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Wang X, Ye P, Qiao T. Associations between adherence to 24-hour movement guidelines and socio-emotional competence among preschool children: A cross-sectional study. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2024; 57:101901. [PMID: 39236600 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2024.101901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 08/31/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the association between adherence to 24-h movement guidelines and socioemotional competence among Chinese preschool children. METHODS A total of 1288 parents of Chinese preschoolers (54.64 % boys, 45.36 % girls; Mage = 4.48, SD = 0.97) reported the time their children spent on physical activity (PA), screen time (ST), and sleep duration (SD), and completed questionnaires measuring socioemotional competence. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to explore the associations between individual and combined measures of PA, ST, and SD, and the risk of low socioemotional competence. RESULTS The risk of low socioemotional competence was significantly lower for children aged 4 (odds ratio [OR] = 0.47, 95 % CI: 0.31-0.71), 5 (OR = 0.23, 95 % CI: 0.15-0.35), and 6 (OR = 0.16, 95 % CI: 0.10-0.25) compared to 3-year-olds. Children with a family income level higher than 20,000CNY had a significantly lower risk of low socioemotional competence than those with a family income level not higher than 3000CNY (OR = 0.21, 95 % CI: 0.08-0.59). Urban residency was associated with significantly lower odds of low socioemotional competence than rural residency (OR = 0.41, 95 % CI: 0.21-0.82). Adherence to the PA-only guidelines (OR = 0.45, 95 % CI: 0.22-0.94), SD-only guidelines (OR = 0.25, 95 % CI: 0.08-0.72), ST + SD guidelines (OR = 0.33, 95 % CI: 0.16-0.67), and PA + ST + SD guidelines (OR = 0.36, 95 % CI: 0.18-0.70) were associated with a lower risk of low socioemotional competence. In addition, among boys, only adherence to the PA + ST + SD guidelines (OR = 0.36, 95 % CI: 0.14-0.90) was associated with a lower risk of low socioemotional competence. Among girls, adherence to SD guidelines only (OR = 0.22, 95 % CI: 0.04-0.90), ST + SD guidelines (OR = 0.17, 95 % CI: 0.06-0.49), and PA + ST + SD guidelines (OR = 0.37, 95 % CI: 0.14-0.91) were all associated with a lower risk of low socioemotional competence. CONCLUSIONS Adhering to 24-h movement guidelines is crucial for enhancing socioemotional competence in preschool children, especially girls. Interventions should focus on promoting physical activity, reducing screen time, and ensuring adequate sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Wang
- School of Education, Guangzhou University, China.
| | - Pingzhi Ye
- School of Education, Guangzhou University, China.
| | - Tianqi Qiao
- School of Education, Guangzhou University, China.
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Gomwe H, Phiri L, Marange CS. The moderating effect of gender on physical activity participation and physical fitness in children. Health SA 2024; 29:2672. [PMID: 39229319 PMCID: PMC11369578 DOI: 10.4102/hsag.v29i0.2672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The level, direction or presence of the relationship between perceived physical activity (PA) participation and physical fitness (PF) in children may differ by gender and this will assist in designing gender-specific interventions to promote PA participation, which in turn improves PF levels. Aim This study aimed to establish the moderating effect of gender on the relationship between perceived PA participation and PF. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted with a cohort of 870 primary school children aged 9-14 years old. Perceived PA participation was measured using the PAQ-C questionnaire while PF levels were measured using cardiorespiratory endurance (i.e. VO2 max). Results The results showed significant gender differences for perceived PA participation levels (t = -3.40, p ≤ 0.001) and PF (t = -11.59, p ≤ 0.001), with boys reporting higher levels than the girls. Perceived PA participation had a positive, weak and statistically significant correlation with PF (r = 0.251; p ≤ 0.001). Gender significantly moderates the relationship between perceived PA participation and PF (β3 = 3.518; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.642 to 6.395; p = 0.017). Conclusion The moderating effect of gender on the relationship between perceived PA participation and PF highlights the differences in physiology as well as the societal PA associated roles played by boys and girls. Contribution The study has established that the relationship between perceived PA participation and PF is more pronounced among boys than girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Gomwe
- Skills Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lesego Phiri
- Skills Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Chioneso Show Marange
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, East London, South Africa
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Alshahrani NZ, Albeshry AM, Terra M, Baklola M, Yahya Al Alshaei M, Yahya Al Alshahi A. From Likes to Lifestyle: Predicting the Impact of Following Fitness Influencers on the Adoption of Healthy Habits in Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2024; 16:e64710. [PMID: 39156302 PMCID: PMC11328889 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.64710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing popularity of fitness influencers on social media has the potential to significantly impact public health by promoting healthy behaviors. Understanding how these influencers affect the adoption of healthy habits among Saudi residents can provide insights into effective public health strategies. OBJECTIVE This study aims to quantitatively assess the influence of following fitness influencers on social media on adopting healthy behaviors among Saudi residents, focusing on socio-demographic factors, characteristics of influencers, and participants' perceptions. METHODS A descriptive, cross-sectional study with an analytical component was carried out from March 25, 2023, to August 15, 2023. The study included Saudi residents aged 18 and older who actively follow fitness influencers. Data was gathered through an online questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's chi-square test, and logistic regression analyses to identify factors associated with positive health outcomes. RESULTS The study included 561 participants, revealing that marital status and residential region significantly influenced the adoption of healthy habits, with married participants and those from the Southern and Central regions more likely to report positive outcomes. Notably, engagement in physical activity more than three times a week and adherence to a healthy diet were strongly associated with positive health outcomes (p<0.05). Analysis of influencer characteristics showed that following fewer than 10 influencers and being unaware of their follower count were predictors of positive results with p<0.05. Specifically, 76.6% of participants experienced positive results after following health advice from social media, highlighting the impactful yet complex role of influencers in shaping health behaviors. Logistic regression analyses underscored the significance of socio-demographic factors, influencer characteristics, and participant perceptions in predicting the likelihood of experiencing positive health outcomes. CONCLUSION Following fitness influencers on social media can positively impact the adoption of healthy habits, moderated by socio-demographic factors and influencer characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najim Z Alshahrani
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Abdulrahman M Albeshry
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Mohamed Terra
- Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, EGY
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Yan J, Malkin M, Smith JJ, Morgan P, Eather N. Current teachers' perceptions and students' perspectives regarding activities modalities, instructional settings during primary school physical education classes in China: a cross-sectional observational study. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1378317. [PMID: 38957878 PMCID: PMC11217334 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1378317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study set out to understand the association between teaching practices, teacher confidence, competence, self-efficacy, and the resulting student outcomes. Methods Data regarding teaching behaviours were collected via video recording and then evaluated using the MASTER Observation Tool. The information about demographics, self-reported teaching confidence, competence, self-efficacy, and student outcomes was collected using questionnaires. The association between teacher characteristics, and teacher and/or student outcome variables were tested using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results A total of ten primary schools were involved, including 597 children (age range: 10-12 years, grade 4-6) and 16 grade 4-6 PE teachers (with 16 PE classes). Most of the Physical Education (PE) lesson time was spent in training-form activities (60.2% ± 9.1), followed by instructional time (33.1% ± 8.6%), reflection (3.4% ± 2.3%), and warm-up (2.9% ± 2.0 %). It was observed that teaching behaviours and student outcomes were significantly better in urban than rural areas. Smaller class sizes (21-30 children) were found to have more positive feedback than larger ones (41-50 children). PE teachers with more than 10 years of teaching experience reported more teaching competence and self-efficacy than teachers with less than 10 years of experience. PE teachers with class sizes of 21-30 children enjoyed significantly better scores in self-efficacy than classes with 41-50 children. They also scored more highly in confidence and competence than classes with 41-50 and 51-60 pupils. Conclusion The current study confirmed that teachers dedicated a large proportion of lesson time to PE delivering training-form activities, followed by instructional time. Teaching behaviour and student outcomes were associated with location and class size, but not gender. The study contributes to our understanding of PE instruction in Chinese primary schools and offers preliminary evidence to improve future PE teaching strategies in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yan
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Max Malkin
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Jordan J. Smith
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip Morgan
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Narelle Eather
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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Wang X, Lou H, Wu W, Gao G, Li R, Lou X, Wang X. Temporal trends in physical fitness among Chinese children and adolescents from 2000 to 2019 and analysis of social-ecological factors. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:884-894. [PMID: 37579191 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2245261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to estimate temporal trends in physical fitness (PF) by regions, age groups and nutritional status among Chinese children and adolescents and to longitudinally examine PF determinants based on social-ecological model. Participants (n = 68,265) aged 7-18 were from five successive national surveys (2000 to 2019). Six tested items of PF were calculated as PF indicator (PFI), which was used to divide participants into two categories: low vs. moderate/high. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare difference and change trend of PFI. Linear regression evaluated relationship between PFI and body mass index (BMI), and logistic regression assessed association between PFI and factors of behaviours and lifestyles on individual-, family- and school-level based on the social-ecological model. PFI declined sharply from 2000 to 2010, increased slightly from 2010 to 2014 and then edged down in 2019. Students with moderate BMI and students in urban areas tended to have higher PFI, and larger increase of PFI was found in students aged 7-9 and 13-15 after 2010. Several determinants on individual-, family- and school-level related to PFI. Efforts to develop PF mainly include increasing PA and reducing sedentary behaviours by facilitating home-school collaboration and emphasizing age-, region- and BMI-specific actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Children, Adolescents and Women Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR. China
| | - Hao Lou
- Department of Nosocomial Infection Management, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR. China
| | - Wen Wu
- Department of Children, Adolescents and Women Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR. China
| | - Genli Gao
- Institute of Sports Health and Art, The Education Department of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR. China
| | - Ran Li
- Department of Physical Health Management, Zhengzhou Station for Students' Health, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR. China
| | - Xiaomin Lou
- Department of Children, Adolescents and Women Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR. China
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Children, Adolescents and Women Health, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, PR. China
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Associations between Dietary Patterns and Physical Activity with Physical Fitness among Adolescents in Shandong Province, China: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061425. [PMID: 36986154 PMCID: PMC10051977 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The trend of physical fitness (PF) and physical activity (PA) among Chinese adolescents is not optimistic, and unhealthy dietary behaviors are common. PA and dietary patterns (DPs) have been linked to PF in adolescents, but the associations between DPs and PF with PF in Chinese adolescents are rarely discussed. Methods: A total of 8796 adolescents aged 11–18 were enrolled from Shandong Province, China. The CNSPFS battery was applied to assess PF. PA levels and diet quality were determined using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents and the modified Chinese Diet Quality Questionnaire, respectively. This study used factor analysis to identify DPs and linear regression models to investigate the association between PF and related factors. Results: The average PF score of the participants was 75.67. Adolescents who were girls, lived in rural areas and were active in PA performed better on the PF test (p < 0.05). Boys whose fathers were university educated or above had a higher probability of achieving higher PF scores (OR 4.36, 95% CI 1.32–14.36); however, if their mothers were university educated or above, they had a lower probability of achieving higher PF scores (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.063–0.76). Unhealthy dietary pattern was negatively correlated with cardiorespiratory fitness in boys (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.31–0.98). The association between unhealthy dietary pattern and girls’ BMI became significant after adjustment for PA (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Girls performed better in PF than boys. Highly educated fathers could contribute to improve the PF performance in boys. There were four DPs among adolescents in Shandong Province, and different DPs may have different effects on PF in boys and girls.
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Tong Z, Kong Z, Jia X, Zhang H, Zhang Y. Multiscale Impact of Environmental and Socio-Economic Factors on Low Physical Fitness among Chinese Adolescents and Regionalized Coping Strategies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192013504. [PMID: 36294085 PMCID: PMC9602530 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
As low physical fitness in adolescents increases their risk of all-cause mortality in future adulthood as well as regional public health budgets, many scholars have studied the factors influencing physical fitness in adolescents. However, the spatial non-stationarity and scale between physical fitness and influencing factors in adolescents are often neglected. To rectify this situation, this study constructed a multi-scale geographically weighted regression model based on data from the China National Student Fitness Survey and the China Statistical Yearbook in 2018 to investigate the spatial patterns of factors influencing low physical fitness among adolescents. The results showed that the influencing factors for measuring the physical fitness of Chinese adolescents had significant spatial heterogeneity and multi-scale effects. The local R2 values were relatively low in the western region of China. Consideration should be given to increasing the lifestyle and ethnic and cultural characteristics of local residents when selecting influencing factors in the future. The physical fitness of men was mainly influenced by socio-economic factors, while that of women was influenced by natural environmental factors. According to the different spatial distribution patterns of MGWR, this study suggests that each region should develop regionalized strategies to cope with the low physical fitness of adolescents, including taking advantage of the natural environment to develop physical fitness promotion projects, accelerating the upgrading of industrial structures in the north-eastern and western regions, and the need to remain cautious of rapid urbanization in the east.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Tong
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Physical Fitness, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhenxing Kong
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Physical Fitness, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Physical Fitness, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hanyue Zhang
- Institute of Physical Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Physical Fitness, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
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Ke Y, Shi L, Peng L, Chen S, Hong J, Liu Y. Associations between socioeconomic status and physical activity: A cross-sectional analysis of Chinese children and adolescents. Front Psychol 2022; 13:904506. [PMID: 36118481 PMCID: PMC9477139 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.904506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesAlthough socioeconomic status (SES) has been shown to be an important determinant of physical activity (PA) in adults, the association in children and adolescents remains less consistent based on evidence from western developed countries. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to investigate associations between SES and PA among Chinese children and adolescents.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted with a self-reported questionnaire in China. The multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method was used, and 2,955 children and adolescents (8–17 years old, 53.4% girls) were enrolled in this study. SES was assessed by measuring parental education levels, perceived family wealth, and Family Affluence Scale II (FAS II). PA was assessed by reliable and valid items from the Health Behavior School-aged Children Surveillance questionnaires. Descriptive statistics were used to report sample characteristics, including demographic characteristics, levels of PA, and SES. The Chi-square test was applied to analyze the differences of PA in gender and school period. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the association between SES and PA among children and adolescents.ResultsOverall, 10.4% of children and adolescents accumulated moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) at least 60 min per day. Boys were more physically active than girls (14.1% vs. 7.2%, p < 0.001). Higher socioeconomic status was positively associated with higher physical activity levels among children and adolescents, especially using FAS and mother education level as SES measures. The association between SES and PA varied by gender and grade group, and the effects of SES are also different on weekdays and weekends.ConclusionThis study found socioeconomic disparities in PA among Chinese children and adolescents, and showed the importance of targeting children and adolescents with low SES intervention priority. Based on these research findings, it is suggested that SES, especially for FAS and mother education level, should be considered when designing and implementing the promotion of regular PA in children and adolescents. Health policymakers may use this information to develop interventions to reduce health inequalities among children and adolescents in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youzhi Ke
- School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijuan Shi
- Department of Comprehensive Education and Preschool Education, Shanghai Teacher Training Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingqun Peng
- School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China
| | - Sitong Chen
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jintao Hong
- Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Physical Fitness and Health of Children and Adolescents, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yang Liu,
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National Fitness Evaluation of Urban Parks in the National Ecological Garden City: A Case Study in Baoji, China. LAND 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/land11060889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Urban parks are important places for residents to engage in physical activity (PA). Properly designed fitness facilities play a positive role in the PA level of park users. We conducted a quantitative evaluation of urban park systems based on the revised Chinese version of ParkScore (RCPS) from the perspective of national fitness. Baoji, one of the first National Ecological Garden Cities (NEGCs), was selected as a case study. We analyzed 19 parks and found that comprehensive parks and sports parks obtained high evaluation scores. The area of fitness facilities in Baoji urban parks was low, with an average of 1.85 hm2 per park. Professional sports venues and multifunctional sports venues each accounted for about one-third and children’s activity venues for about a quarter. There were many national fitness stations, but they covered a small area. Only 16% of parks had fitness trails, which was the least represented type of fitness facility. About 40% of the parks had children’s activity venues, with a 1:2 ratio of PA venue to amusement area. The area of free open venues accounted for only 0.1% of the total area of the parks. The number of parks per capita was about 52% of the overall NEGCs, accessibility of 500 m was 34%, and of 1000 m was about 54%. Overall, we found that the supply of Baoji urban parks was insufficient. These results directly reflect differences among fitness facilities in urban parks and can help form a quantitative basis for the optimization of urban park systems and advance the national fitness plan and promote public health.
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Wang T, Guo C. Inverted U-Shaped Relationship between Physical Activity and Academic Achievement among Chinese Adolescents: On the Mediating Role of Physical and Mental Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084678. [PMID: 35457546 PMCID: PMC9025370 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to clarify the relationship between Chinese adolescents' physical activity and academic achievement, the mediating role of physical and mental health, and provide a scientific reference for the integration of sports and education. Based on baseline data from the China Education Panel Survey, we conducted a nationwide study of 12,960 adolescents. We used nonlinear models, mediation effect analysis, and other measurement methods. Three significant findings emerged: (1) adolescent physical activity duration and academic achievement showed an inverted U-shaped relationship. Moderate physical activity improves academic achievement. The inverted U-shaped inflection point is about 3.549 h/week; (2) physical activity among the male group has a stronger effect on promoting academic achievement, while the positive effect of physical activity among females is not significant. The difference in effectiveness between urban and rural youth groups is relatively small, but the inflection point of rural youth groups is higher, and (3) the level of physical and mental health effectively mediates the inverted U-shaped influence of youth physical activity on academic achievement. We recommend that governments and schools should implement physical activity appropriately and suggest the feasibility of using physical activity to narrow the growth gap between urban and rural youth.
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