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Papic C, Andersen J, Naemi R, Hodierne R, Sanders RH. Augmented feedback can change body shape to improve glide efficiency in swimming. Sports Biomech 2024; 23:898-917. [PMID: 33821747 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1900355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Curvatures of the body can disrupt fluid flow and affect hydrodynamic resistance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a feedback intervention on glide performance and torso morphology. Eleven male and female national swimmers performed glides before and after augmented feedback. Feedback consisted of self-modelling visual feedback and verbal cuing, to manipulate body curvatures that affect hydrodynamic resistance. Two-dimensional landmark position data (knee, hip and shoulder) were used to enable computation of glide factor and glide coefficient as indicators of glide efficiency; posture (trunk incline and hip angle); and performance (horizontal velocity). Underwater images of the swimmers were manually traced to derive transverse and sagittal diameters, cross-sectional areas, and continuous form outlines (anterior and posterior) of the torso. Maximum rate of change in cross-sectional area and form gradient progressing caudally, were calculated for torso segments: shoulder-chest, chest-waist, waist-hip. Mean velocity, glide factor and glide coefficient values significantly (p< 0.001) improved due to the intervention, with large effect size (d) changes 0.880 (p= 0.015), 2.297 and 1.605, respectively. Significant changes to form gradients were related to reductions in lumbar lordosis and chest convexity. The study provides practical cuing phrases for coaches and swimmers to improve glide efficiency and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Papic
- Exercise and Sport Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jordan Andersen
- Exercise and Sport Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Roozbeh Naemi
- Centre for Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Technologies, School of Life Science and Education, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - Ryan Hodierne
- New South Wales Institute of Sport, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ross H Sanders
- Exercise and Sport Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Price T, Cimadoro G, S Legg H. Physical performance determinants in competitive youth swimmers: a systematic review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:20. [PMID: 38238793 PMCID: PMC10797935 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00767-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Youth swimming performance is determined by several physiological, biomechanical and anthropometric characteristics. This review aimed to identify physical performance determinants of youth swimming performance, assessing strength, power, anaerobic, aerobic and body composition measures. ̇ METHODS: Searches were conducted in electronic databases (PubMed and Web of Science) using keywords relating to swimming and physiological measures, supplemented by citation searching of similar reviews. A total of 843 studies were identified in the initial search. The following inclusion criteria were used: participants were competitive/trained swimmers; swimming time-trial or event was conducted; data was provided on one or more physiological parameters; study was published in English and peer-reviewed. A total of 43 studies met the inclusion criteria. Risk of bias was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist. RESULTS Cross-sectional studies scored between 4-8 and randomised-controlled trials scored 8-9 on their respective JBI checklists. Youth swimming performance was determined by muscle strength, muscle power, lean body mass, anaerobic and aerobic metabolism measures in most studies, where improved performance values of these variables were conducive to swimming performance. Body fat percentage did not have a clear relationship in youth swimming performance. CONCLUSIONS Findings of this review suggest that greater levels of muscle strength, muscle power and lean body mass are favourable in swimming performance, with muscle strength and muscle power particularly beneficial for start and turn performance. Anaerobic and aerobic metabolism measures were good determinants of swimming performance, with middle- and long-distance events more influenced by the latter. Body fat percentage has a nuanced relationship with swimming performance, where further investigation is required. Findings were inconsistent across studies, potentially due to unidentified confounding factors. KEY POINTS • Greater muscular strength and power qualities, anaerobic and aerobic capacities, and lean body mass are conducive to swimming performance. • Body fat percentage has a nuanced relationship with swimming performance. • Practitioners should consider general strength and power training as a useful tool to enhance performance in their youth competitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Price
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, St Mary's University Twickenham, Twickenham, England
| | - Giuseppe Cimadoro
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, St Mary's University Twickenham, Twickenham, England
| | - Hayley S Legg
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, St Mary's University Twickenham, Twickenham, England.
- School of Education and Applied Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, England.
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Sacilotto G, Sanders R, Gonjo T, Marinho D, Mason B, Naemi R, Vilas-Boas JP, Papic C. "Selecting the right tool for the job" a narrative overview of experimental methods used to measure or estimate active and passive drag in competitive swimming. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:1572-1589. [PMID: 37081773 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2023.2197858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Free-swimming performance depends strongly on the ability to develop propulsive force and minimise resistive drag. Therefore, estimating resistive drag (passive or active) may be important to understand how free-swimming performance can be improved. The purpose of this narrative overview was to describe and discuss experimental methods of measuring or estimating active and passive drag relevant to competitive swimming. Studies were identified using a mixed-model approach comprising a search of SCOPUS and Web of Science data bases, follow-up of relevant studies cited in manuscripts from the primary search, and additional studies identified by the co-authors based on their specific areas of fluid dynamics expertise. The utility and limitations of active and passive drag methods were critically discussed with reference to primary research domains in this field, 'swimmer morphology' and 'technique analysis'. This overview and the subsequent discussions provide implications for researchers when selecting an appropriate method to measure resistive forces (active or passive) relevant to improving performance in free-swimming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ross Sanders
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tomohiro Gonjo
- Department of Rehabilitation and Sport Sciences, Bournemouth University, Dorset, UK
| | - Daniel Marinho
- Research Center in Sports Science, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | - Roozbeh Naemi
- School of Life Sciences and Education, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | | | - Christopher Papic
- Exercise and Sports Science, School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
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Tan M, Liang Y, Lv W, Ren H, Cai Q. The effects of inspiratory muscle training on swimming performance: A study on the cohort of swimming specialization students. Physiol Behav 2023; 271:114347. [PMID: 37699450 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Current evidence posits a strong correlation between respiratory muscle function and swimming performance. Despite this, few studies have explored the integration of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) into standard swimming training regimens, which remains an unexplored avenue for improving performance in swimmers. This study aims to evaluate the potential advantages of IMT for enhancing respiratory function and swimming performance and determine whether such training could induce beneficial physiological adaptations. METHODS We designed and conducted a randomized controlled trial involving 43 swimming specialization students aged 18-25 years. Participants were randomly allocated to two groups: a control group, which followed regular swimming training, and an experimental group, which complemented the standard training with IMT. The intervention lasted for six weeks. Key outcomes measured included swimming performance metrics (time of 50 m freestyle, number of breaths in 50 m freestyle, distance before first breath in freestyle, time of 100 m freestyle) and various inspiratory muscle function parameters such as vital capacity (VC), maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), maximum inspiratory flow (MIF), and maximum inspiratory capacity (MIC). We also assessed certain biochemical parameters, including hemoglobin, creatine kinase (CK), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), testosterone, and cortisol concentrations. RESULTS Following the training period, the experimental group exhibited significant improvements in swimming performance and respiratory function parameters. We also noted an increase in hemoglobin levels and a reduction in testosterone concentrations in this group, suggesting beneficial physiological adaptations in response to the combined IMT and swimming training. CONCLUSION Our findings underline the potential of IMT as a supplementary training modality for enhancing respiratory function and improving swimming performance. The changes in biochemical parameters suggest physiological adaptations that might contribute to these observed improvements. This study opens the door for future research on the benefits of integrating IMT into training regimens for competitive swimmers. Further investigation is warranted to fully elucidate the mechanisms behind the observed benefits and to validate these findings in a larger cohort and other athlete populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuxi Liang
- Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenting Lv
- Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Ren
- Institute for Healthcare Artificial Intelligence, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qijun Cai
- Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
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Espada MC, Ferreira CC, Gamonales JM, Hernández-Beltrán V, Massini DA, Macedo AG, Almeida TAF, Castro EA, Pessôa Filho DM. Body Composition Relationship to Performance, Cardiorespiratory Profile, and Tether Force in Youth Trained Swimmers. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1806. [PMID: 37763210 PMCID: PMC10532630 DOI: 10.3390/life13091806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study sought to analyze the relationship between regional body composition, swimming performance, and aerobic and force profile determined through tethered swimming in well-trained swimmers. Eleven male and five female swimmers were involved in the study and underwent the following evaluations: (1) body composition, assessed by the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry method (DXA); (2) swimming performance, determined for 200, 400, 800, and 1.500 m front-crawl swimming; (3) a tethered swimming force test to determine maximum and mean force (Fmax and Fmean); and (4) an incremental tethered swimming test for the aerobic profile determination of the swimmers. Oxygen uptake (VO2) was directly measured by an automatic and portable system (K4b2 Cosmed, Italy). The fat-free mass (lean mass + bone mineral content, LM+BMC) in lower and upper limbs (UL_LM+BMC: 6.74 ± 1.57 kg and LL_LM+BMC: 20.15 ± 3.84 kg) positively correlated with all indexes of aerobic conditioning level, showing higher coefficients to the indexes representing the ability to perform at high aerobic intensities (VO2max: 49.2 ± 5.9 mL·kg-1·min-1 and respiratory compensation point (RCP): 43.8 ± 6.0 mL·kg-1·min-1), which attained 0.82 and 0.81 (with VO2max), 0.81 and 0.80 (with RCP). The S200 (1.48 ± 0.13 m·s-1) was significantly correlated to Trunk_LM+BMC (r = 0.74), UL_LM+BMC (r = 0.72), Total_LM+BMC (r = 0.71), and LL_LM+BMC (r = 0.64). This study highlights that regional body composition plays an important role in swimming, and body segment analysis should be considered instead of the total body. Tethered swimming may represent a useful method for force and aerobic assessment, aiming at training control and performance enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário C. Espada
- Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Escola Superior de Educação, 2914-504 Setúbal, Portugal;
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), Complexo Andaluz, Apartado, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-002 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cátia C. Ferreira
- Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Escola Superior de Educação, 2914-504 Setúbal, Portugal;
- Research Group in Optimization of Training and Performance Sports (GOERD), Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10005 Cáceres, Spain; (J.M.G.); (V.H.-B.)
| | - José M. Gamonales
- Research Group in Optimization of Training and Performance Sports (GOERD), Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10005 Cáceres, Spain; (J.M.G.); (V.H.-B.)
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Hernández-Beltrán
- Research Group in Optimization of Training and Performance Sports (GOERD), Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10005 Cáceres, Spain; (J.M.G.); (V.H.-B.)
| | - Danilo A. Massini
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil; (D.A.M.); (A.G.M.); (T.A.F.A.); (E.A.C.); (D.M.P.F.)
- Postgraduate Program in Human Development and Technology, Biological Institute (IB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13500-000, Brazil
| | - Anderson G. Macedo
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil; (D.A.M.); (A.G.M.); (T.A.F.A.); (E.A.C.); (D.M.P.F.)
- Postgraduate Program in Human Development and Technology, Biological Institute (IB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13500-000, Brazil
| | - Tiago A. F. Almeida
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil; (D.A.M.); (A.G.M.); (T.A.F.A.); (E.A.C.); (D.M.P.F.)
- Postgraduate Program in Human Development and Technology, Biological Institute (IB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13500-000, Brazil
| | - Eliane A. Castro
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil; (D.A.M.); (A.G.M.); (T.A.F.A.); (E.A.C.); (D.M.P.F.)
- Postgraduate Program in Human Development and Technology, Biological Institute (IB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13500-000, Brazil
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology Research Group (LFE—Research Group), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dalton M. Pessôa Filho
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil; (D.A.M.); (A.G.M.); (T.A.F.A.); (E.A.C.); (D.M.P.F.)
- Postgraduate Program in Human Development and Technology, Biological Institute (IB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13500-000, Brazil
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Bartolomeu RF, Sampaio T, Oliveira JP, Barbosa TM, Morais JE. Association between the Upper Quarter Dynamic Balance, Anthropometrics, Kinematics, and Swimming Speed. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:96. [PMID: 37489309 PMCID: PMC10366733 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8030096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides recurrently assessed water-based parameters, there are also some individual characteristics that affect swimming performance that are not water related. In the past few years, dynamic balance has been associated with land sports performance. Conversely, evidence on this topic in swimming is scarce. The purpose of this study was to assess the association between on-land dynamic balance and swimming performance. Sixteen young adults and recreational swimmers were recruited for the present study (8 males 20.8 ± 2.0 years, and 8 females 20.1 ± 1.9 years). A set of anthropometric features were measured. The upper quarter Y-balance test was selected as a dynamic balance outcome, and swimming speed as the swimming performance indicator. The results showed a moderate and positive correlation between dynamic balance and swimming performance (p < 0.05). Speed fluctuation was highly and negatively related to swimming speed (p < 0.001), i.e., swimmers who had higher scores in the dynamic balance were more likely to deliver better performances. This suggests that in recreational swimmers, the stability and mobility of the upper extremity had a greater influence on swimming performance. Therefore, swimming instructors are advised to include dynamic balance exercises in their land-based training sessions to improve their swimmers' performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul F Bartolomeu
- Department of Sports Sciences, Polytechnic of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Tatiana Sampaio
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - João P Oliveira
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tiago M Barbosa
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Jorge E Morais
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Barbosa JG, de Lira CAB, Vancini RL, dos Anjos VR, Vivan L, Seffrin A, Forte P, Weiss K, Knechtle B, Andrade MS. Physiological Features of Olympic-Distance Amateur Triathletes, as Well as Their Associations with Performance in Women and Men: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11040622. [PMID: 36833156 PMCID: PMC9956327 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11040622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to verify the physiological and anthropometric determinants of triathlon performance in female and male athletes. This study included 40 triathletes (20 male and 20 female). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was used to assess body composition, and an incremental cardiopulmonary test was used to assess physiological variables. A questionnaire about physical training habits was also completed by the athletes. Athletes competed in the Olympic-distance triathlon race. For the female group, the total race time can be predicted by V̇O2max (β = -131, t = -6.61, p < 0.001), lean mass (β = -61.4, t = -2.66, p = 0.018), and triathlon experience (β = -886.1, t = -3.01, p = 0.009) (r2 = 0.825, p < 0.05). For the male group, the total race time can be predicted by maximal aerobic speed (β = -294.1, t = -2.89, p = 0.010) and percentage of body fat (β = 53.6, t = 2.20, p = 0.042) (r2 = 0.578, p < 0.05). The variables that can predict the performance of men are not the same as those that can predict the triathlon performance of women. These data can help athletes and coaches develop performance-enhancing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Geraldo Barbosa
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil
| | - Claudio Andre Barbosa de Lira
- Human and Exercise Physiology Division, Faculty of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Luiz Vancini
- Center for Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-210, Brazil
| | | | - Lavínia Vivan
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil
| | - Aldo Seffrin
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil
| | - Pedro Forte
- Department of Sports, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, 4560-547 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Sports Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, 7000-671 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Katja Weiss
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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8
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Oppermann J, Knechtle B, Seffrin A, Vancini RL, de Lira CAB, Hill L, Andrade MS. Sex Difference in Female and Male Ice Swimmers for Different Strokes and Water Categories Over Short and Middle Distances: A Descriptive Study. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:63. [PMID: 35536463 PMCID: PMC9091067 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00451-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Winter swimming developed from a national tradition into a health-improving sport with international competitions. The difference in performance between women and men was thoroughly examined in various sporting disciplines; however, there is little data on winter swimming events. Therefore, this study aims to compare the sex differences in female and male winter swimmers for a distinct stroke over distances of 25 m and 200 m in ice water, freezing water and cold water in the multiple stages of the Winter Swimming World Cup, hosted by the International Winter Swimming Association (IWSA) since 2016. Methods All data included in this study were obtained from the official results of the Winter Swimming World Cup, published on the “International Winter Swimming Association” (IWSA) website. The Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare race time between sexes in different swimming strokes and categories of water. In contrast, the Kruskal–Wallis H test was used to compare differences between swimming strokes or water categories for the same sex. Results For 25 m and 200 m events of the “IWSA World Cup,” male athletes were faster than female athletes, regardless of stroke and water temperature category. However, the effect size of the difference between the sexes was greater in 25 m than in 200 m for all strokes and water temperatures. Swimming speed for the same-sex differed between the swimming stroke in relation to the water temperature category. Head-up breaststroke was found to be the slowest stroke (p < 0.05). Conclusion In water temperatures between − 2° and + 9 °C, men were faster than women in all stages of the “IWSA World Cup,” regardless of the swimming stroke, but the effect size of the difference between the sexes was greater in shorter than in longer events.
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9
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Study of strength training on swimming performance. A systematic review. Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Washino S, Yoshitake Y, Mankyu H, Murai A. Vertical body position during front crawl increases linearly with swimming velocity and the rate of its increase depends on individual swimmers. Sports Biomech 2022:1-13. [PMID: 35575440 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2071329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Vertical body position during swimming is assumed to closely affect drag. It is consequently associated with swimming velocity; however, the association between swimming velocity and vertical body position has not yet been sufficiently established. Here, we aimed to clarify how vertical body position increases with front crawl velocity and whether there are inter-individual differences in velocity effect. Eleven college-level male swimmers performed a 15 m front crawl with sustained forced maximal inspiration at various swimming velocities. The body's centre of mass (CoM) was estimated from individual digital human models with inertial parameters using inverse kinematics. The horizontal CoM velocity and vertical CoM position from the water surface were averaged for one stroke cycle as respective indexes of swimming velocity and vertical body position. Linear mixed-effects model analysis revealed that there is a positive trend between swimming velocity and vertical CoM position during front crawl across the participants. These results indicate that swimming velocity is associated with vertical body position during front crawl. Additionally, the linear mixed-effects model with random intercepts and slopes was a better fit than that with only random intercepts, indicating that there are inter-individual differences in the rate of increase in vertical body position against swimming velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohei Washino
- Human Augmentation Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Yoshitake
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano, Japan
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Sports and Life Sciences, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Mankyu
- Department of Coaching of Sports and Budo, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Akihiko Murai
- Human Augmentation Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
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Cuenca-Fernández F, Ruiz-Navarro JJ, Polach M, Arellano R, Born DP. Turn Performance Variation in European Elite Short-Course Swimmers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:5033. [PMID: 35564428 PMCID: PMC9102928 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Turn performances are important success factors for short-course races, and more consistent turn times may distinguish between higher and lower-ranked swimmers. Therefore, this study aimed to determine coefficients of variation (CV) and performance progressions (∆%) of turn performances. The eight finalists and eight fastest swimmers from the heats that did not qualify for the semi-finals, i.e., from 17th to 24th place, of the 100, 200, 400, and 800 (females only)/1500 m (males only) freestyle events at the 2019 European Short Course Championships were included, resulting in a total of 64 male (finalists: age: 22.3 ± 2.6, FINA points: 914 ± 31 vs. heats: age: 21.5 ± 3.1, FINA points: 838 ± 74.9) and 64 female swimmers (finalists: age: 22.9 ± 4.8, FINA points: 904 ± 24.5 vs. heats: age: 20.1 ± 3.6, FINA points: 800 ± 48). A linear mixed model was used to compare inter- and intra-individual performance variation. Interactions between CVs, ∆%, and mean values were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed impaired turn performances as the races progressed. Finalists showed faster turn section times than the eight fastest non-qualified swimmers from the heats (p < 0.001). Additionally, turn section times were faster for short-, i.e., 100 and 200 m, than middle- and long-distance races, i.e., 400 to 1500 m races (p < 0.001). Regarding variation in turn performance, finalists showed lower CVs and ∆% for all turn section times (0.74% and 1.49%) compared to non-qualified swimmers (0.91% and 1.90%, respectively). Similarly, long-distance events, i.e., 800/1500 m, showed lower mean CVs and higher mean ∆% (0.69% and 1.93%) than short-distance, i.e., 100 m events (0.93% and 1.39%, respectively). Regarding turn sections, the largest CV and ∆% were found 5 m before wall contact (0.70% and 1.45%) with lower CV and more consistent turn section times 5 m after wall contact (0.42% and 0.54%). Non-qualified swimmers should aim to match the superior turn performances and faster times of finalists in all turn sections. Both finalists and non-qualified swimmers should pay particular attention to maintaining high velocities when approaching the wall as the race progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Cuenca-Fernández
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; (F.C.-F.); (J.J.R.-N.); (R.A.)
| | - Jesús J. Ruiz-Navarro
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; (F.C.-F.); (J.J.R.-N.); (R.A.)
| | - Marek Polach
- Department of Social Sciences in Kinanthropology, Palacký University Olomouc, 77147 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
- Department for Competitive Swimming, Czech Swimming Federation, 16017 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Raúl Arellano
- Aquatics Lab, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain; (F.C.-F.); (J.J.R.-N.); (R.A.)
| | - Dennis-Peter Born
- Section for High-Performance Sports, Swiss Swimming Federation, 3063 Bern, Switzerland
- Department for Elite Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen, 2532 Magglingen, Switzerland
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12
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Vision-Based System for Automated Estimation of the Frontal Area of Swimmers: Towards the Determination of the Instant Active Drag: A Pilot Study. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22030955. [PMID: 35161700 PMCID: PMC8839815 DOI: 10.3390/s22030955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Swimmers take great advantage by reducing the drag forces either in passive or active conditions. The purpose of this work is to determine the frontal area of swimmers by means of an automated vision system. The proposed algorithm is automated and also allows to determine lateral pose of the swimmer for training purposes. In this way, a step towards the determination of the instantaneous active drag is reached that could be obtained by correlating the effective frontal area of the swimmer to the velocity. This article shows a novel algorithm for estimating the frontal and lateral area in comparison with other models. The computing time allows to obtain a reasonable online representation of the results. The development of an automated method to obtain the frontal surface area during swimming increases the knowledge of the temporal fluctuation of the frontal surface area in swimming. It would allow the best monitoring of a swimmer in their swimming training sessions. Further works will present the complete device, which allows to track the swimmer while acquiring the images and a more realistic model of conventional active drag ones.
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13
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Effects of Dry-Land Training Programs on Swimming Turn Performance: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179340. [PMID: 34501929 PMCID: PMC8431432 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Swimming coaches have prescribed dry-land training programs over the years to improve the overall swimming performance (starts, clean swimming, turns and finish). The main aim of the present systematic review was to examine the effects of dry-land strength and conditioning programs on swimming turns. Four online databases were scrutinised, data were extracted using the Preferred PRISMA guidelines and the PEDro scale was applied. A total of 1259 articles were retrieved from database searches. From the 19 studies which were full-text evaluated, six studies were included in the review process. The review indicated that plyometric, strength, ballistic and core training programs were implemented for improving swimming turn performance. Strength, ballistic and plyometric training focusing on neural enhancement seem to be effective for improving swimming turn performance. The data related to training of the core were not conclusive. Coaches should consider incorporating exercises focusing on improving the neuromuscular factor of the leg-extensor muscles into their daily dry-land training programs. More researches are needed to provide a better understanding of the training methods effects and training organisations for improving swimming turn performance.
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14
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Hogarth L, Oh YT, Osborough C, Osborough C, Formosa D, Hunter A, Alcock A, Burkett B, Payton C. Passive drag in Para swimmers with physical impairments: Implications for evidence-based classification in Para swimming. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:1932-1940. [PMID: 34189782 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The inherent hydrodynamic resistance force, or passive drag, of a swimmer directly influences how they move through the water. For swimmers with physical impairments, the strength of association between passive drag and swimming performance is unknown. Knowledge on this factor could improve the World Para Swimming classification process. This study established the relationship between passive drag and 100 m freestyle race performance in Para swimmers with physical impairments. Using a cross-sectional study design, an electrical-mechanical towing device was used to measure passive drag force in 132 international-level Para swimmers. There was a strong, negative correlation between normalized passive drag force and 100 m freestyle race speed in the combined participant cohort (ρ = -0.77, p < 0.001). Type of physical impairment was found to affect the relationship between passive drag and 100 m freestyle race speed when included in linear regression (R2 = 0.65, χ2 = 11.5, p = 0.025). These findings contribute to the body of evidence that passive drag can provide an objective assessment of activity limitation in Para swimmers with physical impairments. The effect of physical impairment type on the relationship between passive drag and swimming performance should be accounted for in Para swimming classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Hogarth
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Qld, Australia
| | - Yim-Taek Oh
- Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Casey Osborough
- Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Conor Osborough
- Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Danielle Formosa
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Qld, Australia
| | - Adam Hunter
- Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Brendan Burkett
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Qld, Australia.,High Performance Sport, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Qld, Australia
| | - Carl Payton
- Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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15
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Sokołowski K, Strzała M, Stanula A, Kryst Ł, Radecki-Pawlik A, Krężałek P, Rosemann T, Knechtle B. Biological Age in Relation to Somatic, Physiological, and Swimming Kinematic Indices as Predictors of 100 m Front Crawl Performance in Young Female Swimmers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18116062. [PMID: 34199894 PMCID: PMC8200104 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18116062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some swimmers reach high performance level at a relatively young age. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between adolescent female swimmers' 100 m front crawl race (Vtotal100) and several anthropometry, body composition, and physiological and specific strength indices. METHODS Nineteen adolescent female swimmers were examined for biological age (BA) and body composition. Oxygen uptake was measured during water-flume stage-test front crawl swimming with ventilatory thresholds examination. Specific strength indices were assessed during 30 s of tethered swimming. Stroke rate (SR), stroke length (SL), and stroke index (SI) were also examined. RESULTS BA was strongly correlated with anthropometrics and tethered swimming strength indices, and showed moderate to strong correlation with ventilatory thresholds. Speed of swimming in the race was moderately to largely correlated with speed at V˙O2 max-VV˙O2max (r = 0.47-0.55; p < 0.05)-ventilatory thresholds (VAT, VRCP) (r = 0.50-0.85; p < 0.05), SL (r = 0.58-0.62; p < 0.05), and SI (r = 0.79-0.81; p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Results confirmed a significant role of biological maturation mediation on body composition and body size, ventilatory indices, and specific strength indices. BA was not a significant mediation factor influencing the swimming kinematics (SL, SI) and speeds of VAT, VRCP or VV˙O2 max, which were strong predictors of the 100 m race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Sokołowski
- Department of Water Sports, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, 31-541 Kraków, Poland; (K.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Marek Strzała
- Department of Water Sports, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, 31-541 Kraków, Poland; (K.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Arkadiusz Stanula
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (B.K.)
| | - Łukasz Kryst
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Physical Education, 31-541 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Artur Radecki-Pawlik
- Institute of Structural Mechanics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Piotr Krężałek
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Motor Rehabilitation, University of Physical Education, 31-541 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (B.K.)
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16
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Lower lung-volume level induces lower vertical center of mass position and alters swimming kinematics during front-crawl swimming. J Biomech 2021; 121:110428. [PMID: 33873108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined the impact of lung-volume levels on the vertical center of mass (CoM) position and kinematics during submaximal front-crawl swimming at constant velocity. Thirteen well-trained male swimmers (21.2 ± 2.0 years) swam the front-crawl for 15 m at a target velocity of 1.20 m s-1 while holding one of three lung-volume levels: maximal inspiration (MAX), maximal expiration (MIN), and intermediate between these (MID). The three-dimensional positions of 25 reflective markers attached to each participant's body were recorded using an underwater motion capture system and then used to estimate the body's CoM. The swimming velocity and the vertical CoM position relative to the water's surface were calculated and averaged for one stroke cycle. Stroke rate, stroke length, kick rate, kick amplitude, kick velocity, and trunk inclination were also calculated for one stroke cycle. Swimming velocity was statistically comparable among the three different lung-volume levels (ICC [2,3] = 0.875). The vertical CoM position was significantly decreased with the lower lung-volume level (MAX: -0.152 ± 0.009 m, MID: -0.163 ± 0.009 m, MIN: -0.199 ± 0.007 m, P < 0.001). Stroke rate, kick rate, kick amplitude, kick velocity, and trunk inclination were significantly higher in MIN than in MAX and MID, whereas the stroke length was significantly lower (all P < 0.05). These results indicate that a lower lung-volume level during submaximal front-crawl swimming induces a lower vertical CoM position that is accompanied by a modulation of the swimming kinematics to overcome the increased drag arising from a larger projected frontal area.
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17
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Reichmuth D, Olstad BH, Born DP. Key Performance Indicators Related to Strength, Endurance, Flexibility, Anthropometrics, and Swimming Performance for Competitive Aquatic Lifesaving. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073454. [PMID: 33810445 PMCID: PMC8038010 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate key performance indicators for the individual pool-based disciplines of competitive lifesaving regarding strength, flexibility, sprint and endurance swimming performance, anthropometric characteristics, and technical skills specific to competitive lifesaving. Data were collected from Swiss national team members (seven males: age 19 ± 2 yrs, body mass 77 ± 11 kg, body height 177 ± 7 cm and seven females age 21 ± 5 yrs, body mass 64 ± 6 kg, body height 171 ± 4 cm) competing at the 2019 European lifesaving championships. Potential key performance indicators were assessed with race times derived from the 2019 long-course season using Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Large and significant correlations showed that sprint, i.e., 50 m freestyle performance (r ≥ 0.770), was related to race time of all pool-based disciplines, rather than endurance swimming performance. Additionally, significant correlations revealed upper body strength, i.e., bench press (r ≥ −0.644) and pull (r ≥ −0.697), and leg strength (r ≥ −0.627) as key performance indicators. Importance of the lifesaving-specific skills, anthropometric characteristics, and core strength varied between the disciplines. Flexibility was not significantly related to race times of competitive lifesaving. The present study showed that sprint swimming performance, upper body, and leg strength are particularly important for competitive lifesaving. As other physical and technical requirements varied between the pool-based disciplines, coaches may use the present key performance indicators to establish training guidelines and conditioning programs as well as prioritize skill acquisition in training to specifically prepare athletes for their main disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Reichmuth
- Department for Elite Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen, 2532 Magglingen, Switzerland;
- Swiss Lifesaving Swimming Federation, 6210 Sursee, Switzerland
| | - Bjørn Harald Olstad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, 0863 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Dennis-Peter Born
- Department for Elite Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen, 2532 Magglingen, Switzerland;
- Section for High-Performance Sports, Swiss Swimming Federation, 3063 Berne, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-79-780-38-47
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18
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Longitudinal Relationships Between Maturation, Technical Efficiency, and Performance in Age-Group Swimmers: Improving Swimmer Evaluation. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:1082–1088. [PMID: 33706288 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study aimed to (1) accurately examine longitudinal relationships between maturity status and both technical skill indices and performance in Australian male (N = 64) age-group Front-crawl swimmers (10-15 y) and (2) determine whether individual differences in maturation influenced relationships between technical skill level and swimming performance. METHODS A repeated-measures design was used to assess maturity status and performance on 200-m Front-crawl trial across 2 competition seasons (2018-2020). Assessments were made on 3 to 5 occasions (median = 3) separated by approximately 4 months. Average horizontal velocity and stroke frequency were used to calculate technical skill indices, specifically stroke index, and arm propelling efficiency. Relationships between variables were assessed using linear mixed models, identifying fixed, and random effect estimates. RESULTS Curvilinear trends best described significant longitudinal relationships between maturity status with horizontal velocity (F = 10.33 [1, 233.77]; P = .002) and stroke index (F = 5.55 [1, 217.9]; P = .02) during 200-m Front-crawl trials. Maturity status was not significantly related to arm propelling efficiency (P = .08). However, arm propelling efficiency was an independent predictor of Front-crawl velocity (F = 55.89 [1, 210.45]; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Maturity status predicted assessment of swimmer technical skill (stroke index) and swimming performance. However, technical skill accessed via arm propelling efficiency was independent of maturation and was predictive of performance. Maturity status influences performance evaluation based on technical skill and velocity. Findings highlight the need to account for maturation and technical skill in age-group swimmers to better inform swimmer evaluation.
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19
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Dopsaj M, Zuoziene IJ, Milić R, Cherepov E, Erlikh V, Masiulis N, di Nino A, Vodičar J. Body Composition in International Sprint Swimmers: Are There Any Relations with Performance? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249464. [PMID: 33348744 PMCID: PMC7766121 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The paper addresses relations between the characteristics of body composition in international sprint swimmers and sprint performance. The research included 82 swimmers of international level (N = 46 male and N = 36 female athletes) from 8 countries. We measured body composition using multifrequency bioelectrical impedance methods with “InBody 720” device. In the case of male swimmers, it was established that the most important statistically significant correlation with sprint performance is seen in variables, which define the quantitative relationship between their fat and muscle with the contractile potential of the body (Protein-Fat Index, r = 0.392, p = 0.007; Index of Body Composition, r = 0.392, p = 0.007; Percent of Skeletal Muscle Mass, r = 0.392, p = 0.016). In the case of female athletes, statistically significant relations with sprint performance were established for variables that define the absolute and relative amount of a contractile component in the body, but also with the variables that define the structure of body fat characteristics (Percent of Skeletal Muscle Mass, r = 0.732, p = 0.000; Free Fat Mass, r = 0.702, p = 0.000; Fat Mass Index, r = −0.642, p = 0.000; Percent of Body Fat, r = −0.621, p = 0.000). Using Multiple Regression Analysis, we managed to predict swimming performance of sprint swimmers with the help of body composition variables, where the models defined explained 35.1 and 75.1% of the mutual variability of performance, for male and female swimmers, respectively. This data clearly demonstrate the importance of body composition control in sprint swimmers as a valuable method for monitoring the efficiency of body adaptation to training process in order to optimize competitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milivoj Dopsaj
- Institute of Sport, Tourism and Service, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (E.C.); (V.E.)
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, Blagoja Parovića ul. 156, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +381-63-846-1174
| | - Ilona Judita Zuoziene
- Faculty of Sports Biomedicine, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto str. 6, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; (I.J.Z.); (N.M.)
| | - Radoje Milić
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Gortanova ul. 22, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.M.); (J.V.)
| | - Evgeni Cherepov
- Institute of Sport, Tourism and Service, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (E.C.); (V.E.)
| | - Vadim Erlikh
- Institute of Sport, Tourism and Service, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (E.C.); (V.E.)
| | - Nerijus Masiulis
- Faculty of Sports Biomedicine, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto str. 6, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; (I.J.Z.); (N.M.)
| | | | - Janez Vodičar
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Gortanova ul. 22, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (R.M.); (J.V.)
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20
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SwimOne. New Device for Determining Instantaneous Power and Propulsive Forces in Swimming. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20247169. [PMID: 33327553 PMCID: PMC7765058 DOI: 10.3390/s20247169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The propulsive forces and instantaneous power that are generated by a swimmer have a great influence on the swimming performance. This works presents a new device, called SwimOne, for measuring propulsive force and estimating the instantaneous power of the swimmer. In addition, the detailed prototype is able to exert a customizable opposition force to the swimmer for training purpose. The conceptual idea is presented by describing the differential equation of the swimmer and the protocol for a factible estimation of the instantaneous power. The variables that are to be measured and estimated are identified and, consequently, the sensor and actuator systems can be selected. The high-level and detailed designs of the prototype are presented together with the protocol that is carried out in order to validate the sensor and actuation systems. The device is able to monitor the variables of interest of the swimmer together with the propulsive force and instant power. Finally, some experiments are carried out providing the results of several participants swimming in crawl, backstroke, butterfly, and breaststroke styles in the presence of different opposition force. The preliminary results show that SwimOne is valid for measuring instantaneous force and power with different loads in swimming.
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21
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Gllareva I, Trajković N, Mačak D, Šćepanović T, Kostić Zobenica A, Pajić A, Halilaj B, Gallopeni F, Madić DM. Anthropometric and Motor Competence Classifiers of Swimming Ability in Preschool Children-A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E6331. [PMID: 32878111 PMCID: PMC7503358 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Swimming is a form of physical activity and a life-saving skill. However, only a few studies have identified swimming ability classifiers in preschool children. This pilot cross-sectional study aimed to find anthropometric (AM) and motor competence (MC) predictors of swimming ability in preschool children, by building classifiers of swimming ability group (SAG) membership. We recruited 92 children (girls n = 45) aged 5-6 years and took the AM and MC measurements in accordance with the reference manual and using the KTK battery test (motor quotient, MQ), respectively. A linear discriminant analysis tested a classification model of preschoolers' swimming ability (SAG: POOR, GOOD, EXCELLENT) based on gender, age, AM, and MC variables and extracted one significant canonical discriminant function (model fit: 61.2%) that can differentiate (group centroids) POOR (-1.507), GOOD (0.032), and EXCELLENT (1.524). The MQ total was identified as a significant classifier, which absolutely contributed to the discriminant function that classifies children's swimming ability as POOR (standardized canonical coefficient: 1.186), GOOD (1.363), or EXCELLENT (1.535) with an accuracy of 64.1%. Children with higher MQ total ought to be classified into higher SAG; thus, the classification model of SAG based on the MQ total is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilir Gllareva
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Prishtina University, 10000 Pristina, Kosovo; (I.G.); (B.H.)
| | - Nebojša Trajković
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (N.T.); (T.Š.); (D.M.M.)
| | - Draženka Mačak
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (N.T.); (T.Š.); (D.M.M.)
| | - Tijana Šćepanović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (N.T.); (T.Š.); (D.M.M.)
| | | | - Aleksandar Pajić
- Faculty of Sport, University UNION—Nikola Tesla, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Besim Halilaj
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Prishtina University, 10000 Pristina, Kosovo; (I.G.); (B.H.)
| | - Florim Gallopeni
- Department of Psychology of Assessment and Intervention, Heimerer College, 10000 Pristina, Kosovo;
| | - Dejan M. Madić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (N.T.); (T.Š.); (D.M.M.)
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