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Schiemann S, Keiner M, Wirth K, Lohmann LH, Wagner CM, Behm DG, Warneke K. The magnitude of correlation between deadlift 1RM and jumping performance is sports dependent. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1345213. [PMID: 38299024 PMCID: PMC10825955 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1345213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Based on the assumption of maximal strength as a basic ability, several studies show a high influence of maximum strength on jumping performance in several sport athletes. However, there is a wide range of correlations from r = 0.17-0.9 between squat 1RM and jumping performance in different sports. Additionally, there are only a few studies investigating the influence of deadlift one repetition maximum (1RM) on jumping performance. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the correlations between 1RM in the deadlift on jumping performance using the countermovement jump height (CMJ) and squat jump height (SJ) considering different sports. Methods 103 athletes with experience in the deadlift from soccer, basketball, American football, powerlifting as well as participants from different sports without any deadlift experience (control group) were included to this study. Results Overall statistics showed a significant moderate influence of deadlift 1RM (r = 0.301-0.472) on jumping performance. However, subgroup analysis showed no significant correlation between deadlift 1RM and jumping performance in control participants, while moderate correlations could be detected in powerlifters (r = 0.34-0.39), soccer players (r = 0.437-0.46), American football players (0.584-0.62) and high correlations in basketball players (r = 0.809-0.848) showing significant influence of type of sport on correlations between deadlift maximum strength and jumping performance. Discussion Presented results underline movement velocity- and task specificity of strength training routines which is discussed in the light of the respective sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Schiemann
- Insitute of Exercise, Sport and Health, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Michael Keiner
- Department for Sport Science, German University of Health and Sport, Ismaning, Germany
| | - Klaus Wirth
- Department for Sport Science, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Lars H. Lohmann
- Institute of Movement Science and Exercise Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | - David G. Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Konstantin Warneke
- Institute of Sport Science, Alpen-Adria University Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, Austria
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Rios M, Fernandes RJ, Cardoso R, Monteiro AS, Cardoso F, Fernandes A, Silva G, Fonseca P, Vilas-Boas JP, Silva JA. Physical Fitness Profile of High-Level Female Portuguese Handball Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20095751. [PMID: 37174268 PMCID: PMC10178563 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20095751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We characterized the physical and physiological profiles of high-level female Portuguese handball players and examined the relationships between their anthropometric characteristics, general motor performance and cardiopulmonary fitness. Twenty-four high-level female handball players with an average age of 23.6 ± 5.5 years, height of 173.6 ± 5.1 cm and body mass of 72.6 ± 9.1 kg volunteered to participate. A Pearson correlation test was used to assess the relationship between variables. Direct relationships were observed between the players' height and arm span (r = 0.741), as well as between their squat jump and countermovement jump performances with regard to body mass (r = 0.448 and 0.496, respectively). The 9 m jump shot has a large relationship with the 7 m standing throw (r = 0.786) and between left hand dynamometry and body mass index (r = 0.595). The 30 m sprint has a relationship with the 7 m standing throw (r = -0.526) and the 9 m jump throw (r = -0.551). Oxygen uptake has a relationship with the players' height (r = -0.482) and time limit (r = 0.513), while the fitness index has a relation to the players' height (r = -0.488) and arm span (r = -0.422). Our results should be considered when using physical testing to plan optimal physical training regimens in elite team handball.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoel Rios
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J Fernandes
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Cardoso
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Monteiro
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipa Cardoso
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Aléxia Fernandes
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Silva
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Fonseca
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Vilas-Boas
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - José António Silva
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
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Warneke K, Wagner CM, Keiner M, Hillebrecht M, Schiemann S, Behm DG, Wallot S, Wirth K. Maximal strength measurement: A critical evaluation of common methods-a narrative review. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1105201. [PMID: 36873661 PMCID: PMC9981657 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1105201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Measuring maximal strength (MSt) is a very common performance diagnoses, especially in elite and competitive sports. The most popular procedure in test batteries is to test the one repetition maximum (1RM). Since testing maximum dynamic strength is very time consuming, it often suggested to use isometric testing conditions instead. This suggestion is based on the assumption that the high Pearson correlation coefficients of r ≥ 0.7 between isometric and dynamic conditions indicate that both tests would provide similar measures of MSt. However, calculating r provides information about the relationship between two parameters, but does not provide any statement about the agreement or concordance of two testing procedures. Hence, to assess replaceability, the concordance correlation coefficient (ρ c) and the Bland-Altman analysis including the mean absolute error (MAE) and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) seem to be more appropriate. Therefore, an exemplary model based on r = 0.55 showed ρ c = 0.53, A MAE of 413.58 N and a MAPE = 23.6% with a range of -1,000-800 N within 95% Confidence interval (95%CI), while r = 0.7 and 0.92 showed ρ c = 0.68 with a MAE = 304.51N/MAPE = 17.4% with a range of -750 N-600 N within a 95% CI and ρ c = 0.9 with a MAE = 139.99/MAPE = 7.1% with a range of -200-450 N within a 95% CI, respectively. This model illustrates the limited validity of correlation coefficients to evaluate the replaceability of two testing procedures. Interpretation and classification of ρ c, MAE and MAPE seem to depend on expected changes of the measured parameter. A MAPE of about 17% between two testing procedures can be assumed to be intolerably high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Warneke
- Department for Exercise, Sport and Health, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. Johns, NL, Canada
| | - Carl-Maximilian Wagner
- Department of Training Science, German University of Health and Sport, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Michael Keiner
- Department of Training Science, German University of Health and Sport, Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hillebrecht
- University Sports Center, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Schiemann
- Department for Exercise, Sport and Health, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - David George Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. Johns, NL, Canada
| | | | - Klaus Wirth
- Faculty of Training and Sports Science, University of Applied Science Wiener Neustadt, Vienna, Austria
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Guimarães E, Baxter-Jones ADG, Williams AM, Tavares F, Janeira MA, Maia J. The effects of body size and training environment on the physical performance of adolescent basketball players: the INEX study. Ann Hum Biol 2023; 50:26-34. [PMID: 36650927 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2023.2169759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although adolescent basketballers differ in body size, shape, and composition, less is known about how these factors interact during physical development. AIM We used ontogenetic allometry to identify the optimal body size and shape characteristics associated with physical performance in adolescent basketball players, and investigated the effects of training experience, training volume, maturity status, and club characteristics on physical performance development. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Two hundred and sixty-four male basketballers, from five age-cohorts (11-15 years of age), were followed consecutively over three years. Three physical performance components, anthropometrics, training information, and biological maturation were assessed bi-annually. Longitudinal multiplicative allometric models were developed. RESULTS Players with a physique that had a dominant ectomorphic component performed better in all physical performance components. When adjusting for confounders other than size, the development of running speed was independent of body size. Players advanced in maturation were physically fitter. Training data had no significant effect on developmental trajectories of running speed or lower body explosive strength. Club characteristics had no significant association with any physical performance trajectories. CONCLUSION Leaner players have advantages in physical performance and individual characteristics play an important role, over and beyond club structure, in developing physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Guimarães
- Faculty of Sport, Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - A Mark Williams
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Fernando Tavares
- Faculty of Sport, Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel A Janeira
- Faculty of Sport, Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Maia
- Faculty of Sport, Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Kurihara T, Terada M, Numasawa S, Kusagawa Y, Maeo S, Kanehisa H, Isaka T. Effects of age and sex on association between toe muscular strength and vertical jump performance in adolescent populations. PLoS One 2022; 16:e0262100. [PMID: 34972181 PMCID: PMC8719687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Toe muscular strength plays an important role in enhancing athletic performance because the forefoot is the only part of the body touching the ground. In general, muscular strength increases with age throughout adolescence, and sex-related difference in muscular strength becomes evident during childhood and adolescence. However, toe muscular strength is known to be levelled off after late adolescence in both sexes. For adolescent populations, therefore, the association of toe muscular strength with physical performance might differ with age and/or sex. This study aimed to investigate differences in relationships between toe muscular strength and vertical jump performance across sex and age in adolescent populations. The maximum isometric strength of the toe muscles and vertical jump height (VJ) were assessed in 479 junior high school students (JH) aged 12–14 years (243 boys and 236 girls) and 465 high school students (HS) aged 15–18 years (265 boys and 200 girls). Two types of measurements were performed to evaluate the toe muscular strength: toe gripping strength (TGS) with the metatarsophalangeal joint in the plantar flexed position and toe push strength (TPS) with the metatarsophalangeal joint in the dorsiflexed position. TGS and TPS were normalized to body weight. Two-way ANOVA showed that TGS had significant main effects of sex (boys > girls) and age (HS > JH) while TPS only had a significant main effect of sex (boys > girls). When the effects of sex and age were separately analyzed, VJ was significantly correlated with TGS in JH girls, HS girls, and JH boys (r = 0.253–0.269, p < 0.05), but not in HS boys (r = 0.062, p = 0.3351). These results suggest that toe muscular strength is relatively weakly associated with vertical jump performance in adolescent boys and girls, but the association would not be established in high school boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Kurihara
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Masafumi Terada
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Shun Numasawa
- Medical Committee of Osaka Basketball Association, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Kusagawa
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Sumiaki Maeo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kanehisa
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tadao Isaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
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de Almeida-Neto PF, Oliveira VMM, de Matos DG, dos Santos ÍK, Baxter-Jones A, Pinto VCM, de Macêdo Cesário T, Aidar FJ, Silva Dantas PM, Cabral BGDAT. Factors related to lower limb performance in children and adolescents aged 7 to 17 years: A systematic review with meta-analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258144. [PMID: 34614024 PMCID: PMC8494314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The literature identifies several factors that are associated with lower limb performance (LLP). However, there is little consensus on which factors have the major associations with LLP. OBJECTIVE Examine, analyze and summarize the scientific evidence on the factors associated with the performance of LLP in children and adolescents of both sexes aged between 7 and 17 years. DESIGN This systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement and was registered in PROSPERO. DATA SOURCES A systematic literature search of five electronic databases (i.e., SPORTDiscus, PubMed, CINAHL, Google Scholar, and SCOPUS) with date restrictions was conducted (2010 to 2021). ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES Eligibility criteria included (i) a study published between 2010 and 2021; (ii) a research study with observational design; (iii) a study analyzing LLP; and (iv) a sample composed of young people between 7 and 17 years old (regardless of sex). ANALYSES Literature analysis was carried out in English and Portuguese between 2018 and 2021, "blindly" by two researchers. For data sorting, Rayyan® was used. Data extraction and evidence analysis were performed "blindly", using the Loney scale. The minimum items for observational studies were analyzed by the STROBE checklist. Meta-analyses were conducted based on age group (Childhood [7 to 11 Yrs] and Adolescence [12 to 17 Yrs]) and puberty stages (i.e., Prepupertal and Pubertal). The heterogeneity between the samples of the studies was assessed using the "Cochran's Q" and "I^2" statistics. Meta-regression analyses were performed to check the factors related to heterogeneity of the studies and to check the associations between chronological age and LLP. RESULTS The literature search resulted in 1,109,650 observational studies of which 39 were included in this review. Through Meta-analysis and Meta-regressions, it was possible to indicate that advancing chronological age related to increased LLP (p<0.01), and that in relation to puberty stages pubertal subjects had higher LLP than their pre-pubertal peers (p<0.01). DISCUSSION The main findings of the present systematic review suggest that as chronological age advances (childhood to adolescence), neuromuscular systems mature and this may be due to advancing puberty, which is also associated with an increase in LLP. CONCLUSION The factors associated with lower limbs performance are still inconsistent in the literature. However, advancing chronological age and stage of puberty are both associated with increased lower limbs performance. TRIAL REGISTRATION ID-PROSPERO-CRD42020137925.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Francisco de Almeida-Neto
- Health Sciences Center, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, DEF-UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | | | - Dihogo Gama de Matos
- Cardiovascular & Physiology of Exercise Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Ísis Kelly dos Santos
- Health Sciences Center, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, DEF-UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil
- Post Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Adam Baxter-Jones
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Vanessa Carla Monteiro Pinto
- Health Sciences Center, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, DEF-UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Tatianny de Macêdo Cesário
- Health Sciences Center, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, DEF-UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Felipe J. Aidar
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, UFS, São Cristovão, SE, Brazil
| | - Paulo Moreira Silva Dantas
- Health Sciences Center, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, DEF-UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil
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Guimarães E, Baxter-Jones ADG, Williams AM, Tavares F, Janeira MA, Maia J. Modelling the dynamics of change in the technical skills of young basketball players: The INEX study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257767. [PMID: 34551025 PMCID: PMC8457466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although technical skills are a prerequisite for success in basketball, little is known about how they develop over time. In this study, we model the trajectories of technical skill development in young basketball players and investigate the effects of training experience, training volume, body composition, maturity status, physical performance, and club characteristics on skill development. A total of 264 male basketballers from five age-cohorts (11 to 15 years of age) were followed consecutively over three years using a mixed-longitudinal design. Technical skills, training experience and volume, basic anthropometrics, body composition, biological maturation and physical performance were assessed bi-annually. A multilevel hierarchical linear model was used for trajectory analysis. Non-linear trends (p < 0.01) were observed in speed shot shooting, control dribble, defensive movement, slalom sprint, and slalom dribble. Being more experienced and physically fitter had a significant (p < 0.05) positive effect on technical skill development; greater fat-free mass negatively affected skills demanding quick running and rapid changes of direction with or without the ball (p < 0.05). Training volume and biological age did not explain differences in technical skill development (p > 0.05). Moreover, belonging to different clubs had no significant influence on the technical skills trajectories of players. Our findings highlight the important role that individual differences play, over and beyond club structure, in developing skills. Findings improve our understanding on how technical skills develop during adolescence through training, growth, and biological maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Guimarães
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - A Mark Williams
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Fernando Tavares
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel A Janeira
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Maia
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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de Assis Lauria A, Ribeiro Junior DB, Bredt SDGT, Werneck FZ. Physical-motor indicators and specific skills of young basketball players after periodization training. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CINEANTROPOMETRIA E DESEMPENHO HUMANO 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-0037.2021v23e82862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
abstract Basketball is a team sport with short, high intensity movement patterns and rapid and frequent changes of direction. Strength, agility and speed, in addition to specific technical skills, are essential for basketball athletes to achieve good performance. This study aims to verify the effect of a traditional periodization on physical-motor indicators and on specific technical skills in young basketball players. Nineteen young basketball players (15.4 ± 1.3 years), with at least 12 months of training experience, underwent a 5-month periodization. We assessed two physical-motor indicators (countermovement jump (CMJ) and anaerobic capacity (Line Drill)) and two specific technical skills (Dribbling and Shooting) at the PRE and POST training moments. Paired Student's t test was used to test the effect of training on physical-motor variables and technical skills. We calculated the 95% confidence interval of the average relative gain (Δ%) for each variable and analyzed the effect size through Cohen's d (p≤ 0.05). Significant differences were found between the PRE and POST moments in the CMJ (34.02 vs. 38.64 cm; p <0.001), in the Line-Drill (33.20 vs. 31.73 s; p <0.001), Dribbling (6.95 vs. 6.66 s; p <0.001), and Shooting (15.84 vs. 17.95 pts; p <0.001). Young school-level basketball players submitted to a 5-month training period were able to improve their physical-motor indicators and specific skills.
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