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Berry KA, Choquette EM, Looby A, Rancourt D. Unification of the food and alcohol disturbance literature: A systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2024; 113:102486. [PMID: 39168054 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Food and alcohol disturbance (FAD) reflects the functional relationship between disordered eating and alcohol use. There are two motivations underlying FAD - to enhance the effects of alcohol and/or to compensate for alcohol-related calories. Yet, most FAD studies have failed to adequately measure the motives underlying these behaviors, leading to inconsistent and imprecise findings. The aim of the current systematic review was to thematically consolidate FAD research findings by motive, identify limitations of the existing literature, and highlight next steps for FAD researchers. Eighty-one publications, presenting data from 38,536 participants, were included in the current review. Prevalence rates for the caloric compensation and alcohol enhancement motives range from 5.6% - 88.7% and 4.7% - 81.7%, respectively. Alcohol use and disordered eating were the primary correlates of FAD for both motives, and alcohol-related consequences were positively associated with both FAD motives cross-sectionally. Major limitations of the literature include inconsistent operationalization and imprecise measurement of FAD. Primary recommendations include adopting the terminology of and operationalization of FAD presented here, ensuring attention to FAD motive in developing and testing research questions, and moving beyond cross-sectional studies. Findings from this review can be used to contribute to more rigorous and unified FAD research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alison Looby
- Department of Psychology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA.
| | - Diana Rancourt
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
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Gerges S, Hallit S, Malaeb D, Laghi F, Obeid S. Drunkorexia Among a Sample of Lebanese Adults: The Role of Early Maladaptive Schemas. Psychol Rep 2024; 127:1175-1200. [PMID: 36321443 DOI: 10.1177/00332941221137242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Background: Drunkorexia is a food and alcohol disturbance described as being a range of disordered and compensatory eating behaviors that co-occur with excessive alcohol consumption. The remarkable correlation, highlighted in the literature, between dysfunctional cognitions and both eating disorders and substance use disorders is able to emphasize that cognitive phenomena can be an intrapersonal factor linked to drunkorexia disorder. The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) and drunkorexia among a sample of Lebanese adults.Method: We conducted a cross-sectional study across all the Lebanese governorates (September-December 2020; N = 258). The Drunkorexia Motives and Behaviors Scales, Drunkorexia Fails Scale, Drunkorexia during an Alcohol Consumption Event Scale, and Post-Drinking Compensation Scale were used to assess drunkorexia, whereas the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form three was used to measure EMSs.Results: Emotional deprivation and subjugation were significantly associated with more drunkorexia motives, whereas emotional inhibition was significantly associated with less drunkorexia motives. Failure was significantly associated with more drunkorexia behaviors. Abandonment and mistrust were significantly associated with more drunkorexia fails, whereas unrelenting standards was significantly associated with less drunkorexia fails. Subjugation was significantly associated with more drunkorexia during alcohol consumption on events. Social isolation was significantly associated with more post-drinking compensation, whereas unrelenting standards was significantly associated with less post-drinking compensation.Conclusion: Our findings showed that drunkorexia is positively associated with EMSs, delineating as well the specific relationships between dysfunctional cognitive schemas and drunkorexia's maladaptive behavioral aspects. They support the hypothesis that EMSs might play an important role in drunkorexia's development and perpetuation. This study could therefore serve healthcare professionals for the cognitive approach of patients with concomitant alcohol misuse and eating disorders while emphasizing the value of cognitive-behavioral interventions-namely schema therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Gerges
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, Lebanon
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon
| | - Diana Malaeb
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
- College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fiorenzo Laghi
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sahar Obeid
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Social and Education Sciences Department, Lebanese American University, Jbeil, Lebanon
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Kanj G, Hallit S, Obeid S. The relationship between childhood emotional abuse and borderline personality disorder: the mediating role of difficulties in emotion regulation among Lebanese adults. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul 2023; 10:34. [PMID: 37986013 PMCID: PMC10662025 DOI: 10.1186/s40479-023-00241-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study investigates the mediating effect of difficulties in emotion regulation in the association between childhood emotional abuse and Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) among Lebanese adults. METHOD This cross-sectional study, involving 411 participants, was conducted between March and August 2022. Lebanese individuals from all governorates of the country were recruited using the Snowball Sampling technique. Three self-report scales were utilized to complete this research; the 'Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-Brief Version (DERS-16)' which evaluates the difficulties in emotion regulation of individuals, the 'Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF)' which grants a subjective evaluation of the general childhood environment of the participants, as well as the 'Borderline Personality Questionnaire (BPQ)' which measures Borderline Personality Disorder traits, that demonstrate significant convergence with the disorder. RESULTS The results indicate that DERS-16 played an indirect effect role between childhood emotional abuse scores and Borderline Personality Disorder. Higher emotional abuse scores were significantly associated with higher DERS-16 scores, which in turn was significantly associated with higher BPQ scores. Moreover, childhood emotional abuse was directly associated with higher BPQ scores. CONCLUSION This work suggests that, among the different forms of childhood abuse, emotional abuse may have a role in the development of Borderline Personality Disorder. Training on emotion regulation strategies would potentially benefit individuals in preventing BPD development and facilitating therapeutic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelle Kanj
- School of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon.
- Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan.
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon.
| | - Sahar Obeid
- Social and Education Sciences Department, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Jbeil, Lebanon
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Herchenroeder L, Speed S, Ward RM, Yeung EW. Sexual minority status and food and alcohol disturbance among college students: The moderating role of body esteem. Eat Behav 2023; 49:101745. [PMID: 37235994 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2023.101745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Food and alcohol disturbance (FAD; restricting caloric intake before, during, or after drinking to either offset calories or to increase intoxication) is common among college students and poses a threat to students' health. In conjunction, sexual minority (SM; i.e., not exclusively heterosexual) college students may be at increased risk of engaging in alcohol misuse and disordered eating compared to their heterosexual peers due to exposure to minority stress. However, little research has examined whether engagement in FAD differs by SM status. Body esteem (BE) is an important resilience factor among SMs that may influence SM students' risk of participating in FAD. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to understand the association between SM status and FAD with additional interest in BE as a moderating factor. Participants were 459 college students who engaged in past 30-day binge drinking. Most participants identified as White (66.7 %), female (78.4 %), heterosexual (69.3 %), with a mean age of 19.60 (SD = 1.54) years. Participants completed two surveys (3 weeks apart) over the course of an academic semester. Analyses revealed a significant interaction between SM status and BE, such that SMs with lower BE (T1) reported more engagement in FAD-intoxication (T2), whereas SMs with higher BE (T1) reported less engagement in FAD-calories (T2) and FAD-intoxication (T2) than their heterosexual peers. Stressors associated with body esteem may contribute to increased FAD engagement among SM students. Consequently, BE may be an especially important target for interventions aimed at reducing FAD among SM college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Herchenroeder
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, George Washington University, United States of America.
| | - Shannon Speed
- NIH IRP, NIDA/NIAAA, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch Lab, Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, United States of America
| | | | - Ellen W Yeung
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, George Washington University, United States of America
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Di Tata D, Bianchi D, Pompili S, Laghi F. The Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Alcohol Abuse and Drunkorexia Behaviors in Young Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3466. [PMID: 36834161 PMCID: PMC9967230 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak negatively affected young adults' psychological well-being, increasing their stress levels and symptoms of anxiety and depression, and potentially triggering health-risk behaviors. The present study was aimed at investigating the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on alcohol abuse and drunkorexia behaviors among young adults living in Italy. Participants were 370 emerging adults (63% women, 37% men; Mage = 21.00, SDage = 2.96, range: 18-30) who were recruited through an online survey between November 2021 and March 2022. Participants completed measures of alcohol abuse, drunkorexia behaviors, negative life experiences, and post-traumatic symptoms related to the COVID-19 outbreak. The results showed that the emotional impact and negative life experiences associated with the pandemic predicted both alcohol abuse and drunkorexia behaviors, albeit in different ways. Specifically, the number of negative life experiences during the pandemic and the tendency to avoid COVID-19-related negative thoughts positively predicted alcohol abuse; and the presence of intrusive thoughts associated with the pandemic significantly predicted the frequency of drunkorexia behaviors. Implications for research and clinical practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Di Tata
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Validation of a shortened version of the Eating Attitude Test (EAT-7) in the Arabic language. J Eat Disord 2022; 10:127. [PMID: 36028891 PMCID: PMC9412802 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-022-00651-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eating disorders are quite common around the world, disabling, and potentially lethal; but they remain so far under-captured and subject to substantial delays in treatment. We propose through this study to develop and validate a shortened version of the Eating Attitude Test (EAT) in the Arabic language among non-clinical Arabic-speaking Lebanese participants from the general population. METHODS 1175 participants enrolled in this cross-sectional study, based on an online survey. The Eating Attitude Test-26 items, Drunkorexia Motives and Behaviors Scales and Lebanese Anxiety Scale were used to answer our objectives. RESULTS Our results confirmed validity and reliability of the questionnaire. Exploratory Factor Analyses showed that all items converged over a one-factor solution, with an excellent Cronbach's alpha (> 0.9). Confirmatory Factor Analyses found that the 7-item-version yielded excellent model fit. The instrument also revealed strong evidence of divergent validity, being highly correlated with measures of anxiety and drunkorexia motives and behaviors. DISCUSSION Findings provided evidence supporting that the Arabic seven-item one-factor structure of the scale (EAT-7) is valid, reliable, and can be used in clinical practice, preventive interventions and future eating disorders research in Arab settings.
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Azzi V, Bianchi D, Pompili S, Laghi F, Gerges S, Akel M, Malaeb D, Obeid S, Hallit S. Emotion regulation and drunkorexia behaviors among Lebanese adults: the indirect effects of positive and negative metacognition. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:391. [PMID: 35689196 PMCID: PMC9185707 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although metacognition processes are a core feature of restrictive eating and alcohol cravings and entail an individual to control both of his/her emotions and thoughts, yet, to our knowledge, a scarcity of research has examined their potential role in drunkorexia as cognitive and emotional predictors. The following study investigates the different associations between two emotion regulation strategies (i.e. emotional suppression and cognitive reappraisal) and drunkorexia behaviors in a sample of Lebanese adults, exploring the possible indirect effects of positive and negative alcohol-related metacognitions. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study that enrolled 335 participants (March-July 2021). RESULTS Higher problematic alcohol use (beta = 5.56), higher physical activity index (beta = 0.08), higher expressive suppression (beta = 0.23), higher negative metacognitive beliefs about cognitive harm due to drinking (beta = 0.75) and higher cognitive reappraisal (beta = 0.20) were significantly associated with more drunkorexic behaviors. The positive metacognitive beliefs about cognitive self-regulation significantly mediated the association between cognitive reappraisal and drunkorexia behaviors. Both the positive metacognitive beliefs about cognitive self-regulation and the negative metacognitive beliefs about the uncontrollability of drinking significantly mediated the association between expressive suppression and drunkorexia behaviors. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that emotional and metacognitive processes are associated with drunkorexia, addressing as well the mediating effect between deficient emotional regulation and risky behavioral patterns. Overall, our results would speculate that the lack of emotional and cognitive assets might enhance internal distress perceived out of control, leading individuals to indulge in maladaptive behavioral patterns for managing the underlying impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Azzi
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O.Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Dora Bianchi
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Pompili
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Laghi
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sarah Gerges
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O.Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Marwan Akel
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Diana Malaeb
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
- School of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sahar Obeid
- Social and Education Sciences Department, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Jbeil, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O.Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon.
- Psychology Department, College of Humanities, Effat University, Jeddah, 21478, Saudi Arabia.
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, P.O. Box 60096, Jal Eddib, Lebanon.
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Drunkorexia behaviors and motives, eating attitudes and mental health in Lebanese alcohol drinkers: a path analysis model. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:1787-1797. [PMID: 34713408 PMCID: PMC8553592 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-021-01321-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drunkorexia refers to limited intake of high-calorie food to avert gaining weight and the need to increase in alcohol excessive consumption. The present study aimed to check for an association between depression, anxiety, and stress with drunkorexia behaviors/motives among Lebanese adults, while evaluating the mediating role of inappropriate eating attitude in those associations. METHODS Two hundred and fifty-eight participants enrolled in this cross-sectional study, who filled an online survey (September-December 2020). RESULTS Drunkorexia behaviors were considered as the dependent variable; the path coefficients from stress to anxiety, from anxiety to eating attitudes, from eating attitudes to drunkorexia behaviors and from anxiety to drunkorexia behaviors were all significant. The indirect relationships showed that eating attitudes mediated the association between anxiety and drunkorexia behaviors. When taking the drunkorexia motives as the dependent variable, the path coefficients from stress to anxiety, from anxiety to eating attitudes, from eating attitudes to drunkorexia motives, and from anxiety to drunkorexia motives were all significant. The indirect relationships showed that eating attitudes mediated the association between anxiety and drunkorexia motives. CONCLUSION This study highlighted that individuals with more psychological problems (depression, anxiety, and stress) and inappropriate eating habits exhibit more drunkorexic motivations and behaviors. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, Cross-sectional study.
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Khalil J, Boutros S, Kheir N, Kassem M, Salameh P, Sacre H, Akel M, Obeid S, Hallit S. Eating disorders and their relationship with menopausal phases among a sample of middle-aged Lebanese women. BMC Womens Health 2022; 22:153. [PMID: 35538474 PMCID: PMC9092875 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-01738-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of our study was to evaluate the association between the transition to menopause, body dissatisfaction, and abnormal eating habits (restrained eating, binge eating, and orthorexia nervosa) in a sample of middle-aged Lebanese women. METHODS A cross-sectional study conducted between July 2019 and January 2020 enrolled 1001 women aged 40 years and above from all Lebanese governorates. Data were collected by face-to-face interviews with all participants. The Body dissatisfaction subscale of the Eating Disorder Inventory‑second version was used to assess body dissatisfaction, whereas the Binge Eating Scale, Dutch Restrained Eating Scale, ORTO-15, Dusseldorf Orthorexia Scale (DOS), and Teruel Orthorexia Scale (TOS) were used to assess eating disorders (binge eating, restrained eating and orthorexia nervosa respectively. Multivariable analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used to compare multiple measures among the three menopausal phases, after adjustment over potential confounding variables (age, monthly income, body mass index, marital status, education level, and body dissatisfaction). RESULTS Postmenopause was significantly associated with more orthorexia nervosa tendencies (lower ORTO-15 scores) than premenopause (β = - 1.87; p = 0.022). Perimenopause was associated with more binge eating (β = 1.56; p = 0.031), and less orthorexia nervosa (as measured by the DOS) than premenopause, with this association tending to significance (β = - 1.10; p = 0.051). Furthermore, higher body dissatisfaction was significantly associated with higher restrained eating (β = 0.02; p < 0.001), binge eating (β = 0.48; p < 0.001), and orthorexia nervosa as measured by ORTO-15 (β = - 0.17; p < 0.001) and TOS (β = 0.08; p = 0.002), but not DOS. CONCLUSION Our study showed that menopausal stages are associated with some disordered eating behaviors (binge eating and orthorexia nervosa) among middle-aged women. Those results may serve as a first step towards spreading awareness among women within this age group regarding eating attitudes. Moreover, healthcare professionals should screen for the presence of disordered eating during those women's routine visits to the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Khalil
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Sarah Boutros
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Nelly Kheir
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, P.O. Box 60096, Jal Eddib, Lebanon
| | - Maha Kassem
- Faculty of Medicine, New Vision University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Pascale Salameh
- School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
- Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie (INSPECT-LB), Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University of Nicosia Medical School, 2417, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Hadat, Lebanon
| | - Hala Sacre
- Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie (INSPECT-LB), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marwan Akel
- Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie (INSPECT-LB), Beirut, Lebanon
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sahar Obeid
- School of Arts and Sciences, Social and Education Sciences Department, Lebanese American University, Jbeil, Lebanon.
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon.
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, P.O. Box 60096, Jal Eddib, Lebanon.
- Psychology Department, College of Humanities, Effat University, Jeddah, 21478, Saudi Arabia.
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Reivan Ortiz GG, Rivera Tapia CJ, Elizalde Martínez BA, Icaza D. Mediating Mechanisms of Perfectionism: Clinical Comorbidity of OCD and ED. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:908926. [PMID: 35911249 PMCID: PMC9329670 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.908926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and eating disorders (ED) share common causal factors and often represent similar entities. Studies on obsessive-compulsive disorders and eating disorders reveal a significant correlation between maladaptive perfectionism. The objective of this study is to evaluate the predictive variables of perfectionism in patients diagnosed with Anorexia Nervosa (AN), Bulimia Nervosa (BN) and OCD using a structural equation model (SEM). The sample consisted of 187 participants (60.9% women, 39.1% men) with a mean age of 26.68 (SD = 10.97). The findings reveal that the model is the same in all the disorders evaluated, achieving an adequate fit: χ2 = 7.95 (p = 0.000), RMSEA = 0.087 (95% confidence interval: 0.00 to 0.02), CFI = 0.991, TLI = 0.951 and with an overall predictive capacity of around 30% (CD = 0.318). It is recommended that future studies address the subtypes of disorders evaluated using longitudinal designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geovanny Genaro Reivan Ortiz
- Laboratory of Basic Psychology, Behavioral Analysis and Programmatic Development (PAD-LAB), Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | | | | | - Daniel Icaza
- Laboratory of Basic Psychology, Behavioral Analysis and Programmatic Development (PAD-LAB), Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador
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Purkiewicz A, Kamelska-Sadowska AM, Ciborska J, Mikulska J, Pietrzak-Fiećko R. Risk Factors for Eating Disorders and Perception of Body in Young Adults Associated with Sex. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082819. [PMID: 34444979 PMCID: PMC8401797 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The integrated approach to the prevention and treatment of eating disorders (EDs) requires knowledge and can be used only when specific risk factors are known. The aim of this study was to examine the differences in food choices and eating behavior between males and females; (2) Methods: This study comprised 148 females and 27 males aged from 18 to 26-years-old (MEAN ± SD = 21.4 ± 1.86 years old). Information about EDs was obtained from four different measures: the body mass index (BMI), the eating disorder screen for primary care (ESP), a standardized and validated questionnaire called “My Eating Habits” and the food frequency questionnaire with 10 answers (FFQ-10); (3) Results: The risk for developing eating disorders was detected in nearly 67% of respondents. It was also shown that EDs were more common in females and how body weight affected the way individuals feel about themselves. Females showed more unhealthy eating habits, which contributed to dietary restrictions and emotional overeating, as they were also afraid of gaining weight. The frequency of eating meat and drinking alcohol was higher in males, whereas eating legume seeds was less frequent in females. (4) Conclusions: This study opens a new field, which will help health care professionals recognize the problems with eating disorders and treat them based on different sex characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Purkiewicz
- Department of Commodity Sciences and Food Research, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (A.P.); (R.P.-F.)
| | - Anna Malwina Kamelska-Sadowska
- Department of Rehabilitation and Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
- Clinic of Rehabilitation, Provincial Specialist Children’s Hospital in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Joanna Ciborska
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Słoneczna 45 F, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Julia Mikulska
- Cosmetology, Trichology, Dietetics Julia Mikulska, 11-500 Giżycko, Poland;
| | - Renata Pietrzak-Fiećko
- Department of Commodity Sciences and Food Research, Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Plac Cieszyński 1, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (A.P.); (R.P.-F.)
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