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Willeke K, Janson P, Kirchner A, Tischer C, D'Souza A, Heuschmann PU, Zapf A, Wildner M, Stupp C, Keil T. Effects of occupational health promotion interventions on health-related outcomes among employees of small businesses and self-employed individuals: A systematic review. Work 2024:WOR230441. [PMID: 38848153 DOI: 10.3233/wor-230441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compared to workers of larger companies it is less clear what health promoting interventions might be beneficial for employees of small businesses and self-employed individuals. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to critically appraise trials investigating health promotion programs among small business workers and self-employed individuals, by means of a systematic review. METHODS We conducted a search of primary studies using MEDLINE, Web of Science, LIVIVO and the Cochrane library. Our assessment followed the recommendations of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions and PRISMA. RESULTS We identified six trials including 5,854 participants from Asia, North America and Australia. Most were of moderate methodological quality, only one was of low quality. Some of the supervised psycho-educational lifestyle programs focusing on individual behavior changes showed benefits in terms of stress reduction and increased physical activity levels among small enterprise employees. CONCLUSIONS There is a huge knowledge gap on evidence-based health promotion interventions for self-employed and for small business workers, especially in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Willeke
- State Institute of Health I, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Janson
- State Institute of Health I, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Kirchner
- State Institute of Health I, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christina Tischer
- State Institute of Health I, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute of Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arun D'Souza
- State Institute of Health I, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter U Heuschmann
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Clinical Trial Center Würzburg, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Zapf
- Bavarian State Ministry of the Environment and Consumer Protection, Munich, Germany
- Pettenkofer School of Public Health, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Manfred Wildner
- State Institute of Health I, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Erlangen, Germany
- Pettenkofer School of Public Health, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Carolin Stupp
- State Institute of Health I, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Keil
- State Institute of Health I, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Thielmann B, Wagner A, Bozorgmehr A, Rind E, Siegel A, Hippler M, Weltermann B, Degen L, Göbel J, Minder K, Seifried-Dübon T, Junne F, Herrmann-Werner A, Jöckel KH, Schröder V, Pieper C, Eilerts AL, Wittich A, Rieger MA, Böckelmann I. The Predominance of the Health-Promoting Patterns of Work Behavior and Experience in General Practice Teams-Results of the IMPROVE job Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:299. [PMID: 38338184 PMCID: PMC10855740 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12030299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to identify the distribution of the "Work-related behavior and experience patterns" (Arbeitsbezogenes Verhaltens-und Erlebnismuster, AVEM) in general practitioners and their teams by using baseline data of the IMPROVEjob study. Members of 60 general practices with 84 physicians in a leadership position, 28 employed physicians, and 254 practice assistants participated in a survey in 2019 and 2020. In this analysis, we focused on AVEM variables. Age, practice years, work experience, and working time were used as control variables in the Spearman Rho correlations and analysis of variance. The majority of the participants (72.1%) revealed a health-promoting pattern (G or S). Three of eleven AVEM dimensions were above the norm for the professional group "employed physicians". The AVEM dimensions "striving for perfection" (p < 0.001), "experience of success at work" (p < 0.001), "satisfaction with life" (p = 0.003), and "experience of social support" (p = 0.019) differed significantly between the groups' practice owners and practice assistants, with the practice owners achieving the higher values, except for experience of social support. Practice affiliation had no effect on almost all AVEM dimensions. We found a high prevalence of AVEM health-promoting patterns in our sample. Nearly half of the participants in all professional groups showed an unambitious pattern (S). Adapted interventions for the represented AVEM patterns are possible and should be utilized for maintaining mental health among general practice teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Thielmann
- Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine and Health Services Research, University Hospital Tübingen, Wilhelmstr. 27, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; (B.T.); (E.R.); (A.S.); (M.H.); (M.A.R.)
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany;
| | - Anke Wagner
- Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine and Health Services Research, University Hospital Tübingen, Wilhelmstr. 27, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; (B.T.); (E.R.); (A.S.); (M.H.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Arezoo Bozorgmehr
- Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus. 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.B.); (B.W.); (L.D.); (J.G.); (K.M.)
| | - Esther Rind
- Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine and Health Services Research, University Hospital Tübingen, Wilhelmstr. 27, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; (B.T.); (E.R.); (A.S.); (M.H.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Achim Siegel
- Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine and Health Services Research, University Hospital Tübingen, Wilhelmstr. 27, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; (B.T.); (E.R.); (A.S.); (M.H.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Melina Hippler
- Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine and Health Services Research, University Hospital Tübingen, Wilhelmstr. 27, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; (B.T.); (E.R.); (A.S.); (M.H.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Birgitta Weltermann
- Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus. 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.B.); (B.W.); (L.D.); (J.G.); (K.M.)
| | - Lukas Degen
- Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus. 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.B.); (B.W.); (L.D.); (J.G.); (K.M.)
| | - Julian Göbel
- Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus. 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.B.); (B.W.); (L.D.); (J.G.); (K.M.)
| | - Karen Minder
- Institute of General Practice and Family Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus. 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (A.B.); (B.W.); (L.D.); (J.G.); (K.M.)
| | - Tanja Seifried-Dübon
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstr. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (T.S.-D.); (F.J.)
| | - Florian Junne
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstr. 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (T.S.-D.); (F.J.)
| | - Anne Herrmann-Werner
- Tübingen Institute for Medical Education (TIME), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Center for Clinical Trials, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany; (K.-H.J.); (V.S.)
| | - Verena Schröder
- Center for Clinical Trials, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany; (K.-H.J.); (V.S.)
| | - Claudia Pieper
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany; (C.P.)
| | - Anna-Lisa Eilerts
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45122 Essen, Germany; (C.P.)
| | - Andrea Wittich
- Occupational Health Psychology—Research and Consulting, Sternbergstr 19, 72074 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Monika A. Rieger
- Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine and Health Services Research, University Hospital Tübingen, Wilhelmstr. 27, 72074 Tübingen, Germany; (B.T.); (E.R.); (A.S.); (M.H.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Irina Böckelmann
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany;
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Fujii K, Lee S, Katayama O, Makino K, Harada K, Tomida K, Morikawa M, Yamaguchi R, Nishijima C, Misu Y, Shimada H. Difference in employment status and onset of disability among Japanese community-dwelling older adults: a prospective cohort study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2023; 96:1225-1234. [PMID: 37486376 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-023-02000-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This prospective cohort study investigates the relationship between the onset of disability and employment status. METHODS We investigated 3,741 community-dwelling adults aged 70 or older, who participated in a population-based cohort study in Japan. Their onset of disability was monitored monthly using the long-term care insurance certification registration system, for five years from baseline. Based on an employment status questionnaire, we categorized participants into three groups: (1) employee, (2) self-employed, and (3) not working. Covariates included demographic information, medical history, number of medications, educational level, living alone, social group engagement, smoking status, walking speed, instrumental activities of daily living, global cognitive function, and depressive symptoms. Missing values were managed using multiple imputation. Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incident disability risk by employment status. RESULTS The disability incidence rates were 15.3/1,000 (95% CIs: 10.7-22.0) person-years among employees, and 33.0/1000 (95% CIs: 24.4-44.6) and 39.6/1000 (95% CIs: 36.5-43.0) person-years among self-employed and non-working participants, respectively. The adjusted HRs for the onset of disability among non-working and self-employed participants were 1.69 (95% CIs: 1.16-2.46, p = 0.007) and 1.63 (95% CIs: 1.01-2.62, p = 0.044) compared with employees, respectively. Similar results were found among men. Among women, disability onset was not associated with employment status. CONCLUSIONS Older adults' risk of disability onset differed according to their employment status. Older employees had a lower risk of disability onset than those not working or self-employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Fujii
- Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka-Cho, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan.
| | - Sangyoon Lee
- Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka-Cho, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
| | - Osamu Katayama
- Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka-Cho, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keitaro Makino
- Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka-Cho, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Harada
- Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka-Cho, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
| | - Kouki Tomida
- Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka-Cho, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
| | - Masanori Morikawa
- Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka-Cho, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamaguchi
- Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka-Cho, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
| | - Chiharu Nishijima
- Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka-Cho, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
| | - Yuka Misu
- Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka-Cho, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shimada
- Department of Preventive Gerontology, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka-Cho, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
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Chen S, Wang Y, She R. Prevalence and gender disparity of those who screen positive for depression in China by the classification of the employer and industry: a cross-sectional, population-based study. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:62. [PMID: 36694143 PMCID: PMC9872324 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04557-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The important role of mental health in sustainable economic development is gradually being recognized. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and gender disparity of those who screen positive for depression in China by the employer and industrial classification. METHODS We used data from a nationally representative survey, the China Family Panel Studies. Depression was judged by the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Employer classifications were categorized according to the local characteristics of Mainland China. Industrial classifications were defined using level-1 of the China version of the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities. Weighted logistic regressions were fitted to estimate the gender disparities, controlling for confounders. RESULTS Forty eight thousand six hundred twenty eight adults were included. 18.7% (95%CI 18.1-19.4) of sampled adults were screened positive for depression symptoms, with 16.6% (95%CI 15.8-17.5) in males vs 21.0% (95%CI 20.1-22.0) in females. By classification of the employer, the prevalence was lowest among those employed by Government/party organisations (11.8%, 95%CI 8.9-15.4), and highest in those self-employed (21.8%, 95%CI 20.8-22.9); the gender disparity was mainly found in those employed by Sole proprietorship (Adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.95, 95%CI 1.19-3.19) and Private enterprise (AOR = 1.34, 95%CI 1.13-1.59), as well as those self-employed (AOR = 1.49, 95%CI 1.3-1.17). By industrial classification, the prevalence was lowest among those who worked in the industry of Real estate (7.2%, 95%CI 4.8-10.6), and highest among those who worked in the industry of Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishing (22.9%, 95%CI 15.5-32.4); the gender disparity was mainly found in those who worked in the industry of Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishing (AOR = 3.29, 95%CI 1.18-9.15), Manufacturing (AOR = 1.41, 95% CI 1.09-1.82), Wholesale and retail trade (AOR = 1.48, 95% CI 1.07-2.06), and Accommodation and food service (AOR = 1.91, 95% CI 1.15-3.18). CONCLUSION The prevalence of depression in China had a wide variation by classifications of the employer and industry. Gender disparities were identified among workers from Sole proprietorship, Private enterprise, and self-employed, or workers from the industry of Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishing, Manufacturing, Wholesale and retail trade, and Accommodation and food service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanquan Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK.
| | - Yuqi Wang
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Rui She
- grid.16890.360000 0004 1764 6123Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Willeke K, Janson P, Zink K, Tischer C, Heuschmann PU, Zapf A, Wildner M, Stupp C, Keil T. Comparing the occurrence of chronic physical disorders in self-employed individuals with that of employees: A systematic review. Work 2023; 75:1179-1198. [PMID: 36710710 PMCID: PMC10473076 DOI: 10.3233/wor-220145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A stringent systematic review of population-based observational studies focusing on the physical health of self-employed individuals as a basis for the development of targeted prevention strategies is lacking. OBJECTIVE We aimed to systematically evaluate all the studies of good quality that compared the occurrence of chronic physical disorders in self-employed individuals with that of employees. METHODS We searched three major medical databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase) following the Cochrane guidelines. The quality of the studies was rated based on the slightly modified validated assessment tool that was developed by Hoy et al.RESULTS:We included 16 population-based studies of good quality, with data from 15,369,964 participants in total. The two longitudinal evaluations of Swedish national registers with the longest follow-up periods showed increased cardiovascular mortality and incidence estimates of cardiovascular disease in self-employed individuals compared with those of white-collar (i.e., nonmanual) employees but decreased risk estimates compared with those of blue-collar (i.e., manual) workers. The results of the shorter cohort studies were heterogeneous. In cross-sectional studies, prevalence estimates for musculoskeletal, respiratory and malignant diseases were higher among self-employed individuals than among employees. CONCLUSION The long-term cardiovascular disease risk and mortality of self-employed individuals seemed to be higher than those of white-collar employees but lower than those of blue-collar employees. As a basis for targeted prevention strategies, further longitudinal studies in different settings are required to better understand the development of physical health disorders for specific self-employment categories such as sole proprietors, small entrepreneurs, family businesses and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Willeke
- State Institute of Health, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Janson
- State Institute of Health, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Zink
- State Institute of Health, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christina Tischer
- State Institute of Health, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute of Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Peter U. Heuschmann
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Clinical Trial Center Wuerzburg, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Zapf
- Bavarian State Ministry of the Environment and Consumer Protection, Munich, Germany
- Pettenkofer School of Public Health, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Manfred Wildner
- State Institute of Health, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Erlangen, Germany
- Pettenkofer School of Public Health, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Carolin Stupp
- State Institute of Health, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Keil
- State Institute of Health, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Simonse O, Van Dijk WW, Van Dillen LF, Van Dijk E. The role of financial stress in mental health changes during COVID-19. NPJ MENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 1:15. [PMID: 37521497 PMCID: PMC9568931 DOI: 10.1038/s44184-022-00016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Using longitudinal data before and during the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic for a representative sample of Dutch households, we examined the role of financial stress, defined as the subjective experience of lacking financial resources to cope with demands, in mental health changes. Also, we examined financial stress and mental health relations with households' income, savings, and debts. The data revealed that average mental health did not change during the first six months of the pandemic but showed considerable underlying heterogeneity. Results showed that financial stress changes significantly explained this heterogeneity. Increases in financial stress predicted decreases in mental health, whereas decreases in financial stress predicted increases in mental health. While income did not explain financial stress changes, fewer savings and more debts were related to increased financial stress, which was, in turn, negatively related to mental health. We discuss the implications of our findings for mental health care and financial security policy and provide suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Simonse
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences of Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Knowledge Center Psychology and Economic Behavior, Leiden, Netherlands
- Ministry of Finance, the Hague, Netherlands
| | - Wilco W. Van Dijk
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences of Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Knowledge Center Psychology and Economic Behavior, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Lotte F. Van Dillen
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences of Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Knowledge Center Psychology and Economic Behavior, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Eric Van Dijk
- Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences of Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Knowledge Center Psychology and Economic Behavior, Leiden, Netherlands
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Nemoto Y, Sakurai R, Matsunaga H, Hasebe M, Fujiwara Y. Examining health risk behaviors of self-employed and employed workers in Japan: a cross-sectional study. Public Health 2022; 211:149-156. [PMID: 36115138 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2022.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Self-employed workers have a higher risk for adverse health outcomes than employed workers. However, the differences in health risk behaviors by employment status are largely unknown. This study examined differences in health risk behaviors between self-employed and employed (permanent/non-permanent) workers by sex and age (20-59 years, 60-79 years). STUDY DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study involving community-dwelling adults living in urban cities in Japan. METHODS In 2019, we conducted a mail survey in Wako city, Saitama, and Fuchu city, Tokyo. In total, 30,315 adults aged ≥18 years were randomly selected, and 14,185 completed the survey (response rate: 46.8%). The participants for analysis were 8538 workers. Health risk behaviors included physical inactivity (<150 min/wk of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity), prolonged sitting (>480 min/d), high-frequency drinking (≥3 d/wk), tobacco use (current smoker), and overweight (body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2). We also calculated the total number of health risk behaviors. RESULTS Self-employed workers had more health risk behaviors than permanent and non-permanent employees, with this difference more significant among younger males. In younger males, compared with self-employment, permanent employment was associated with less tobacco use, and non-permanent employment was associated with less physical inactivity, prolonged sitting, high-frequency drinking, and overweight. In younger females, non-permanent employment was associated with less prolonged sitting and overweight than self-employment. In older males and females, the prevalence of physical inactivity was lower in non-permanent employed than in self-employed workers. CONCLUSIONS Promoting health behaviors among self-employed may be beneficial for reducing health inequalities between self-employed and employed workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Nemoto
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-Cho, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan.
| | - Ryota Sakurai
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-Cho, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Hiroko Matsunaga
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-Cho, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Masami Hasebe
- Department of Human Welfare, Seigakuin University, 1-1 Tosaki, Ageo, Saitama 362-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Fujiwara
- Research Team for Social Participation and Community Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-Cho, Itabashi, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
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Analysis of self-reported mental health problems among the self-employed compared with paid workers in the Republic of Korea. Ann Occup Environ Med 2022; 34:e8. [PMID: 35620063 PMCID: PMC9125336 DOI: 10.35371/aoem.2022.34.e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methods Results Conclusions
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