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Zhou Q, Ye F, Zhang S. Sleep Duration and Risk of Periodontitis-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int Dent J 2024; 74:418-425. [PMID: 38556388 PMCID: PMC11123525 DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2024.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis, with a high prevalence in the whole population, is the main cause of tooth loss. Some studies have revealed that sleep duration may be related to periodontitis, however, the opinions are not consistent. This meta-analysis was carried out to study the potential relationship between sleep duration and periodontitis. A search of relevant articles was conducted on Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. Papers published until the end of November 2022 reporting associations between sleep duration and periodontitis were considered. The pooled odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated to assess the association. Software STATA 14.0 was employed to conduct this analysis. A total of 11 cross-sectional studies were included. Our study showed neither short sleep duration (SSD) nor long sleep duration (LSD) were associated with periodontitis (SSD: OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.83, 1.29; LSD: OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 0.94, 1.23), while higher prevalence was observed when sleep duration ≤5 h (OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.33, 1.51). In addition, both SSD and LSD were not associated with severe periodontitis (SSD: OR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.75, 1.16; LSD: OR = 1.19, 95% CI: 0.80, 1.76). In conclusion, the present review indicated that too little sleep duration (≤5 h) significantly increased the risk of periodontitis. However, the evidence is limited due to cross-sectional design of most studies, Hence longitudinal studies should be conducted to support this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, Shaoxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Fangfei Ye
- Department of Stomatology, Shaoxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Siying Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
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Chen L, Nini W, Jinmei Z, Jingmei Y. Implications of sleep disorders for periodontitis. Sleep Breath 2023; 27:1655-1666. [PMID: 36547852 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-022-02769-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by multi-factors. Sleep is a natural physiologic process, and the sleep duration, quality, and patterns might be associated with periodontitis. Meanwhile, periodontitis might in turn induce systemic inflammation and thus impact sleep in different ways as well. METHODS To investigate the bidirectional relationship between sleep disorder and periodontitis, a literature search was conducted to reveal the interaction and possible mechanism between these two diseases. RESULTS The results show that sleep disorders can affect the progression of periodontitis via some pathomechanisms, and periodontitis also has a reverse impact on sleep. CONCLUSION Although the epidemiologic and clinical trials found the possible associations between sleep disorder and periodontitis, their relationship is still not that explicit. Further studies are warranted to shed light on them, to improve preventive health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wang Nini
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhang Jinmei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yang Jingmei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Selvaraj S, Naing NN, Wan-Arfah N, Djearamane S, Wong LS, Subramaniyan V, Fuloria NK, Sekar M, Fuloria S, de Abreu MHNG. Epidemiological Factors of Periodontal Disease Among South Indian Adults. J Multidiscip Healthc 2022; 15:1547-1557. [PMID: 35898950 PMCID: PMC9309273 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s374480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Oral conditions exist worldwide, and are related with astounding morbidity. Indian adults’ incidence of mild and moderate periodontal conditions was nearly 25%, while about 19% of adults experience severe periodontitis. Objective The aim of this study was to analyse epidemiological factors of periodontal disease among a south Indian population based on the role of sociodemographic factors, habitual factors and set of oral health knowledge, attitude, and behaviour measures. Methods A sample of 288 participants above 18 years of age residing in Tamil Nadu, India took part in this cross-sectional study. Based on WHO criteria, periodontal disease was measured in our study. Age, ethnicity, smoking, education, and oral health behavior were found to be the covariates. Ordinal logistic regression analysis using R version 3.6.1 was utilized to study the various factors that influence periodontal disease among south Indian adults. Results Various demographic factors such as age between 25 and 34 years (AOR = 2.25; 95% CI 1.14–4.55), 35–44 years (AOR = 1.80; 95% CI 0.89–3.64), ≥ 45 years old (AOR = 2.89; 95% CI 1.41–6.01), ethnicity (AOR = 2.71; 95% CI 1.25–5.81), smoking (AOR = 0.38; 95% CI 0.16–0.65), primary level education (AOR = 0.07; 95% CI 0.01–0.50) high school level education (AOR = 0.06; 95% CI 0.01–0.27), university level education (AOR = 0.08; 95% CI 0.01–0.36) and an individual’s oral health behavior (AOR = 0.59; 95% CI 0.32–1.08) were found to be related with periodontal disease among the south Indian population. The maximum log likelihood residual deviance value was 645.94 in the final model. Conclusion Based on our epidemiological findings, sociodemographic, habitual factors and oral health behavior play a vital role in an individual’s periodontal status among south Indian adults. An epidemiological model derived from the factors from our study will help to bring better understanding of the disease and to implement various preventive strategies to eliminate the causative factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharthan Selvaraj
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Campus, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, 20400, Malaysia.,Faculty of Dentistry, AIMST University, Bedong, Kedah, 08100, Malaysia
| | - Nyi Nyi Naing
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Campus, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, 20400, Malaysia
| | - Nadiah Wan-Arfah
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, 20400, Malaysia
| | - Sinouvassane Djearamane
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Perak, 31900, Malaysia
| | - Ling Shing Wong
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, Nilai, 71800, Malaysia
| | - Vetriselvan Subramaniyan
- Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Jen jarom, Selangor, 42610, Malaysia
| | | | - Mahendran Sekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh, Perak, 30450, Malaysia
| | - Shivkanya Fuloria
- Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Bedong, Kedah, 08100, Malaysia
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Sulistyawati S, Aji B, Rokhmayanti R, Wijayanti SPM. Factors influencing stress during the second imposed of COVID-19 social restrictions in Indonesia. J Public Health Res 2022; 11:22799036221115771. [PMID: 36032185 PMCID: PMC9403475 DOI: 10.1177/22799036221115771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The spread of the COVID-19 virus has had a significant impact on the governmental and social aspects, as well as to the psychological status of the population. In Indonesia, social restriction was a strategy to limit people's mobility to reduce virus transmission. As social beings, the imposition of social restriction makes them fall into stress due to feeling lonely, and some cannot earn money. The aim of the study was to assess the factor association of stress level and resilience of the Indonesian people during the imposition of the second social restriction due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Design and method A cross-sectional study was performed on respondents aged at least 18 years on 29 July-16 August 2021, when the social restriction was enforced for the second time. The online survey was conducted through several social media platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and WhatsApp) to 256 respondents. The analysis was carried out descriptively and analytically using the chi-square and binary logistic regression. Results This study shows that there is a significant relationship between age (p < 0.001), marital status (p < 0.001), occupation (p < 0.001), income before and during the pandemic (p < 0.001) and resilience level to stress level among Indonesian. Resilience level is the only protective factor for people to not get stressed. Being normal resilience put them at 0.05 times (95% CI 0.01-0.76) more likely to have low perceived stress than low resilience. Conclusion Resilience level is the only factor that influence stress level among people in Indonesia during the second imposed social restriction in Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulistyawati Sulistyawati
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Budi Aji
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia
| | - Rokhmayanti Rokhmayanti
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Suzuki H, Sugimoto K, Kubota-Miyazawa A, Noritake K, Umemori S, Araki K, Adachi N, Otsuka H, Yoshida N. A survey of oral health status, subjective oral symptoms and oral health behaviors among first-year dental students at a Japanese university. J Oral Sci 2022; 64:85-90. [PMID: 34980826 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.21-0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The rapid deterioration of oral health in young adults is an alarming problem in Japan. The aim of the present study is to investigate the oral health status, subjective oral symptoms and oral health behaviors of dental students. METHODS Participants were 108 first-year students attending dental school in 2018-2019. Oral examinations were performed to assess dental caries indices, oral hygiene status, gingival bleeding on probing (BOP) and pocket depth. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess subjective oral symptoms and oral health behaviors. RESULTS The prevalence of decayed teeth (DT) and gingivitis (BOP ≥ 10%) were 43.5% and 50.0%, respectively. Having DT and gingivitis were significantly associated with poorer oral hygiene. No association was observed between DT and subjective symptoms. Having gingivitis was significantly associated with xerostomia, mouth-breathing and less use of interdental cleaning tools. Multiple logistic regression analysis for gingivitis yielded an odds ratio of 1.41 (95% confidence interval: 1.19-1.67) for plaque score, and 2.75 (1.27-5.98) for xerostomia. CONCLUSION Since a relatively high ratio of students had DT and gingivitis without clear subjective symptoms, they require regular dental visits for early treatment and oral hygiene maintenance from the start of their time at university.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Suzuki
- Department of Oral Health Care Education, Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Kumiko Sugimoto
- Department of Oral Health Care Education, Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Ayako Kubota-Miyazawa
- Department of Oral Health Care Education, Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Kanako Noritake
- Oral Diagnosis and General Dentistry, Dental Hospital, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Sachi Umemori
- Oral Diagnosis and General Dentistry, Dental Hospital, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Kouji Araki
- Oral Diagnosis and General Dentistry, Dental Hospital, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Naoko Adachi
- Department of Preventive Oral Health Care Sciences, Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Hiromi Otsuka
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Meikai University
| | - Naomi Yoshida
- Department of Oral Health Care Education, Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
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Iwasaki M, Usui M, Ariyoshi W, Nakashima K, Nagai-Yoshioka Y, Inoue M, Kobayashi K, Nishihara T. Sleep duration and severe periodontitis in middle-aged Japanese workers. J Clin Periodontol 2021; 49:59-66. [PMID: 34605052 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the association between sleep duration and severe periodontitis in Japanese workers. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study included 1130 workers (mean age 43.0 years) who underwent full-mouth periodontal examinations and health check-ups and completed a self-administered questionnaire that included questions on sleep duration. Logistic regression and a restricted cubic spline model were used to analyse the data. RESULTS Severe periodontitis was identified in 6.3% of the study population. Those with <5, 5-5.9, 6-6.9, 7-7.9, and ≥8 hr of sleep were 6.7%, 17.4%, 40.3%, 26.3%, and 8.9%, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, study participants who slept <5 hr were more likely to have severe periodontitis (adjusted odds ratio = 2.64; 95% confidence interval = 1.06-6.60) than those who slept 7-7.9 hr. The spline model, with a reference value of 399 min (the median sleep duration), showed a non-linear association between sleep duration and severe periodontitis, where an increased prevalence of severe periodontitis was observed only among those with a shorter sleep duration. The prevalence of severe periodontitis did not increase with longer sleep duration. CONCLUSIONS Short sleep duration was associated with severe periodontitis in this cohort of Japanese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michihiko Usui
- Division of Periodontology, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Wataru Ariyoshi
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nakashima
- Division of Periodontology, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yoshie Nagai-Yoshioka
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Maki Inoue
- Dental Center for Regional Medical Survey, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Dentistry, MSc Program, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Tatsuji Nishihara
- Dental Center for Regional Medical Survey, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Selvaraj S, Naing NN, Wan-Arfah N, de Abreu MHNG. Demographic and Habitual Factors of Periodontal Disease among South Indian Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18157910. [PMID: 34360201 PMCID: PMC8345463 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18157910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of a set of sociodemographic and habits measures on estimating periodontal disease among south Indian adults. This cross-sectional study was carried out among 288 individuals above 18 years old in Tamil Nadu, India. The outcome of the study was periodontal disease, measured by WHO criteria. The covariates were age, ethnicity, smoking and alcohol habit. The assessment of factors predicting periodontal disease was carried out by multiple logistic regression analysis using R version 3.6.1. The demographic factors like age group (AOR = 3.56; 95% CI 1.69-7.85), ethnicity (AOR = 6.07; 95% CI 2.27-18.37), non-alcoholic (AOR = 0.31; 95% CI 0.13-0.64) and non-smoking (AOR = 0.33; 95% CI 0.15-0.67) were found to be associated with the outcome. The maximum log likelihood estimate value was -30.5 and AIC was 385 for the final model, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the periodontal disease was 0.737. We can conclude that sociodemographic factors and habits were useful for predicting periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharthan Selvaraj
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Campus, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu 20400, Malaysia;
| | - Nyi Nyi Naing
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Campus, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu 20400, Malaysia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Nadiah Wan-Arfah
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu 20400, Malaysia;
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Zhou F, Liu Z, Guo Y, Xu H. Association of short sleep with risk of periodontal disease: A meta-analysis and Mendelian randomization study. J Clin Periodontol 2021; 48:1076-1084. [PMID: 34109656 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this meta-analysis and Mendelian randomization (MR) study was to assess the association between short sleep and periodontal disease, including tooth loss and periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The meta-analysis of relevant studies was conducted to assess the association between short sleep and periodontal disease. MR analyses were conducted with the inverse-variance-weighted (IVW) method, weighted median method, MR-Egger method, and MR-Robust Adjusted Profile Score (RAPS) method to assess the causal effect of short sleep on tooth loss and periodontitis. RESULTS Seven cross-sectional studies involving 40,196 individuals were included in the meta-analysis. The association between short sleep and periodontal disease was not statistically significant (odds ratios (OR) =1.13, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.99, 1.28; p = 0.076). In the MR analysis, we did not observe statistically significant causal associations of genetically determined short sleep with tooth loss (β: -0.056; 95% CI: -0.181 to 0.068; p = 0.376) and periodontitis (β: -0.112; 95% CI: -0.340 to 0.117; p = 0.339). CONCLUSIONS Short sleep is not associated with the risk of periodontal disease according to current evidence. Future studies need to pay attention to the measurement of sleep duration, the choice of statistical models, and other domains of sleep health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feixiang Zhou
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zongyan Liu
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yicong Guo
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huilan Xu
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Adams EL, Smith D, Caccavale LJ, Bean MK. Parents Are Stressed! Patterns of Parent Stress Across COVID-19. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:626456. [PMID: 33897489 PMCID: PMC8060456 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.626456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused numerous unexpected challenges for many families, and these long-lasting demands likely contribute to higher stress for parents. The aim of this study was to describe changes in parent stress longitudinally from before (retrospective) to two timepoints during COVID-19. Stressors that influenced parenting and strategies to manage parenting difficulties at each timepoint during COVID-19 are also described. Methods: Parents (N = 433; 95% female) in the US with >1 child aged 5-18 years completed an online survey in May 2020 (T1; at the peak of stay-at-home mandates) and in September 2020 (T2; children's return to school). Surveys included the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and questions on parenting-specific stress, stressors that influenced parenting, and strategies to manage parenting difficulties during COVID-19. Retrospective report of pre-COVID-19 stress was assessed at T1; current stress was assessed at T1 and T2. Repeated measures analysis of variance examined changes in stress over time. Results: Parent's stress increased from before COVID-19 to T1 (PSS score: 16.3 ± 5.7 to 22.0 ± 6.4, respectively; p < 0.01), and decreased by T2 (19.2 ± 6.0), but remained elevated above pre-COVID-19 values (p < 0.01). Most parents (71.1%) reported an increase parenting-specific stress from before COVID-19 to T1, which continued to increase for 55% of parents at T2. Common stressors that impacted parenting during COVID-19 were changes in children's routines, worry about COVID-19, and online schooling demands. Common strategies parents used to manage parenting difficulties included doing family activities together, keeping in touch with family/friends virtually, and keeping children on daily routines. Conclusions: Parent stress increased substantially during COVID-19 and has not returned to pre-COVID-19 levels, suggesting the need for enhanced mental health resources and supports. Public health interventions should address parenting-specific stressors and effective strategies for managing parenting difficulties to mitigate their deleterious impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L. Adams
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Richmond, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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Adadms EL, Smith D, Caccavale LJ, Bean MK. Parents are stressed! Patterns of parent stress across COVID-19. RESEARCH SQUARE 2020:rs.3.rs-66730. [PMID: 33330859 PMCID: PMC7743082 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-66730/v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused numerous unexpected challenges for many families, and these long-lasting demands likely contribute to higher stress for parents. The aim of this study was to describe changes in parent stress longitudinally from before (retrospective) to two timepoints during COVID-19. Stressors that influenced parenting and strategies to manage parenting difficulties at each timepoint during COVID-19 are also described. Methods : Parents (N=433; 95% female) in the US with > 1 child aged 5-18 years completed an online survey in May 2020 (T1; at the peak of stay-at-home mandates) and in September 2020 (T2; children's return to school). Surveys included the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and questions on parenting-specific stress, stressors that influenced parenting, and strategies to manage parenting difficulties during COVID-19. Retrospective report of pre-COVID-19 stress was assessed at T1; current stress was assessed at T1 and T2. Repeated measures analysis of variance examined changes in stress over time. Results: Parent's stress increased from before COVID-19 to T1 (PSS score: 16.3±5.7 to 22.0±6.4, respectively; p<0.01), and decreased by T2 (19.2±6.0), but remained elevated above pre-COVID-19 values (p<0.01). Most parents (71.1%) reported an increase parenting-specific stress from before COVID-19 to T1, which continued to increase for 55% of parents at T2. Common stressors that impacted parenting during COVID-19 were changes in children's routines, worry about COVID-19, and online schooling demands. Common strategies parents used to manage parenting difficulties included doing family activities together, keeping in touch with family/friends virtually, and keeping children on daily routines. Conclusions: Parent stress increased substantially during COVID-19 and has not returned to pre-COVID-19 levels, suggesting the need for enhanced mental health resources and supports. Public health interventions should address parenting-specific stressors and effective strategies for managing parenting difficulties to mitigate their deleterious impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L. Adadms
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Richmond, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Danyel Smith
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Richmond, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Laura J. Caccavale
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Richmond, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Melanie K. Bean
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Richmond, Richmond, VA, USA
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