao S, Zhang X, Lin J, Wang J, Zeng Q, Zhu M. Concentrations, Sources and Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Chinese Herbal Medicines. Molecules 2024; 29:972. [PMID: 38474484 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29050972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The determination and evaluation of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in seven Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) were conducted through a rapid and straightforward extraction and purification method, coupled with GC-MS. A sample-based solid-phase extraction (SPE) pretreatment technique, incorporating isotopic internal standards, was employed for detecting various medicinal parts of CHMs. The assay exhibited linearity within the range of 5 to 500 ng/mL, with linear coefficients (R2) for PAHs exceeding 0.999. The recoveries of spiked standards ranged from 63.37% to 133.12%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranging from 0.75% to 14.54%. The total PAH content varied from 176.906 to 1414.087 μg/kg. Among the 16 PAHs, phenanthrene (Phe) was consistently detected at the highest levels (47.045-168.640 μg/kg). Characteristic ratio analysis indicated that oil, coal, and biomass combustion were the primary sources of PAHs in CHMs. The health risk associated with CHMs was assessed using the lifetime carcinogenic risk approach, revealing potential health risks from the consumption of honeysuckle, while the health risks of consuming Lycium chinense berries were deemed negligible. For the other five CHMs (glycyrrhizae, Coix lacryma, ginseng, lotus seed, seed of Sterculia lychnophora), the health risk from consumption fell within acceptable ranges. Furthermore, sensitivity analyses utilizing Monte Carlo exposure assessment methods identified PAH levels in CHMs as health risk sensitizers. It is crucial to recognize that the consumption of herbal medicines is not a continuous process but entails potential health risks. Hence, the monitoring and risk assessment of PAH residues in CHMs demand careful attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyan Cao
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Siyuan Zhao
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jianzai Lin
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Junji Wang
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Qinghong Zeng
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Meilin Zhu
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
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Amoatey EA, Glover ET, Kpeglo DO, Otoo F, Adotey DK. Ecological and human health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in water and soils within a crude oil waste management facility, Southwestern Ghana. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1371. [PMID: 37880424 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11923-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Crude oil waste management is challenging due to the diverse constituents of the waste and its consequent impact on valued environmental receptors (water and soil). Characterization of the potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in soils and water within the surroundings of crude oil waste management facility is imperative, to aid evaluation of potential risks. The study assessed the potential environmental and human health risks posed by PTEs in soil and water from surroundings and adjoining settlement communities. A total of forty-four (44) samples were analyzed for PTEs (Cr, Pb, Zn, Co, Mn, Ni, Hg, Fe, As, Cu, Hg, and Cd) and physicochemical properties in both matrices. The total carcinogenic risk (TCR) for adults and children in the neighbouring community was 4.73 × 10-6 and 1.2 × 10-4, respectively, which was due to the high carcinogenic slope factor of arsenic. A strong correlation was observed between the PTEs and physicochemical properties, and their health risk was attributed to both geogenic and anthropogenic factors. The study indicated that the human health and ecological risk values obtained were within acceptable limits, with the waste management facility posing a higher risk in comparison to the nearby community. These risks may be attributed to the specific nature and intensity of the activities conducted at the facility. Hence, there is the need for continuous promotion of occupational and public awareness on the health and environmental impact of crude oil waste management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith A Amoatey
- Graduate School of Nuclear and Allied Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box AE 1, Kwabenya, Accra, Ghana.
- Radiation Protection Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Eric T Glover
- Graduate School of Nuclear and Allied Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box AE 1, Kwabenya, Accra, Ghana
- Radiation Protection Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - David O Kpeglo
- Graduate School of Nuclear and Allied Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box AE 1, Kwabenya, Accra, Ghana
- Radiation Protection Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Francis Otoo
- Graduate School of Nuclear and Allied Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box AE 1, Kwabenya, Accra, Ghana
- Radiation Protection Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Dennis K Adotey
- Graduate School of Nuclear and Allied Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box AE 1, Kwabenya, Accra, Ghana
- National Nuclear Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, P.O Box LG 80, Legon, Accra, Ghana
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Zhang R, Zhao X, He Y, He Y, Ma L. Extraction methods optimization of available heavy metals and the health risk assessment of the suburb soil in China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1221. [PMID: 37718385 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11775-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution has attracted increasing concern due to its high toxicity and persistence. A suitable extraction procedure for available heavy metals in soil is necessary for assessing the ecological risk. In this work, the single extraction methods aided by shaking and microwaves were investigated and analyzed for their ability to extract available heavy metals from soil samples, and a total of 42 soil samples were collected from suburbs of Zhengzhou city in China. The extraction efficiency of Cu, Zn, As, and Cd in the certified fluvo-aquic soil was compared using eight different types of solutions: CaCl2, CH3COONH4, NH4NO3, CH3COOH, Na2EDTA, DTPA, HNO3, and NH4H2PO4. Results indicated that the shaking-assisted method that utilized Na2EDTA as an extractant demonstrated satisfactory efficiency and was chosen for further optimization and that the optimal conditions were obtained using 0.05 M Na2EDTA at pH 7, soil-liquid ratio 1:20, and extraction duration 2 h, which gained the perfect extraction efficiency ranging from 85.8 to 109.5%. The proposed approach has been applied to extract available Cu, Zn, As, and Cd in soils of Zhengzhou suburbs, where the mean values varied from 0.129 to 6.881 mg/kg. The bioavailability of different heavy metals in the soil varies greatly, with Cd having the highest activity in the survey region. Significant (p < 0.01) positive relationships were observed between the available state and the total amount of all the heavy metals. The assessment of health risks associated with heavy metals indicated that there was no risk for chronic non-carcinogenic effects. Even though the total amount of metal elements in suburban soil of Zhengzhou is 1.6% with high carcinogenic risk, the risk of available elements is still within the acceptable range, which verified that the risk grade obtained by the total amount is higher than the actual risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Zhang
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xuejin Zhao
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yanxia He
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yifeng He
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Li Ma
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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Guadalupe GA, Chavez SG, Arellanos E, Doménech E. Probabilistic Risk Characterization of Heavy Metals in Peruvian Coffee: Implications of Variety, Region and Processing. Foods 2023; 12:3254. [PMID: 37685188 PMCID: PMC10487125 DOI: 10.3390/foods12173254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavy metals are chemical contaminants, toxic, potentially carcinogenic and/or mutagenic, stable, persistent and are of concern in the food chain. The risk to the consumer of the presence of inorganic arsenic (iAs), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) in five varieties (Bourbon, Típica, Catimor, Caturra and Pache) of parchment coffee from five regions (Amazonas, Cajamarca, Cusco, Huánuco and San Martín) was investigated in this study. A predictive model of the stages of coffee bean hulling, roasting and infusion was built to simulate the process. The results by region showed significant differences in which San Martín had the highest iAs, Cr and Pb values. The variety was only significant for Cr, of which Pache presented the highest concentration. The Cd and Hg values were below the detection limits. The hazard index (HI) was less than 1 for iAs, Cd, Cr and Hg and the combination of margin of exposure and the probability of exceedance (MOE-POE) for Pb indicated that an adverse health effect was not likely. The cancer risk (CR) for iAs and Pb in the 95th percentile was considered as both high and acceptable, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grobert A. Guadalupe
- Instituto de Investigación Para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva (INDES-CES), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, 342 Higos Urco, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru;
- Instituto de Investigación, Innovación y Desarrollo Para el Sector Agrario y Agroindustrial de la Región Amazonas (IIDAA), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru
| | - Segundo G. Chavez
- Instituto de Investigación Para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva (INDES-CES), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, 342 Higos Urco, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru;
- Instituto de Investigación, Innovación y Desarrollo Para el Sector Agrario y Agroindustrial de la Región Amazonas (IIDAA), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru
| | - Erick Arellanos
- Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería Ambiental (INAM), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Higos Urco 342, Chachapoyas 01001, Peru;
| | - Eva Doménech
- Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de Alimentos Food-UPV, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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12
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Gajardo HA, Gómez-Espinoza O, Boscariol Ferreira P, Carrer H, Bravo LA. The Potential of CRISPR/Cas Technology to Enhance Crop Performance on Adverse Soil Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091892. [PMID: 37176948 PMCID: PMC10181257 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide food security is under threat in the actual scenery of global climate change because the major staple food crops are not adapted to hostile climatic and soil conditions. Significant efforts have been performed to maintain the actual yield of crops, using traditional breeding and innovative molecular techniques to assist them. However, additional strategies are necessary to achieve the future food demand. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) technology, as well as its variants, have emerged as alternatives to transgenic plant breeding. This novelty has helped to accelerate the necessary modifications in major crops to confront the impact of abiotic stress on agriculture systems. This review summarizes the current advances in CRISPR/Cas applications in crops to deal with the main hostile soil conditions, such as drought, flooding and waterlogging, salinity, heavy metals, and nutrient deficiencies. In addition, the potential of extremophytes as a reservoir of new molecular mechanisms for abiotic stress tolerance, as well as their orthologue identification and edition in crops, is shown. Moreover, the future challenges and prospects related to CRISPR/Cas technology issues, legal regulations, and customer acceptance will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto A Gajardo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular Vegetal, Instituto de Agroindustria, Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Medioambiente & Center of Plant, Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 1145, Chile
| | - Olman Gómez-Espinoza
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular Vegetal, Instituto de Agroindustria, Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Medioambiente & Center of Plant, Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 1145, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Escuela de Biología, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Cartago 30101, Costa Rica
| | - Pedro Boscariol Ferreira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Helaine Carrer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil
| | - León A Bravo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular Vegetal, Instituto de Agroindustria, Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Medioambiente & Center of Plant, Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 1145, Chile
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Cui S, Wang Z, Li X, Wang H, Wang H, Chen W. A comprehensive assessment of heavy metal(loid) contamination in leafy vegetables grown in two mining areas in Yunnan, China-a focus on bioaccumulation of cadmium in Malabar spinach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:14959-14974. [PMID: 36161572 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of leafy vegetables grown in heavy metal(loid)-polluted mining areas pose serious health risks. This study aimed to explore the heavy metal(loid) contamination of leafy vegetables near two mining areas, by collecting samples from 14 different leafy vegetable species in Yunnan Province, China. The lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and copper (Cu) contents of the samples were determined, and risks to human health were calculated using the hazard quotient and hazard index (HI). Moreover, Malabar spinach was identified as a leafy vegetable that exhibits low accumulation of heavy metal(loid)s. The accumulation capacity of different Malabar spinach varieties was verified, and a Cd soil safety threshold was determined using a pot experiment. Overall, Pb and Cd were the main soil and vegetable contaminants found in both study sites. The HI values for all leafy vegetables, apart from Malabar spinach, were greater than 1, indicating the presence of risks to human health; moreover, the health risks were greater for children than adults. The Malabar spinach pot experiment results showed that only some Cd forms exceeded China's maximum permissible standards. Furthermore, Malabar spinach varieties A (instant Malabar spinach), C (extra-large leaf green vine Malabar spinach), and F (large leaf Malabar spinach) displayed the lowest Cd accumulation. We calculated Cd total and bioavailable soil safety thresholds of 4.75 and 0.77 mg kg-1, respectively. However, further research is required to validate soil heavy metal safety thresholds for different vegetables. Ultimately, the heavy metal(loid) contamination of leafy vegetables described here was more serious than anticipated. Finally, the results of this study can inform residents living near these mining areas of a low-risk leafy vegetable, which will reduce the harm caused by heavy metal(loid) contamination in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suping Cui
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Zhongzhen Wang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xingjian Li
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Hongbin Wang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Haijuan Wang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Wenjie Chen
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
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14
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Jiang Z, Xiao X, Guo Z, Zhang Y, Huang X. Impact of Vanadium-Containing Stone Coal Smelting on Trace Metals in an Agricultural Soil-Vegetable System: Accumulation, Transfer, and Health Risks. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2425. [PMID: 36767791 PMCID: PMC9915546 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Dietary exposure to trace metals (TMs) through vegetable consumption has been identified as a potential risk to human health. Fifty-one paired agricultural soil and leaf vegetable samples were collected around V-containing stone coal smelting sites in Hunan Province, China, to study the contamination and transfer characteristics of TMs (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, V, and Zn) in the soil-vegetable system. The health risk to local residents through vegetable ingestion was evaluated using Monte Carlo simulations. The results showed that 96.2%, 23.1%, 53.8%, 30.8%, 96.2%, and 69.2% of the soil samples had Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, V, and Zn contents exceeding their related maximum allowable values, respectively. Cadmium and V were the primary pollutants based on the Igeo values. Moreover, 46.9% and 48.4% of vegetable samples exceeded the maximum permissible levels for Cd and Pb, respectively. There was a negative correlation between the bioaccumulation factors for Cd and V of the vegetable and soil physicochemical properties, including pH, organic matter, and free Fe2O3 content. Ingestion of garland chrysanthemum and pak choi posed high health risks, and Cd, V, and Pb were the primary contributors. These findings will help design strategies to minimize contamination and human exposure to soil-vegetable systems caused by V-containing stone coal smelting.
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15
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Wang Y, Cao D, Qin J, Zhao S, Lin J, Zhang X, Wang J, Zhu M. Deterministic and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metals in the Daily Diets of Residents in Industrial Regions of Northern Ningxia, China. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023:10.1007/s12011-022-03538-3. [PMID: 36622522 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03538-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the toxic metal (aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn)) concentrations in drinking water and different foodstuffs meat (pork, beef, and mutton), cereals (rice, flour, corn, millet), beans (cowpeas, tofu), potatoes (potato, sweet potato), solanaceous fruits (pepper, eggplant, bitter gourd, cucumber), vegetables (cabbage, cauliflower, spinach), and fruits (apples, watermelons, pears, grapes)) and then estimate the potential health risks of toxic metal consumption to local residents in industrial regions of northern Ningxia, China. As in drinking water, Cr in meat, Pb in cereals, Pb in beans, As and Pb in potatoes, Pb in solanaceous fruits, Cr and Ni in vegetables, and Ni and Pb in fruits were the most contaminated heavy metals in the corresponding food with over-standard rates of 16.7%, 12.5%, 5.1%, 60%, 50%, 50%, 38.2%, 44.4%, 44.4%, 31.8%, and 31.8%, respectively.The results of the deterministic assessment of health risks showed that the total noncarcinogenic risk value of dietary intake of toxic metals by the local population was 5.6106, indicating that toxic metals pose a high noncarcinogenic risk. The order of the non-carcinogenic risk is HIcereal (1.2104) > HIsolanaceous fruit (0.9134) > HIVegetables (0.8726) > HIFruit (0.8170) > HIMeat (0.7269) > HIDrinking water (0.6139) > HIBeans (0.2991) > HIPotatoes (0.1573). The total carcinogenic health risk from exposure to toxic metals through dietary intake was 9.98 × 10-4, indicating that the total cancer risk value of residents is beyond the acceptable range (10-4) under the current daily dietary exposure and implies a high risk of cancer. The order of the carcinogenic risk is RDrinking water (2.34 × 10-4) > RMeat (2.11 × 10-4) > Rsolanaceous fruit (1.89 × 10-4) > RFruit (1.88 × 10-4) > Rcereal (1.36 × 10-4) > RPotatoes (2.44 × 10-5) > RVegetables (1.51 × 10-5) > RBeans (0). The probabilistic assessment results showed that 98.83% of the population is exposed to severe noncarcinogenic risk and 87.02% is exposed to unacceptable carcinogenic risk. The sensitivity analysis showed that drinking water, local cereals, vegetables, and fruits were the major contributors to health risks. Our results indicated that the daily dietary exposure of residents in industrial regions of northern Ningxia poses a serious threat to human health, and it is suggested that relevant departments should strengthen monitoring and control of the current situation of toxic metal pollution in the environment and continue to pay attention and take measures to reduce the exposure of toxic metals in the diets of residents in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Deyan Cao
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Jiaqi Qin
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Siyuan Zhao
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Jianzai Lin
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Junji Wang
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Meilin Zhu
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
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Wang H, Cai N, Gong S, Zhou J, He T, Wang B, Fu T. Establishment and Optimization of Soil Cd Risk Threshold in Typical Karst Area with Potato Production, China. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 110:34. [PMID: 36592234 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-022-03640-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The threshold is key to risk assessment of soil cadmium (Cd) pollution. However, there is limited research on the soil Cd risk threshold of potatoes. Soil and potato samples (n = 256) were used to establish and optimize the Cd risk threshold by using relative cumulative frequency, bioconcentration factor, and regression model. The results showed that suggested risk screening values (SRSVs) for soil Cd were divided into 2.465 (pH ≤ 5.5), 2.564 (5.5 < pH ≤ 6.5), 2.778 (6.5 < pH ≤ 7.5), and 4.348 mg kg-1 (pH > 7.5). SRSVs were applied to classify soil Cd risk assessment by collecting soil samples (n = 100). Low-risk areas only comprised 0.98% of the total area using risk screening values (RSVs) (GB15618-2018), and risk areas comprised as much as 99.02%. Low-risk area and risk area comprised 97.75% and 2.25% of the total area based on SRSVs. SRSVs are appropriate for potato production in typical karst areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Wang
- Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Guizhou Chuyang Ecological Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Na Cai
- Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | | | - Jiajia Zhou
- Guizhou Chuyang Ecological Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Guiyang, 550025, China
| | | | - Bing Wang
- Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
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Boluspayeva L, Jakubus M, Spychalski W, Abzhalelov A, Bitmanov Y. Health Risk of Heavy Metals Related to Consumption of Vegetables in Areas of Industrial Impact in the Republic of Kazakhstan-Case Study for Oskemen. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:275. [PMID: 36612597 PMCID: PMC9819449 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Among various heavy metal sources the metallurgic industry is the most threatening because emitted metals presented are the chemical forms in which metals are found in soil are more bioavailable and thus very easily are introduced into the environment and spread in both soils and plants. In this study such a situation is presented and the potential negative effect of emitted metals on soil and vegetables is estimated. Therefore, the following indicators were used: bioconcentration factors calculated for the total amount of metals (BCF) as well as daily intake of metal (DIM) and health risk index (HRI). Analyzed soils and vegetables originated from allotment gardens located at different distances from local industrial plants. The greatest amounts of metals in investigated materials (soils and plants) were found for the industrial zone and the lowest for samples representing the suburban zone. Among the analyzed metals Zn showed the highest (223.94−2645.13 mg·kg−1 for soils and 9.14−49.28 mg·kg−1 for plants), and Cd the lowest levels (1.77−15.2 mg·kg−1 for soils and 0.05−0.46 mg·kg−1 for plants). Regardless of the metal, the lowest BCF values were calculated for plants from the industrial zone and the highest from the urban site. Generally, BCF values calculated for vegetables were low and comparable for carrots, tomatoes, and cabbage. BCF values obtained for beetroots were higher in comparison to other vegetables. Regardless of plants, DIM values for Cd and Pb were low and comparable. DIM values for Cu and Zn were higher, but simultaneously strongly differentiated depending on the analyzed vegetables. A similar tendency was found in the case of HRI. The highest values were recorded for Cu and Zn in tomatoes. Regardless of the individual metals, the calculated values for DIM and HRI indices increased in the following sequence: beetroot < cabbage < carrot < tomato. The Zn and Cu contents in the studied types of vegetables do not exceed the maximum permissible levels recommended by WHO/FAO. In contrast, Pb concentrations were higher than the imposed standards in all the analyzed vegetable samples. On the basis of obtained DIM and HRI indices, consumption of vegetables cultivated in industrial areas should be restricted due to health risks related to heavy metals contained in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Boluspayeva
- Department of Management and Engineering in the Field of Environmental Protection, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Monika Jakubus
- Department of Soil Science and Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - Waldemar Spychalski
- Department of Soil Science and Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
| | - Akhan Abzhalelov
- Department of Management and Engineering in the Field of Environmental Protection, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Yertas Bitmanov
- Department of Management and Engineering in the Field of Environmental Protection, L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
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Li D, Zhang C, Li X, Li F, Liao S, Zhao Y, Wang Z, Sun D, Zhang Q. Co-exposure of potentially toxic elements in wheat grains reveals a probabilistic health risk in Southwestern Guizhou, China. Front Nutr 2022; 9:934919. [PMID: 36003839 PMCID: PMC9393542 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.934919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bijie is located at a typical karst landform of Southwestern Guizhou, which presented high geological background values of potentially toxic elements (PTEs). Recently, whether PTE of wheat in Bijie is harmful to human health has aroused people's concern. To this end, the objectives of this study are to determine the concentrations of PTE [chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and fluorine (F)] in wheat grains, identify contaminant sources, and evaluate the probabilistic risks to human beings. A total of 149 wheat grain samples collected from Bijie in Guizhou were determined using the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) and fluoride-ion electrode methods. The mean concentrations of Cr, Ni, As, Cd, Pb, and F were 3.250, 0.684, 0.055, 0.149, 0.039, and 4.539 mg/kg, respectively. All investigated PTEs met the standard limits established by the Food and Agriculture Organization except for Cr. For the source identification, Cr and Pb should be originated from industry activities, while Ni, As, and Cd might come from mixed sources, and F was possibly put down to the high geological background value. The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks were evaluated by the probabilistic approach (Monte Carlo simulation). The mean hazard quotient (HQ) values in the three populations were lower than the safety limit (1.0) with the exception of As (children: 1.03E+00). However, the mean hazard index (HI) values were all higher than 1.0 and followed the order: children (2.57E+00) > adult females (1.29E+00) > adult males (1.12E+00). In addition, the mean carcinogenic risk (CR) values for Cr, As, Pb, and Cd in three populations were all higher than 1E-06, which cannot be negligible. The mean threshold CR (TCR) values were decreased in the order of children (1.32E-02) > adult females (6.61E-03) > adult males (5.81E-03), respectively, all at unacceptable risk levels. Moreover, sensitivity analysis identified concentration factor (C W ) as the most crucial parameter that affects human health. These findings highlight that co-exposure of PTE in wheat grains revealed a probabilistic human health risk. Corresponding measures should be undertaken for controlling pollution sources and reducing the risks for the local populace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dashuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiangxiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Fuming Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shengmei Liao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yifang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zelan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Dali Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qinghai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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Guo G, Li K, Zhang D, Lei M. Quantitative source apportionment and associated driving factor identification for soil potential toxicity elements via combining receptor models, SOM, and geo-detector method. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 830:154721. [PMID: 35341851 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative source apportionment of soil potential toxicity elements (PTEs) and associated driving factor identification are critical for prevention and control of soil PTEs. In this study, 421 soil samples from a typical area in southeastern Yunnan Province of China were collected to evaluate the pollution level of soil PTE using pollution factors, pollution load index, and enrichment factors. Positive matrix factorization (PMF), absolute principal component score/multiple line regression (APCS/MLR), edge analysis (UNMIX) and self-organizing map (SOM) were applied for source apportionment of soil PTEs. The geo-detector method (GDM) was used to identify the driving factor to PTE pollution sources, which assisted in source interpretation derived from receptor models. The results showed that the geometric mean of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn were 94.94, 1.02, 108.6, 75.40, 57.14, 160.2, and 200.3 mg/kg, which were significantly higher than their corresponding background values (P < 0.00). Particularly, As and Cd were 8.71 and 12.75 times higher than their corresponding background values, respectively. SOM yielded four clusters of soil PTEs: AsCd, PbZn, CrNi, and Cu. APCS/MLR was regarded as the preferred receptor model for source apportionment of soil PTEs due to its optimal performance. The results of ACPS/MLR revealed that 36.64% of Pb and 38.30% of Zn were related to traffic emissions, Cr (92.64%) and Ni (82.51%) to natural sources, As (85.83%) and Cd (87.04%) to industrial discharge, and Cu (42.78%) to agricultural activities. Distance to road, lithology, distance to industries, and land utilization were the respective major driving factor influencing these four sources, with the q values of 0.1213, 0.1032, 0.2295 and 0.1137, respectively. Additionally, GDM revealed that nonlinear interactions between anthropogenic and natural factors influencing PTEs sources. Based on these results, comprehensive prevention and control strategies should be considered for pollution prevention and risk controlling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Guo
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Kai Li
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Degang Zhang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mei Lei
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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20
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The Effect of Immobilizing Agents on Zn and Cu Availability for Plants in Relation to Their Potential Health Risks. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12136538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Soil contamination with heavy metals is one of the most important threats to the environment because they are easily incorporated into the food chain, threatening the health of plants, animals, and humans. In this study, the effectiveness of the introduced substances (compost and fly ash) was assessed in terms of its influence on the content of Cu and Zn in the soil, potential accumulation of these metals in the cultivated plants (camelina and oat), and thus in food products prepared from these plants. Therefore, the following indicators were used: bioconcentration factors calculated for the total amount (BCFT) and bioavailable amount of metals (BCFB) as well as gender-estimated daily intake (EDI) and health risk index (HRI). Regardless of gender, the EDI values ranged from 0.31 µg·kg−1 to 0.49 µg·kg−1 for Cu and from 0.9 µg·kg−1 to 1.8 µg·kg−1 for Zn in oat. For camelina, the calculated values were as follows: 4.1–8.5 µg·kg−1 for Cu and 7.1–12.1 µg·kg−1 for Zn. The HRI values were very low (in general 0.03–0.2), indicating no health risk connected with potential consumption of oat or camelina food products. The amounts of Cu and Zn in the crops grown on the soil amended with compost or fly ash were significantly lower (by 21–37% for oat and 14–34% for camelina) compared to the content of these metals in the control plants. Moreover, the levels of bioavailable metals decreased in soil as a result of the applied immobilizing agents. The study showed that the immobilization efficiency of compost and fly ash was comparable, and therefore the choice of either of these substances for the chemical remediation of soil contaminated with heavy metals is justified.
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Jolly YN, Rakib MRJ, Sakib MS, Shahadat MA, Rahman A, Akter S, Kabir J, Rahman MS, Begum BA, Rahman R, Sulieman A, Tamam N, Khandaker MU, Idris AM. Impact of Industrially Affected Soil on Humans: A Soil-Human and Soil-Plant-Human Exposure Assessment. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10070347. [PMID: 35878252 PMCID: PMC9318062 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10070347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Heavy metal (HM) contaminated soil can affect human health via ingestion of foodstuffs, inhalation of soil dust, and skin contact of soil. This study estimates the level of some heavy metals in soils of industrial areas, and their exposures to human body via dietary intake of vegetables and other pathways. Mean concentrations of Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, As and Pb in the studied soil were found to be 61.27, 27,274, 42.36, 9.77, 28.08 and 13.69 mg/kg, respectively, while in vegetables the respective values were 0.53, 119.59, 9.76, 7.14, 1.34 and 2.69 mg/kg. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that Fe, Cu, Zn, and Pb originated from lithogenic sources, while Cr and As are derived from anthropogenic sources. A moderate enrichment was noted by Cr, As, and Pb in the entire sampling site, indicating a progressive depletion of soil quality. The bioaccumulation factor (BCF) value for all the vegetables was recorded as BCF < 1; however, the metal pollution index (MPI) stipulates moderately high value of heavy metal accumulation in the vegetable samples. Hazard Index (HI) of >0.1 was estimated for adults but >1 for children by direct soil exposure, whereas HI < 1 for both children and adults via dietary intake of vegetables. Estimated Total carcinogenic risk (TCR) value due to soil exposure showed safe for adults but unsafe for children, while both the population groups were found to be safe via food consumption. Children are found more vulnerable receptors than adults, and health risks (carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic) via direct soil exposure proved unsafe. Overall, this study can be used as a reference for similar types of studies to evaluate heavy metal contaminated soil impact on the population of Bangladesh and other countries as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeasmin N. Jolly
- Atmospheric and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Atomic Energy Centre, P.O. Box 164, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (S.A.); (J.K.); (M.S.R.); (B.A.B.)
- Correspondence: (Y.N.J.); (M.R.J.R.)
| | - Md. Refat Jahan Rakib
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: (Y.N.J.); (M.R.J.R.)
| | - M. Sadman Sakib
- Department of Physics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh; (M.S.S.); (M.A.S.); (R.R.)
| | - M. Ashemus Shahadat
- Department of Physics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh; (M.S.S.); (M.A.S.); (R.R.)
| | - Arafat Rahman
- Department of Soil, Water and Environment, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh;
| | - Shirin Akter
- Atmospheric and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Atomic Energy Centre, P.O. Box 164, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (S.A.); (J.K.); (M.S.R.); (B.A.B.)
| | - Jamiul Kabir
- Atmospheric and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Atomic Energy Centre, P.O. Box 164, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (S.A.); (J.K.); (M.S.R.); (B.A.B.)
| | - M. Safiur Rahman
- Atmospheric and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Atomic Energy Centre, P.O. Box 164, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (S.A.); (J.K.); (M.S.R.); (B.A.B.)
| | - Bilkis A. Begum
- Atmospheric and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Atomic Energy Centre, P.O. Box 164, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (S.A.); (J.K.); (M.S.R.); (B.A.B.)
| | - Rubina Rahman
- Department of Physics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh; (M.S.S.); (M.A.S.); (R.R.)
| | - Abdelmoneim Sulieman
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 422, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nissren Tamam
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Department of General Educational Development, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, Daffodil International University, DIU Rd, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
| | - Abubakr M. Idris
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia;
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
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22
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Cao H, Wang Z, Liao X, Li Y, Zhu Y. Research on the Regional Environmental Impact and Risk Assessment Affected by Mineral Resource Development: A Case Study of the Taojia River Watershed in Hunan. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.918446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mining and production of mineral resources can directly lead to soil and water pollution, posing a serious threat to human health. In this study, the Taojia River basin, a tributary of the Xiangjiang River, was selected as the study area. Based on the concentrations of heavy metals (As, Cd, Pb, and Zn) in 653 soil/substrate samples collected from 342 points in the study area in 2013 and 2021, the changes in soil heavy metal concentrations in the region were systematically analyzed to assess their environmental risks and impacts on regional environmental quality. The results showed that from 2013 to 2021, the As, Pb, and Zn pollution in regional soil, tailing sand, and surface water was reduced, while the Cd pollution increased. The average soil As, Pb, and Zn concentrations decreased from 3,750, 2,340, and 1,180 mg/kg to 457, 373, and 387mg/kg, respectively, while the Cd concentration increased from 0.11to 1.91 mg/kg; additionally, the overall distribution trend of heavy metal concentrations was high in the south, low in the north, and gradually decreased from upstream to downstream. The single evaluation index of heavy metal pollution risk showed that the percentages of medium to heavy pollution points in the soil As, Pb, and Zn were 84, 57, and 28%, respectively, in 2013, and this index decreased to 38, 37, and 25%, respectively, in 2021. The regional environmental quality was closely related to the intensity of mineral resource development. From 2000 to 2010, frequent mining development activities led to an increase in the area of construction land and a continuous decrease in the area of arable land, grassland, and vegetation cover in the region. During 2010–2020, the area of construction land decreased, and the vegetation coverage increased. The comprehensive evaluation index showed that the overall soil pollution risk in the watershed decreased, and the proportion of heavily polluted points decreased from 80 to 65%. It was shown by principal component analysis and factor analysis that mining development activities were the largest source of heavy metal pollution, in addition to mixed sources of tailings, solid waste, agriculture, and traffic emission sources. The results provide a scientific basis for the management and risk control of heavy metal pollution in the Taojia River basin.
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Nag R, Cummins E. Human health risk assessment of lead (Pb) through the environmental-food pathway. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 810:151168. [PMID: 34710405 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water and farm-to-fork pathways have been identified as the predominant environmental pathways associated with human exposure (HE) to Pb. This study integrates a GIS-based survey of metal concentrations in soil and a probabilistic quantitative risk assessment of Pb through the food chain. The case study area was selected in the east of Ireland. A step-wise exposure assessment collated the data for Pb concentration in soil and water media, bioaccumulation of Pb in unprocessed food products, such as potatoes, carrots, green vegetables, and salad vegetables. The daily mean HE to Pb through selected food products was found to be 0.073 mg day-1, where a mean weekly exposure was estimated as 0.0065 mg kg body weight-1 week-1. Multiple risk estimates were used. Hazard Quotient (HQ), Daily Dietary Index (DDI), Daily Intake of Metal (DIM), Health Risk Index (HRI), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Cancer Risk (CR) were found as 0.234 to 0.669, 0.002, 0.0002, 0.020 to 0.057, 0.234 to 0.669, and 0.00001, respectively which signify a low to moderate risk. A sensitivity analysis revealed that intake of potato is the most sensitive parameter of the model, which is positively correlated (coeff. + 0.66) followed by concentration of Pb in the arable soil (+0.49), bioaccumulation in tubers (+0.37), consumption of salad vegetables (+0.20), and consumption of green vegetables (+0.13) (top 5). A back-calculated limit of Pb in the soil (51 mg kg-1) justifies the lower threshold limit of Pb (50-300 mg kg-1) in agricultural soil set by the European Union to mitigate potential bio-transfer into food products. The study concludes there is a low to moderate risk posed by Pb, within the system boundary of the probabilistic model, and highlights the significance of limiting Pb concentrations in the vegetable producing agricultural soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Nag
- University College Dublin School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Enda Cummins
- University College Dublin School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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24
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MUNIZ ADS, CARVALHO GADD, RAICES RSL, SOUZA SLQD. Organic vs conventional agriculture: evaluation of cadmium in two of the most consumed vegetables in Brazil. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.106721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Duan Z, Luo Y, Wu Y, Wang J, Cai X, Wen J, Xu J. Heavy metals accumulation and risk assessment in a soil-maize (Zea mays L.) system around a zinc-smelting area in southwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:4875-4889. [PMID: 34132931 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01003-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Smelting of nonferrous metals causes significant concerns because of its emissions of heavy metals (HMs) into surface soil, and its potential threat to human health through the food chain. To investigate the HMs concentrations in a soil-maize system, a total of 41 paired soil-maize samples were collected from a typical indigenous zinc-smelting area of northwestern Guizhou Province, China. Results showed that the concentrations of the targeted HMs in the soil were significantly higher than their corresponding background values of Guizhou Province. Results obtained of the geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and the potential ecological risk factor of an individual metal (E r i ) revealed that Cd and Pb were identified as the top-priority control HMs in the study area. The mean concentrations in maize grain decreased in the order of Zn > Pb > Cu > Cd. Bio-accumulation factor (BAF) indicated a strong ability for Cd to be accumulated in the maize root. Translocation factor (TF) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed that the maize root played an important role in reducing the mobilization of HMs to stem, except for Zn. Kriging interpolation results illustrated that the spatial distribution patterns of HMs in the maize grain were generally similar to those in sampled soil, and the higher concentrations for the investigated HMs were partially overlapping between soil and maize grain. The average hazard quotient (HQ) of the investigated HMs for both children and adults were all lower than the threshold value (HQ = 1). The total hazard index (HI) was 5.51E-01 and 4.24E-01 for the two population groups, respectively, implying no potential non-carcinogenic risk for local maize-consumers. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the oral ingestion rate (IngR) of grain was the predominated contribution to the output of the risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Duan
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yang Luo
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yonggui Wu
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
- Guizhou Karst Environmental Ecosystems Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Ji Wang
- School of Geography and Environmental Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xiongfei Cai
- School of Geography and Environmental Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jichang Wen
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jia Xu
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
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26
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Zhang H, Zhang F, Song J, Tan ML, Kung HT, Johnson VC. Pollutant source, ecological and human health risks assessment of heavy metals in soils from coal mining areas in Xinjiang, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 202:111702. [PMID: 34284019 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the pollution characteristics and sources of heavy metal elements for the first time in the Zhundong mining area in Xinjiang using the linear regression model. Additionaly, the health risks with their probability and infleuencing factors on different groups of people's were also evaluated using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation approach. The results shows that 89.28% of Hg was from coal combustion, 40.28% of Pb was from transportation, and 19.54% of As was from atmospheric dust. The main source of Cu and Cr was coal dust, Hg has the greatest impact on potential ecological risks. which accounted for 60.2% and 81.46% of the Cu and Cr content in soil, respectively. The all samples taken from Pb have been Extremely polluted (100%). 93.3% samples taken from As have been Extremely polluted. The overall potential ecological risk was moderate. Adults experienced higher non-carcinogenic risks of heavy metals from their diets than children. Interestingly, body weight was the main factor affecting the adult's health risks. This research provides more comprehensive information for better soil management, soil remediation, and soil pollution control in the Xinjiang mining areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Zhang
- School of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wisdom City and Environmental Modeling of Higher Education Institute, College of Resources and Environment Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China.
| | - Jia Song
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Center for Global Change and Water Cycle, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Mou Leong Tan
- Geoinformatic Unit, Geography Section, School of Humanities, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Hsiang-Te Kung
- Department of Earth Sciences, the University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152, USA
| | - Verner Carl Johnson
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Colorado Mesa University Grand Junction, CO, 81501, USA
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Al Mamun S, Saha S, Ferdush J, Tusher TR, Abu-Sharif M, Alam MF, Balks MR, Parveen Z. Cadmium contamination in agricultural soils of Bangladesh and management by application of organic amendments: evaluation of field assessment and pot experiments. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:3557-3582. [PMID: 33582940 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00829-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, cadmium (Cd) contamination in agricultural soils and its subsequent transfer to crops is one of the high-priority environmental and public health issues of global concern, especially in densely populated developing countries like Bangladesh. However, no effective strategy has been introduced or implemented yet to manage Cd-contaminated soils in order to sustain agricultural production with no human health risks. In this study, agricultural soil samples were collected from 60 locations of 10 upazilas from Tangail district to assess the extent of soil Cd contamination. The Cd concentration ranged from 0.83 to 4.08 mg kg-1 with a mean of 2.17 mg kg-1 in topsoil (0-15 cm), and from 0.67 to 3.74 mg kg-1 with a mean of 2.10 mg kg-1 in subsoil (16-30 cm). The values of contamination factor (CF) indicated that all the sampling locations were found to be highly contaminated with Cd. Pot trials with the application of different doses of biochar and vermicompost in Cd-contaminated soil (0.8 mg kg-1 Cd) revealed that integrated application of biochar (5 t ha-1) and vermicompost (5 t ha-1) was the best treatment that significantly (p < 0.05) reduced plant Cd concentration (72%) and increased the biomass of experimental crop, Red amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus). This combined treatment also significantly reduced the uptake of Cr (37%) when co-contamination was present. The study suggests the application of biochar (5 t ha-1) in combination with vermicompost (5 t ha-1) to reduce human health risk and increase crop production when the soil is loamy sand in texture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamim Al Mamun
- Department of Environmental Science and Resource Management, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Shatabdi Saha
- Department of Environmental Science and Resource Management, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-0845, Japan
| | - Jannatara Ferdush
- Department of Environmental Science and Resource Management, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Tanmoy Roy Tusher
- Department of Environmental Science and Resource Management, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh.
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-20 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980- 8579, Japan.
| | - Md Abu-Sharif
- Department of Environmental Science and Resource Management, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ferdous Alam
- Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka, 3787, Bangladesh
- Graduate School of Symbiotic System Science and Technology, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan
| | - Megan R Balks
- Faculty of Science, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Zakia Parveen
- 7Department of Soil, Water and Environment, Dhaka University, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
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28
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Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in agricultural soil and food crops in Hamadan, Iran. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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29
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Méndez-Rodríguez LC, Hernández-Aguilar B, de Anda-Montañez JA, Balart EF, Román-Rodríguez MJ, Zenteno-Savín T. Influence of sex and maturity state on trace elements content in liver and muscle of the Sciaenidae Totoaba macdonaldi. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11068. [PMID: 33889441 PMCID: PMC8038639 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fish Totoaba macdonaldi is endemic to the Upper Gulf of California. Its migratory movements involve sites with high levels of trace elements in the environment that can accumulate in tissues. In this study, lead (Pb), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) concentrations in male and female totoaba liver and muscle were quantified at various sexual maturity stages along the species' geographic distribution. METHODS Generalized linear models were used to explore associations between trace element concentrations and season of the year, sex/maturity stage, and total fish length. RESULTS No detectable Pb concentrations were recorded in liver or muscle; Cu, Cd, Zn and Fe contents in totoaba liver and muscle were typical of fish inhabiting areas with no contamination issues and are within international maximum permissible levels for human consumption. Variations in the content of Cd, Cu, Zn and Fe in liver of totoaba seem to be more related to the feeding and reproductive physiology of this species than as result of environmental exposure. Results suggest that consumption of totoaba muscle does not pose a public health risk. Furthermore, depending on the sex/maturity stage of totoaba, this fish's muscle may provide approximately 70% Cu, 60% Zn and 100% Fe of the recommended dietary reference intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia C. Méndez-Rodríguez
- Programa de Planeación Ambiental y Conservación, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C., La Paz, Baja California Sur, México
| | - Berenice Hernández-Aguilar
- Programa de Planeación Ambiental y Conservación, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C., La Paz, Baja California Sur, México
| | - Juan A. de Anda-Montañez
- Programa de Ecología Pesquera, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C., La Paz, Baja California Sur, México
| | - Eduardo F. Balart
- Programa de Ecología Pesquera, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C., La Paz, Baja California Sur, México
| | - Martha J. Román-Rodríguez
- Comisión de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable del Estado de Sonora, San Luis Rio Colorado, Sonora, México
| | - Tania Zenteno-Savín
- Programa de Planeación Ambiental y Conservación, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, S.C., La Paz, Baja California Sur, México
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Lu Q, Xu Z, Xu X, Liu L, Liang L, Chen Z, Dong X, Li C, Qiu G. Cadmium exposure as a key risk factor for residents in a world large-scale barite mining district, southwestern China. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 269:129387. [PMID: 33387789 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) contamination is easily generated during the mining and manufacturing of barium (Ba). In this study, concentrations of both Ba and Cd in rice, vegetables, pork, fish, drinking water, and soil samples from an active barite mining district were determined. Daily intakes of Ba and Cd, as well as corresponding health risks, were evaluated. The average total daily exposure doses of Cd were 0.0035 and 0.0012 mg/kg BW/day (geometric mean) in the mining zone (MZ) and the chemical plant zone (PZ), respectively. These values significantly exceed the provisional tolerable monthly intake (25 μg/kg BW/month, equal to 0.00083 mg/kg BW/day). Based on the daily exposure doses, vegetable consumption was the most significant Ba exposure route for residents, contributing around 66.1% of the total exposure. In contrast, rice consumption was the major Cd exposure pathway, accounting for about 85.6% of the total exposure. Although the geometric mean (0.17) and 95th percentile (P95, 0.75) of the total hazard quotient (HQ) for Ba were below the acceptable level (1), suggesting that there were no significant health effects caused by Ba exposure, Cd exposure was associated with significant health risks, with the geometric mean of the HQ (1.7) and the P95 (21) well above the acceptable limit (1), indicating the unacceptable non-carcinogenic risk of Cd exposure. In summary, high Cd exposure risk, rather than Ba, was observed for populations living in a large-scale active Ba mining area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinhui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhidong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaohang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Longchao Liang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550001, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550001, China.
| | - Xian Dong
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550001, China
| | - Chan Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550001, China
| | - Guangle Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550081, China.
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Li M, Qin Y, Wang C, Wang K, Deng Z, Xu W, Xiang P, Ma LQ. Total and bioaccessible heavy metals in cabbage from major producing cities in Southwest China: health risk assessment and cytotoxicity. RSC Adv 2021; 11:12306-12314. [PMID: 35423743 PMCID: PMC8697116 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01440d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Green leafy vegetables are economical and nutritious, but they may be contaminated with heavy metals. In this study, we assessed the total and bioaccessible concentrations of As, Cd, Pb and Cr in a popular vegetable cabbage (Brassica oleracea) from four major producing cities in Yunnan, Southwest China. With the mean concentrations of As, Cd, Pb and Cr being 0.24, 0.20, 0.32 and 1.28 mg kg-1, the As, Cd and Pb concentrations were within the limits of 0.2-0.5 mg kg-1 based on Chinese National Standards and the WHO/FAO, but Cr concentration was 2.6-times greater than the limit of 0.5 mg kg-1. Based on an in vitro bioaccessibility assay of the Solubility Bioaccessibility Research Consortium (SBRC), As bioaccessibility was the lowest at 11% while those of Cd, Pb and Cr were much greater at 68-87%. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of metals through cabbage ingestion was similar for children and adults. Among the four metals, only Cr's EDI at 2.29-1.87 exceeded 1 based on total and bioaccessible concentrations. The high Cr concentration at 1.28 mg kg-1 coupled with its high bioaccessibility at 67.5% makes Cr of concern in cabbage. However, human gastrointestinal cells exposed to the gastric digesta with high bioaccessible heavy metals and risky EDI, showed no obvious cytotoxicity, indicating that existing models based on total or bioaccessible heavy metals may overestimate their human health risk. Taken together, to accurately assess the human health risk of heavy metals in cabbage, both total/bioaccessible concentrations and the gastrointestinal cell responses should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Li
- Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University Kunming 650224 China
| | - Yishu Qin
- Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University Kunming 650224 China
| | - Chengchen Wang
- Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University Kunming 650224 China
| | - Kun Wang
- Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University Kunming 650224 China
| | - Zhihua Deng
- Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University Kunming 650224 China
| | - Wumei Xu
- Yunnan Provincial Observation and Research Station of Soil Degradation and Restoration for Cultivating Plateau Traditional Chinese Medicinal Plants, Yunnan Normal University Kunming 650500 China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University Kunming 650224 China
| | - Lena Q Ma
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China
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Hazardous Heavy Metals Accumulation and Health Risk Assessment of Different Vegetable Species in Contaminated Soils from a Typical Mining City, Central China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18052617. [PMID: 33807858 PMCID: PMC7967305 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Heavy metal poisoning has caused serious and widespread human tragedies via the food chain. To alleviate heavy metal pollution, particular attention should be paid to low accumulating vegetables and crops. In this study, the concentrations of five hazardous heavy metals (HMs), including copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As) were determined from soils, vegetables, and crops near four typical mining and smelting zones. Nemerow’s synthetical pollution index (Pn), Potential ecological risk index (RI), and Geo-accumulation index (Igeo) were used to characterize the pollution degrees. The results showed that soils near mining and metal smelting zones were heavily polluted by Cu, Cd, As, and Pb. The total excessive rate followed a decreasing order of Cd (80.00%) > Cu (61.11%) > As (45.56%) > Pb (32.22%) > Cr (0.00%). Moreover, sources identification indicated that Cu, Pb, Cd, and As may originate from anthropogenic activities, while Cr may originate from parent materials. The exceeding rates of Cu, Cr, Pb, Cd, and As were 6.7%, 6.7%, 66.7%, 80.0%, and 26.7% among the vegetable and crop species, respectively. Particularly, vegetables like tomatoes, bell peppers, white radishes, and asparagus, revealed low accumulation characteristics. In addition, the hazard index (HI) for vegetables and crops of four zones was greater than 1, revealing a higher risk to the health of local children near the mine and smelter. However, the solanaceous fruit has a low-risk index (HI), indicating that it is a potentially safe vegetable type.
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Meza-Ramírez V, Espinoza-Ortiz X, Ramírez-Verdugo P, Hernández-Lazcano P, Rojas Hermosilla P. Pb-Contaminated Soil from Quintero-Ventanas, Chile: Remediation Using Sarcocornia neei. ScientificWorldJournal 2021; 2021:2974786. [PMID: 33679258 PMCID: PMC7925046 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2974786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A phytoremediation process for lead (Pb) under laboratory conditions on contaminated soil from the Puchuncaví commune, Valparaíso Province, Chile, was carried out. It analyzed the phytoremediation potential of Sarcocornia neei (Lag.) M.A. Alonso and M.B. Crespo. The plants were propagated beforehand and extracted from the El Yali wetland, a RAMSAR 878 site in Valparaíso. Soil fertility and heavy metal concentration analyses of composite samples were conducted, complying with established protocols and standard methodology for chemical and metal analyses. These analyses were conducted in the Soil Analysis Laboratory of the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso. The aim was to analyse not only the tissue of plants from both areas but also the soil to identify the changes in different conditions in which the plants live. To determine the type of inferential analysis to be performed, a normality test was applied; however, it was deemed unsuitable, and therefore, the contrasts were developed using nonparametric tests, particularly Wilcoxon. R project software was used in the tests, especially the RCommander package, together with the Jamovi free-license statistical spreadsheet application. The analyses results of the soil samples indicated high concentrations of heavy metals, predominantly Pb at a concentration of 77.97 mg/kg, acidic soil indicated by pH between 5.77 and 6.38, low levels of electrical conductivity, and the presence of organic matter. A phytoremediation efficiency of 99% on soil samples was achieved. Preliminary results were compared against international regulations on the concentration of metals in soil. The histological sections showed that individual plants probably adapted to their environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Meza-Ramírez
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Av. Carvallo 270, Valparaíso 2490000, Chile
| | - Ximena Espinoza-Ortiz
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Av. Carvallo 270, Valparaíso 2490000, Chile
| | - Pamela Ramírez-Verdugo
- Herbario VALPL, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso 2490000, Chile
| | - Paulina Hernández-Lazcano
- Laboratorio de Histología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso 2490000, Chile
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Sanaei F, Amin MM, Alavijeh ZP, Esfahani RA, Sadeghi M, Bandarrig NS, Fatehizadeh A, Taheri E, Rezakazemi M. Health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements intake via food crops consumption: Monte Carlo simulation-based probabilistic and heavy metal pollution index. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:1479-1490. [PMID: 32840749 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10450-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to assess the content of heavy metals and their potential health risk in consumed food crops. To this end, the samples from vegetables, rice, potato, onion, and black tea were derived from high sales and commonly consumed types. The noncarcinogenic health risk of heavy metals to the adults, teens, and children was estimated by target hazard quotients (THQs) and hazard index (HI) calculation. Sensitivity and uncertainty analyses were carried out using Monte Carlo simulations. Heavy metal pollution index (HMI) was used for ranking noncarcinogenic heavy metal pollution in sampled food crops. THQs showed that noncarcinogenic health risks to the local population were largely related to As (0.71 for adults, 0.87 for teens, and 2.4 for children), Mn (0.43 for adults, 0.28 for teens, and 0.64 for children), and Mo (0.12 for adults, 0.02 for teens, and 0.4 for children). HI for individual food crops (HIΣfi) in terms of different populations showed that the highest HIΣfi was for children while the highest HIΣTea was for adults. The arrangement of the calculated HIΣfi along with its highest value was in the order of HIΣRice (3.71) > HIΣTea (0.39) > HIΣBeans (0.2) > HIΣVegetables (0.13) > HIΣOnion (0.12) > HIΣPotato (0.11). The value of HI for all sampled food crops based on their daily ingestion rate achieved by deterministic and probabilistic (Monte Carlo simulations) approaches for adults, teens, and children was 1.63, 1.28, and 1.87, 1.67, 4.51, and 2.48 respectively, and revealed that all populations are vulnerable to the significant noncarcinogenic health risks and children are at more risk. The sensitivity analysis revealed that the ingestion rate (IR) is the most influential factor that contributed to the total risk. The determined HMI showed no heavy metal pollution for all food crops, and rice had higher-order in HMI ranking. These results showed that heavy metals exposure due to food ingestion is a threat to human health and needs choosing a proper strategy to reduce heavy metal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sanaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Amin
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zhaleh Pourjam Alavijeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Rana Azaripour Esfahani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Sadeghi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Niayesh Shabankare Bandarrig
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Fatehizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ensiyeh Taheri
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
- Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Mashallah Rezakazemi
- Faculty of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran.
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Xiao L, Zhou Y, Huang H, Liu YJ, Li K, Li MY, Tian Y, Wu F. Application of Geostatistical Analysis and Random Forest for Source Analysis and Human Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in Arable Land Soil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249296. [PMID: 33322666 PMCID: PMC7763655 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Arable land soil is one of the most precious natural resources of Earth, it provides the fundamental material and numerous resources essential for the development of human society. To determine the pollution of potential toxic factors in the surface soil of cultivated land and its risks to human health, concentrations of five different potentially toxic elements (PTEs) were detected in 1109 soil samples collected in Xiangzhou, China, in 2019. In this study, health risk assessment was used to judge the degree of pollution in the study area, the result of Geographic Information System (GIS) was as used to research the spatial distribution characteristics of PTEs, and random forest (RF) was used to assess the natural and man-made influencing factors. We investigated the sources of PTEs through quantifying the indicators, which gave further insights. The main results are: (1) In arable land soil, the average content of PTEs is 0.14 mg/kg cadmium (Cd), 0.05 mg/kg mercury (Hg), 12.89 mg/kg arsenic (As), 29.23 mg/kg lead (Pb), and 78.58 mg/kg chromium (Cr), respectively. The content of As and Pb outpaced the background value of Hubei soil. (2) The human health risk assessment in Xiangzhou indicates that the most important exposure pathway is soil ingestion, occupied about 99% to health risks of PTEs; non-carcinogenic risk from exposure to As, Pb and Cr in soil was higher than the limit (overall potential risk index, HI > 1) for both children and adults. Moreover, carcinogenic risk postured by Cd, Cr, and As was higher than the limit (10-4) through soil exposure for both children and adults, indicating that Cd, As, Pb and Cr in soil have significant effect on people's health through exposure. (3) We found that the increased PTEs in the arable land soil mainly originated from potential water sources, air and soil pollution sources, breeding farms, and mining areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yong Zhou
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-1380-716-1786
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