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Canet-Vintró M, Rodríguez-Sanz J, López-de-Celis C, Campañá-Arnal E, Hidalgo-Garcia C, Pérez-Bellmunt A. Effects of focal vibration on changes in sports performance in amateur athletes: A randomized clinical trial. J Orthop Res 2024; 42:2106-2115. [PMID: 38598304 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a focal vibration protocol added to an activation protocol with active muscle contractions and to see what repercussions it has on sprint, countermovement jump (CMJ), and lower limb isometric strength. A double-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted in the Functional Anatomy Laboratory and the sample consisted of 70 athletes. The main outcome measures were knee extension force, CMJ, sprint, and surface electromyography. Repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed significant improvements. They were found in the within-group analysis for the Experimental Group in the isometric extension force (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.368), CMJ (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.301) and 30 m sprint (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.376). In the electromyography, there are changes in the Sham Group in all muscles, in CMJ and Sprint tests, and no differences in the Experimental Group, except for the RF muscle. In the between-group analysis, statistically significant differences were found only in favor of the Experimental Group in CMJ (p = 0.017; η2 = 0.81) and 30 m sprint (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.152). These results confirm a significant improvement in the sprint, CMJ performance, and quadriceps strength, after a focal vibration protocol, added to a muscle active contraction, compared to a focal vibration sham protocol. Therefore, our results suggest that the focal vibration can be a very useful tool in sports involving high-powered actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Canet-Vintró
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Basic Sciences and Physiotherapy Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- ACTIUM Anatomy Group, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jacobo Rodríguez-Sanz
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Basic Sciences and Physiotherapy Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- ACTIUM Anatomy Group, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos López-de-Celis
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Basic Sciences and Physiotherapy Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- ACTIUM Anatomy Group, Barcelona, Spain
- Fundació Institut Universitari per a la recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Campañá-Arnal
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Basic Sciences and Physiotherapy Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- ACTIUM Anatomy Group, Barcelona, Spain
| | - César Hidalgo-Garcia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Albert Pérez-Bellmunt
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Basic Sciences and Physiotherapy Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
- ACTIUM Anatomy Group, Barcelona, Spain
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Barrera‐Domínguez FJ, del‐Cuerpo I, Riego‐Ruiz A, Martínez‐García D, Jerez‐Mayorga D, Javier Chirosa‐Ríos L, Molina‐López J. Strength characteristics in faster change of direction basketball players: A comparison across cutting angles. Eur J Sport Sci 2024; 24:1260-1269. [PMID: 38949958 PMCID: PMC11369323 DOI: 10.1002/ejsc.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Change of directions (COD) involves multidirectional and complex actions, with performance influenced by multiple factors. As lower limb strength is one of the most determinant of COD performance, the present study aimed to (a) explore the differences in strength outcomes across different lower limb muscle actions between faster and slower basketball players in COD actions at different angles and (b) analyse the relationship between isometric, concentric and eccentric strength outcomes and COD performance at different cutting angles. Twenty-five basketball players (44% female) completed a battery of tests, encompassing isokinetic and isometric squat strength assessments, along with COD tests at 45°, 90° and 180°. Players were categorised as 'low-performance' and 'high-performance' groups based on execution time in COD, facilitating a comparison between performance groups. Results indicated that concentric strength showed the greatest differences between performance groups at 45° COD (effect size ≥ 0.813; p ≤ 0.034). Isometric and eccentric strength demonstrated a moderate-to-large relationship with 90° COD performance (Rho ≥ 0.394; p ≤ 0.045), and all muscle actions exhibited a large relationship with 180° COD (Rho ≥ 0.445; p ≤ 0.030). Moreover, the fastest players showed higher levels of concentric strength relative to eccentric strength, regardless of the cutting angle. These findings hold practical applications, suggesting that basketball coaches should train a specific kind of muscle action depending on the individual players' COD demands, focusing on improving the rapid eccentric force application while striving to reduce the eccentric/concentric ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Indya del‐Cuerpo
- Faculty of Sports SciencesDepartment of Physical Education and SportsStrength & Conditioning LaboratoryCTS‐642 Research GroupUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
| | - Antonio Riego‐Ruiz
- Faculty of Sports SciencesDepartment of Physical Education and SportsStrength & Conditioning LaboratoryCTS‐642 Research GroupUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
| | - Darío Martínez‐García
- Faculty of Sports SciencesDepartment of Physical Education and SportsStrength & Conditioning LaboratoryCTS‐642 Research GroupUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
| | - Daniel Jerez‐Mayorga
- Faculty of Sports SciencesDepartment of Physical Education and SportsStrength & Conditioning LaboratoryCTS‐642 Research GroupUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
- Faculty of Rehabilitation SciencesSchool of Physical TherapyExercise and Rehabilitation Sciences InstituteUniversidad Andres BelloSantiago de ChileChile
| | - Luís Javier Chirosa‐Ríos
- Faculty of Sports SciencesDepartment of Physical Education and SportsStrength & Conditioning LaboratoryCTS‐642 Research GroupUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
| | - Jorge Molina‐López
- Faculty of Education, Psychology and Sport SciencesCOIDESOUniversity of HuelvaHuelvaSpain
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Baena-Raya A, Díez-Fernández DM, Martínez-Rubio C, Conceição F, López-Sagarra A. Kinetic and Kinematic Characteristics Underpinning Change of Direction Performance in Basketball: A Comparative Study Between Sexes and Tests. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:e182-e188. [PMID: 38300789 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Baena-Raya, A, Díez-Fernández, DM, Martínez-Rubio, C, Conceição, F, and López-Sagarra, A. Kinetic and kinematic characteristics underpinning change of direction performance in basketball: A comparative study between sexes and tests. J Strength Cond Res 38(4): e182-e188, 2024-This study (a) evaluated the sex-specific kinetic and kinematic outcomes underpinning change of direction (COD) performance, (b) compared these outcomes across 3 different COD tests, and (c) examined the sex-specific and test-specific outcome most strongly related to COD performance in basketball players. Thirty young basketball players (17 males and 13 females) competing at the national level were assessed for the modified 505 test, modified T test, and V-cut test. The Local Positioning System technology (WIMU PRO, Realtrack Systems S.L., Almería, Spain) was used to measure the maximum values of acceleration (ACC max ), deceleration (DEC max ), velocity (VEL max ), and centripetal force (CentF max ) in each COD test. Male players displayed greater ACC max , VEL max , DEC max , and CentF max outputs for each section of the 505 test, T test, and V-cut test (all p < 0.05), resulting in a faster COD performance than females across tests (all ES > -1.42; 95% CI = -3.45 to -0.57). The 505 test demanded significantly greater kinematic outputs than T test and V-cut test for both sexes ( p < 0.01). The ACC max explained ∼26-58% of the variability in COD time for males across tests ( p < 0.05) and 40% in females' modified 505-test time ( p < 0.05). Likewise, in females, DEC max explained 38% of the modified T -test time variability, whereas VEL max explained 53% in the V-cut test time (both p < 0.05). These findings suggest that (a) COD data should not be used interchangeably across sexes, (b) test specificities should be considered for designing COD training, and (c) the kinematic outcomes explaining COD performance might vary across sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Baena-Raya
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - David M Díez-Fernández
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Carlos Martínez-Rubio
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Filipe Conceição
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; and
- LABIOMEP-Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andrés López-Sagarra
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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Barrera-Domínguez FJ, Almagro BJ, Molina-López J. The Influence of Functional Movement and Strength upon Linear and Change of Direction Speed in Male and Female Basketball Players. J Hum Kinet 2024; 92:147-159. [PMID: 38736594 PMCID: PMC11079933 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/177313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to analyse the relationship between functional movement and strength variables upon linear speed (Ls) and change of direction (COD) based on gender. It also aimed to identify the determinants of performance of Ls and COD according to gender. Fifty basketball players (54% female) completed the assessment in which the weight-bearing dorsiflexion test, the Y-balance test, the unilateral countermovement jump, the unilateral drop jump, the unilateral triple hop test, Ls and CODs were performed. Speed variables were divided according to time execution into "low-performance" and "high-performance" to establish a comparison between performance groups. Strength variables significantly influenced speed tests' performance in both genders (p < 0.05). For males, the greater the Ls, the higher the change of direction deficit (p < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis revealed that a long and vertical stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) was the most influential physical ability for speed performance in females (45-65% variance explained; p < 0.001), while in males, a short and horizontal SSC played a significant role (30-61% variance explained; p < 0.022). These results suggest that gender should be considered in programming strength training to improve speed, as each gender will benefit most from the application of different force-orientations and different SSC. Also, the faster the male players were in Ls, the less efficient they were in the COD performance. This is why for men, it would be recommended to perform eccentric exercises along with deceleration and technique drills to improve COD speed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bartolomé J. Almagro
- Faculty of Education, Psychology and Sport Sciences, COIDESO, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Jorge Molina-López
- Faculty of Education, Psychology and Sport Sciences, COIDESO, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
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Barrera-Domínguez FJ, Almagro BJ, Sáez de Villarreal E, Molina-López J. Effect of individualised strength and plyometric training on the physical performance of basketball players. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:2379-2388. [PMID: 37470434 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2023.2238690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to examine the effects of eight weeks of individualised force-velocity imbalance (F-Vimb) training on physical performance in basketball players and to analyse the differences in physical performance between two periods of time (four to eight weeks) with this training. Thirty male players (age, 22.8 ± 5.68 years; height, 1.87 ± 0.07 m; body mass, 86.3 ± 11.1 kg) were divided into an intervention group (INT, n = 15), who performed an individualised training based on individual F-Vimb; and a control group (CON, n = 15), who underwent a non-individualised training programme; both groups performed two days/week of intervention and the same pre-season basketball training. At baseline, at four weeks, and at eight weeks of intervention, an assessment was performed including countermovement-jumps, unilateral drop jumps, triple hop test, force-velocity profile, sprint and change of direction (COD). At four weeks, the INT showed improvements in sprint and vertical jumping actions (≥3.76%, ES ≥0.44, p ≤ 0.02). At eight weeks, the INT continued to improve vertical jumping actions (p < 0.05) and showed improvements in horizontal jumping (6.80%, ES = 0.45, p < 0.01) and COD (≥2.99%, ES ≥0.96, p < 0.01). A significant reduction in F-Vimb was observed for INT (ES = 0.77, p = 0.01). In contrast, none of these changes were observed in CON. Thus, an individualised F-Vimb training intervention improved physical performance after eight weeks, with changes in sprint and vertical jump after first four weeks. Basketball coaches should optimise the force-velocity profile and improve the performance in sport-related actions as jumping and changing direction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bartolomé J Almagro
- Faculty of Education, Psychology and Sport Sciences, COIDESO, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | | | - Jorge Molina-López
- Faculty of Education, Psychology and Sport Sciences, COIDESO, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
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Chen Z, Yin M, Bishop C, Ainsworth B, Li Y. Association between Lower Body Qualities and Change-of-Direction Performance: A Meta-Analysis. Int J Sports Med 2023; 44:1013-1033. [PMID: 37364608 DOI: 10.1055/a-2117-9490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to determine the associations between lower body muscle strength qualities and change of direction (CoD) performance. Three databases were used to perform a systematic literature search up to September 30, 2022. Based on the studies that met the inclusion criteria, we calculated Pearson's r correlation coefficient to examine the relationships between muscle strength qualities and CoD performance. The quality of the studies included was evaluated by the modified version of the Downs and Black Quality Index Tool. Heterogeneity was determined via the Q statistic and I 2, and Egger's test was used to assess small study bias. The results revealed that lower body maximal strength (pooled: r=- 0.54, dynamic: r=- 0.60, static: r=- 0.41), joint strength (pooled: r=- 0.59, EXT-ecc: r=- 0.63, FLEX-ecc: r=- 0.59), reactive strength (r=- 0.42) and power (pooled: r=- 0.45, jump height: r=- 0.41, jump distance: r=- 0.60, peak power: r=- 0.41) were negatively and moderately related to CoD performance. To conclude, the results highlight that a number of muscle strength qualities are associated with CoD performance and are pertinent to specific phases of a directional change. It should be noted that the conclusions of this study do not establish causality, and further research is needed to better understand their training effects and underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Chen
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyue Yin
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Chris Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Barbara Ainsworth
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongming Li
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- China Institute of Sport Science, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
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Hülsdünker T, Friebe D, Giesche F, Vogt L, Pfab F, Haser C, Banzer W. Validity of the SKILLCOURT® technology for agility and cognitive performance assessment in healthy active adults. J Exerc Sci Fit 2023; 21:260-267. [PMID: 37497363 PMCID: PMC10366450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives Agility and cognitive abilities are typically assessed separately by different motor and cognitive tests. While many agility tests lack a reactive decision-making component, cognitive assessments are still mainly based on computer-based or paper-pencil tests with low ecological validity. This study is the first to validate the novel SKILLCOURT technology as an integrated assessment tool for agility and cognitive-motor performance. Methods Thirty-two healthy adults performed agility (Star Run), reactive agility (Random Star Run) and cognitive-motor (executive function test, 1-back decision making) performance assessments on the SKILLCOURT. Cognitive-motor tests included lower limb responses in a standing position to increase the ecological validity when compared to computer-based tests. Test results were compared to established motor and agility tests (countermovement jump, 10 m linear sprint, T-agility tests) as well as computer-based cognitive assessments (choice-reaction, Go-NoGo, task switching, memory span). Correlation and multiple regression analyses quantified the relation between SKILLCOURT performance and motor and cognitive outcomes. Results Star Run and Random Star Run tests were best predicted by linear sprint (r = 0.68, p < 0.001) and T-agility performance (r = 0.77, p < 0.001), respectively. The executive function test performance was well explained by computer-based assessments on choice reaction speed and cognitive flexibility (r = 0.64, p < 0.001). The 1-back test on the SKILLCOURT revealed moderate but significant correlations with the computer-based assessments (r = 0.47, p = 0.007). Conclusion The results support the validity of the SKILLCOURT technology for agility and cognitive assessments in more ecologically valid cognitive-motor tasks. This technology provides a promising alternative to existing performance assessment tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorben Hülsdünker
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, LUNEX International University of Health, Exercise and Sports, Differdange, Luxembourg
- Luxembourg Health & Sport Sciences Research Institute (LHSSRI), Differdange, Luxembourg
| | - David Friebe
- Division of Preventive and Sports Medicine, Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Florian Giesche
- Division of Preventive and Sports Medicine, Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lutz Vogt
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Florian Pfab
- Medical Department Eintracht Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Winfried Banzer
- Division of Preventive and Sports Medicine, Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Medical Department Eintracht Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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Bonder IJ, Shim AL. In-Season Training Model for National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics Female Basketball Players Using “Microdosed” Programming. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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A Systematic Review on Fitness Testing in Adult Male Basketball Players: Tests Adopted, Characteristics Reported and Recommendations for Practice. Sports Med 2022; 52:1491-1532. [PMID: 35119683 PMCID: PMC9213321 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01626-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background As basketball match-play requires players to possess a wide range of physical characteristics, many tests have been introduced in the literature to identify talent and quantify fitness in various samples of players. However, a synthesis of the literature to identify the most frequently used tests, outcome variables, and normative values for basketball-related physical characteristics in adult male basketball players is yet to be conducted. Objective The primary objectives of this systematic review are to (1) identify tests and outcome variables used to assess physical characteristics in adult male basketball players across all competition levels, (2) report a summary of anthropometric, muscular power, linear speed, change-of-direction speed, agility, strength, anaerobic capacity, and aerobic capacity in adult male basketball players based on playing position and competition level, and (3) introduce a framework outlining recommended testing approaches to quantify physical characteristics in adult male basketball players. Methods A systematic review of MEDLINE, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, and Web of Science was performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to identify relevant studies. To be eligible for inclusion, studies were required to: (1) be original research articles; (2) be published in a peer-reviewed journal; (3) have full-text versions available in the English language; and (4) include the primary aim of reporting tests used and/or the physical characteristics of adult (i.e., ≥ 18 years of age) male basketball players. Additionally, data from the top 10 draft picks who participated in the National Basketball Association combined from 2011–12 to 2020–21 were extracted from the official league website to highlight the physical characteristics of elite 19- to 24-year-old basketball players. Results A total of 1684 studies were identified, with 375 being duplicates. Consequently, the titles and abstracts of 1309 studies were screened and 231 studies were eligible for full-text review. The reference list of each study was searched, with a further 59 studies identified as eligible for review. After full-text screening, 137 studies identified tests, while 114 studies reported physical characteristics in adult male basketball players. Conclusions Physical characteristics reported indicate a wide range of abilities are present across playing competitions. The tests and outcome variables reported in the literature highlight the multitude of tests currently being used. Because there are no accepted international standards for physical assessment of basketball players, establishing normative data is challenging. Therefore, future testing should involve repeatable protocols that are standardised and provide outcomes that can be monitored across time. Recommendations for testing batteries in adult male basketball players are provided so improved interpretation of data can occur. Clinical Trial Registration This review was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews and allocated registration number CRD42020187151 on 28 April, 2020. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40279-021-01626-3.
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Popowczak M, Cichy I, Rokita A, Domaradzki J. The Relationship Between Reactive Agility and Change of Direction Speed in Professional Female Basketball and Handball Players. Front Psychol 2021; 12:708771. [PMID: 34659023 PMCID: PMC8514623 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.708771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing the physical ability of players to perform change of direction and the cognitive and motor abilities revealed in reactive agility (RA) is necessary to understand the physical requirements and capabilities of professional players in handball and basketball. The main aim of this study was to determine the differences between professional female basketball and handball players in terms of anthropometric features, change of direction speed (CODS), and the RA task. Moreover, the relationships among anthropometric features, agility, and parameters of perception were determined. Two scenarios of the Five-Time Shuttle Run to Gates test (planned and unplanned) were used to evaluate the CODS and RA. The response time (RT) was also measured in the unplanned scenario. Additionally, the index of reactivity (REAC-INDEX) was specified as the difference between the RA test result and the measurement of CODS. There was a significant difference found in terms of body height, with basketball players being taller than handball players (p = 0.032). Professional female handball players achieved better results than professional female basketball players with regard to RA tasks (p = 0.01) and CODS (p = 0.041). Significant simple correlations between each anthropometric feature (body height, body mass) and values for CODS and RA were observed (r = 0.49-0.53). Applying partial correlation allowed for the assessment of actual relationships among CODS, RA, RT, and REAC-INDEX, without a confounding variable. Detaching the anthropometric parameters from the rest of the relationships resulted in maintenance or changes in r-values and an increased significance in the relationships between each pair: RA vs. RT, RA vs. REAC-INDEX, and RT vs. REAC-INDEX. The strongest associations were related to RT vs. REAC-INDEX (r = 0.97 at detaching body height or body mass, p < 0.001) and CODS vs. RA (r = 0.66 at detaching body height and r = -0.67 at detaching body mass, p < 0.001). It is recommended to use partial correlations in subsequent studies, as simple correlations are not reliable and may not reveal the apparent relationships between the variables. In addition, when determining the CODS and RA, it is suggested to take anthropometric and perception variables into account, such as reaction time or REAC-INDEX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Popowczak
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Cichy
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Rokita
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Domaradzki
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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Barrera-Domínguez FJ, Carmona-Gómez A, Tornero-Quiñones I, Sáez-Padilla J, Sierra-Robles Á, Molina-López J. Influence of Dynamic Balance on Jumping-Based Asymmetries in Team Sport: A between-Sports Comparison in Basketball and Handball Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041866. [PMID: 33672951 PMCID: PMC7917681 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to analyze mobility, dynamic balance and lower-limb strength and the prevalence of asymmetry according to the type of sport and assess the association between inter-limb asymmetry and sports performance. A total of 23 basketball and 25 handball players performed a test battery consisting of functional movements and a jump test. Inter-limb asymmetry was calculated using a standard percentage difference equation. A between-groups comparison analysis was carried out, and Pearson’s correlation coefficients (r) were calculated to establish a relationship between asymmetries and physical performance. The results found athletes in different sports to exhibit different performance in functional movements and the jump test, but no bilateral asymmetries. The reactive strength index (RSI) and stiffness asymmetries were significantly associated with the anterior reach Y-balance test (YBT) (r = −0.412; p < 0.01 and r = −0.359; p < 0.05, respectively), and the unilateral triple hop test (THTU) was negatively correlated to anterior reach, posterior lateral reach YBT and YBT composite YBT (r = −0.341 to −0.377; p < 0.05). These findings suggest that the asymmetries exhibited important dispersion not dependent upon the type of sport but on each individual and the applied test. In addition, asymmetry in anterior direction YBT showed the strongest association to the rest of the sports performance variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Barrera-Domínguez
- Faculty of Education, Psychology and Sport Sciences, University of Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain; (F.J.B.-D.); (A.C.-G.); (I.T.-Q.); (J.S.-P.); (Á.S.-R.)
| | - Antonio Carmona-Gómez
- Faculty of Education, Psychology and Sport Sciences, University of Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain; (F.J.B.-D.); (A.C.-G.); (I.T.-Q.); (J.S.-P.); (Á.S.-R.)
| | - Inmaculada Tornero-Quiñones
- Faculty of Education, Psychology and Sport Sciences, University of Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain; (F.J.B.-D.); (A.C.-G.); (I.T.-Q.); (J.S.-P.); (Á.S.-R.)
| | - Jesús Sáez-Padilla
- Faculty of Education, Psychology and Sport Sciences, University of Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain; (F.J.B.-D.); (A.C.-G.); (I.T.-Q.); (J.S.-P.); (Á.S.-R.)
| | - Ángela Sierra-Robles
- Faculty of Education, Psychology and Sport Sciences, University of Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain; (F.J.B.-D.); (A.C.-G.); (I.T.-Q.); (J.S.-P.); (Á.S.-R.)
| | - Jorge Molina-López
- Faculty of Education, Psychology and Sport Sciences, University of Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain; (F.J.B.-D.); (A.C.-G.); (I.T.-Q.); (J.S.-P.); (Á.S.-R.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Centre, Health Sciences Technological Park, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence:
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