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Bi C, Cai R, Zhao Y, Lin H, Liu H. Associations between cardiorespiratory fitness and executive function in Chinese adolescents. Sci Rep 2024; 14:21089. [PMID: 39256417 PMCID: PMC11387637 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62481-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Executive function (EF) has a significant impact on career achievement in adolescence and later adulthood, and there are many factors that influence EF. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is an important factor in the physical fitness of adolescents and is of great significance to healthy development. However, the current association between CRF and EF in Chinese adolescents is still unclear. For this reason, this study analysed the association between CRF and EF. A three-stage stratified cluster sampling method was used to investigate the demographic information, CRF, EF and multiple covariates of 1245 adolescents in China. One-way analysis of variance and chi-square test were used to compare the EF status of different CRFs. The association between CRF and EF was analysed using multiple linear regression analysis and logistic regression analysis. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that, after adjusting for relevant confounding factors, compared with Chinese adolescents with VO2max < P25, the inhibition function reaction time, 1back reaction time, 2back reaction time, and cognitive flexibility response time of adolescents with VO2max > P75 decreased by 1.41 ms, 238.73 ms, 273.09 ms, 74.14 ms. Logistic regression analysis showed that compared with Chinese adolescents with VO2max > P75, Chinese adolescents with VO2max < P25 developed inhibitory function dysfunction (OR 2.03, 95% CI: 1.29, 3.20), 1back dysfunction (OR 6.26, 95% CI 3.94, 9.97), 2back dysfunction (OR 8.94, 95% CI 5.40, 14.82), cognitive flexibility dysfunction (OR 2.26, 95% CI 1.44, 3.57) The risk was higher (P < 0.01). There is a positive association between CRF and EF in Chinese adolescents. High-grade CRF adolescents have higher EF levels, that is, shorter response times. This study provides reference and lessons for better promoting adolescents' executive function development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunjian Bi
- School of Physical Education, Chizhou University, Chizhou, 247000, China
- Sports Health Promotion Center, Chizhou University, Chizhou, 247000, China
| | - Ruibao Cai
- School of Physical Education, Chizhou University, Chizhou, 247000, China
- Sports Health Promotion Center, Chizhou University, Chizhou, 247000, China
| | - Yongxing Zhao
- School of Physical Education, Chizhou University, Chizhou, 247000, China.
- Sports Health Promotion Center, Chizhou University, Chizhou, 247000, China.
| | - Hongniu Lin
- School of Physical Education, Chizhou University, Chizhou, 247000, China
- Sports Health Promotion Center, Chizhou University, Chizhou, 247000, China
| | - He Liu
- Research Department of Physical Education, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, China
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Wang J, Wu J, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Guo S, Wang T. A study on the correlation between physical fitness index and executive function in Chinese adolescents. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. CHILD 2024:1-10. [PMID: 39069786 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2024.2383248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the relationship between physical fitness index and executive function in Chinese adolescents, and to provide a reference for improving the development of executive function in Chinese adolescents. METHODS From September to December 2023, 5336 adolescents aged 13 to 18 years were selected by stratified whole cluster random sampling method in six regions of China for physical fitness and executive function tests. The relationship between adolescent physical fitness index and executive function was analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation, and logistic regression. RESULTS The correlation coefficients between adolescents' physical fitness index and inhibitory control reaction time were all 0.00094, p > 0.05; the correlation coefficients between adolescents' physical fitness index and working memory (1-back, 2-back) reaction time were -0.13 and -0.093, respectively, p < .05; the correlation coefficients between adolescents' physical fitness index and cognitive flexibility reaction time were -0.17 and -0.18, p < .05. Logistic regression analyses showed that 1-back, 2-back, and cognitive flexibility were significantly and positively correlated with physical fitness index in Models 1, 2, and 3 (all p values less than.01). The coefficients of inhibitory control were not significant in all three models (p > .05), and there was no significant relationship with physical fitness index. CONCLUSION The physical fitness index of Chinese adolescents has a significant positive correlation with working memory and cognitive flexibility, but not with inhibitory control, i.e. the higher the physical fitness index, the better the working memory and cognitive flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxian Wang
- School of Sport and Physical Education, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jian Wu
- School of Sport and Physical Education, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- School of Sports Science, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan, China
| | - Yingkun Zhang
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Siyuan Guo
- Research Center for Health Promotion of Children and Adolescents, Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- School of Physical Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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Bazalo B, Morales-Sánchez V, Pérez-Romero N, Contreras-Osorio F, Campos-Jara C, Hernández-Mendo A, Reigal RE. Associations between Fluid Intelligence and Physical Fitness in School Children. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:963. [PMID: 38786375 PMCID: PMC11120782 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12100963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous research has highlighted that active lifestyles that contribute to improved physical fitness are positively related to cognitive functioning in children and adolescents. Specifically, the increase in physical condition at school age is considered relevant because it is related to better cognitive ability and greater academic performance. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the relationships between explosive strength, speed-agility, and fluid reasoning in schoolchildren. To achieve this objective, an associative, comparative, and predictive design was used in this research. A total of 129 children participated in this study (age: M = 9.48; SD = 0.99). To assess fluid reasoning, the Raven test's Standard Progressive Matrices Subtest and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V) were used. To assess physical fitness, the speed-agility test and the horizontal jump test (ALPHA-fitness battery tests), as well as the ball throw test (2 kg), were used. The results showed that the speed-agility test significantly predicted WISC-V Fluid Reasoning Index scores, and the medicine ball toss test significantly predicted Raven test scores. The results obtained highlight the associations between physical condition at these ages and fluid intelligence. This suggests that promoting active lifestyles that improve physical fitness could have a positive impact on children's cognitive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Bazalo
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Malaga, 29016 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Verónica Morales-Sánchez
- Department of Social Psychology, Social Anthropology, Social Work and Social Services, Faculty of Psychology, University of Malaga, 29016 Málaga, Spain; (V.M.-S.); (A.H.-M.)
| | - Nuria Pérez-Romero
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Postgraduate, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago de Chile 7591538, Chile;
| | - Falonn Contreras-Osorio
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago de Chile 7591538, Chile; (F.C.-O.); (C.C.-J.)
| | - Christian Campos-Jara
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago de Chile 7591538, Chile; (F.C.-O.); (C.C.-J.)
| | - Antonio Hernández-Mendo
- Department of Social Psychology, Social Anthropology, Social Work and Social Services, Faculty of Psychology, University of Malaga, 29016 Málaga, Spain; (V.M.-S.); (A.H.-M.)
| | - Rafael E. Reigal
- Department of Social Psychology, Social Anthropology, Social Work and Social Services, Faculty of Psychology, University of Malaga, 29016 Málaga, Spain; (V.M.-S.); (A.H.-M.)
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Yin X, Zhang F, Bi C, Liu Y, Guo Y, Sun P, Hong J. Association between soybean product consumption and executive function in Chinese Tibetan children and adolescents. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1348918. [PMID: 38487627 PMCID: PMC10937359 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1348918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This sought to explore the association between soybean product consumption and executive function (EF) in Chinese Tibetan adolescents in high-altitude areas. Methods A total of 1,184 Tibetan children and adolescents were tested on demographic variables, soybean product consumption, and executive function in Lhasa and Nagchu regions of Tibet, China, using stratified whole population sampling. One-way ANOVA, linear regression analysis, and logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the associations existing between soybean product consumption and executive function. Results The proportions of Hardly ever, Occasionally, and Often in Soy Consumption among Tibetan children and adolescents in high altitude areas of Tibet, China were 21.7, 50.3, and 28.0%, respectively. The difference in 2 back reaction time among Tibetan children and adolescents with different soybean product consumption was statistically significant (F = 6.374, p = 0.002). The difference in conversion function reaction time was also statistically significant (F = 8.129, p < 0.001). Taking the soybean product consumption ≥6 t/w group as the reference group, after adjusting the relevant factors, those with soybean product consumption ≤1 t/w showed a statistically significant increase in Inhibit Function Dysfunction (OR = 1.844, 95% CI: 1.152, 2.951) and Conversion Function Dysfunction (OR = 2.008, 95% CI: 1.106, 3.646) had an increased risk of Conversion Function Dysfunction (OR = 2.008, 95% CI: 1.106, 3.646), which was significantly different (p < 0.05). Conclusion There is an association between soybean product consumption and inhibitory control and translational flexibility of brain executive functions in Chinese Tibetan children and children and adolescents at high altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Yin
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cunjian Bi
- Sports Health Promotion Center, Chizhou University, Chizhou, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Physical Education College of Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaru Guo
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengwei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Hong
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Morales C, Flores Ferro E, Osorio J, Maureira Cid F. [Independence of the anthropometric profile, attention and intelligence in higher education students in the field of physical activity in Chile]. NUTR HOSP 2023; 40:1246-1252. [PMID: 37929861 DOI: 10.20960/nh.04719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Introduction: kinanthropometry is the current science that studies body parameters in relation to its functioning (such as body composition, proportionality, somatotype, etc.), with established norms, techniques and criteria. Objective: to relate anthropometric profile, attention and problem solving in higher education students in the field of physical activity in Chile. Method: quantitative-correlational approach, with non-experimental and cross-sectional design. Results: there is no significant relationship between body composition (body masses) and cognitive tests (attention and Raven). Regarding anthropometric data (body composition), no significant differences were observed between the sexes for any parameter. Conclusion: it can be deduced that the results of the cognitive factors may be associated with other variables, and not specifically with the variables that may affect anthropometric parameters. These are very interesting topics for future studies, so it is suggested to continue studying cognitive abilities with other variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Morales
- Pedagogía en Educación Física. Universidad Católica Silva Henríquez
| | | | - Johanna Osorio
- Pedagogía en Educación Física. Universidad Católica Silva Henríquez
| | - Fernando Maureira Cid
- Pedagogía en Educación Física, Deportes y Recreación. Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación
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Marković J, Bubanj S, Šekeljić G, Pavlović S, Radenković M, Stanković D, Petković E, Aksović N, Radenković O, Preljević A, Bjelica B, Petrović V, Sinanović Š, Tomović M. Efficiency of an Alternative Physical Education Program for the Lower Grades of Elementary School Children. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1657. [PMID: 37892320 PMCID: PMC10604941 DOI: 10.3390/children10101657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
(1) Introduction: This research was conducted with the aim of assessing whether an alternative physical education (PE) program could effectively substitute for the traditional PE curriculum and aid in accomplishing the essential goals and objectives of PE among younger elementary school children. (2) Materials and Methods: This longitudinal 6-month study included third-grade elementary school children of both genders, who were healthy, lived in urban areas, and were involved in an alternative PE program, as well as the regular PE classes. The sample of participants comprised 214 students, with 105 participants in the experimental group and 109 participants in the control group, who underwent pre- and post-intervention measurements. For the purposes of this study, 11 variables were applied to assess the parameters of growth and development, motor abilities, and physical and health education. MANCOVA and ANCOVA methods were used to determine the effects resulting from the alternative and regular PE programs, and differences between the groups, respectively. The data are reported as the mean and standard deviations, and were analyzed using the statistical package SPSS version 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Armonk, NY, USA). (3) Results: Based on the research results obtained for motor abilities and physical and health education, it was concluded that both the alternative and regular PE programs had positive effects in achieving the goals and objectives of PE, but without statistical significance at the multivariate and univariate levels. The differences between the two groups were found to be negligible (effect size, ES < 0.2). (4) Discussion: Sports and PE have distinct objectives and approaches. While sports emphasize competition and winning, PE aims to impart fundamental skills and knowledge, prioritizing inclusivity among younger students. Success in PE is measured by the number of students meeting these goals, potentially affecting both talented and struggling learners. (5) Conclusions: The results obtained from the conducted research indicate that both the alternative PE program and the regular PE program influence changes in motor abilities and physical and health education to a limited extent. The alternative PE program proposed in this study, with its modifications to the structure of existing, regular PE program, can fully replace the latter in schools that do not meet the required spatial and material standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovan Marković
- Faculty of Pedagogy, University of Kragujevac, 31000 Užice, Serbia; (G.Š.); (S.P.)
| | - Saša Bubanj
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (S.B.); (M.R.); (D.S.); (E.P.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Goran Šekeljić
- Faculty of Pedagogy, University of Kragujevac, 31000 Užice, Serbia; (G.Š.); (S.P.)
| | - Slobodan Pavlović
- Faculty of Pedagogy, University of Kragujevac, 31000 Užice, Serbia; (G.Š.); (S.P.)
| | - Marko Radenković
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (S.B.); (M.R.); (D.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Dušan Stanković
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (S.B.); (M.R.); (D.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Emilija Petković
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia; (S.B.); (M.R.); (D.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Nikola Aksović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Priština, 38218 Leposavić, Serbia;
| | - Oliver Radenković
- Department of Biochemical Science and Sport, State University of Novi Pazar, 36300 Novi Pazar, Serbia; (O.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Adem Preljević
- Department of Biochemical Science and Sport, State University of Novi Pazar, 36300 Novi Pazar, Serbia; (O.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Bojan Bjelica
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of East Sarajevo, 71420 Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Vladan Petrović
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia;
| | - Šćepan Sinanović
- Milutin Milanković High Medical College of Professional Studies, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Milena Tomović
- Sports Medicine Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
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Alonso-Cabrera J, Salazar F, Benavides-Ulloa J, Parra-Rizo MA, Zapata-Lamana R, Diaz-Vargas C, Vásquez-Gómez J, Cigarroa I. Students from a Public School in the South of Chile with Better Physical Fitness Markers Have Higher Performance in Executive Functions Tests-Cross-Sectional Study. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:bs13020191. [PMID: 36829420 PMCID: PMC9951860 DOI: 10.3390/bs13020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, the level of physical fitness in children has decreased globally. According to the SIMCE test carried out in 2015, 45% of 8th year students in Chile were overweight. Moreover, international studies have shown that being overweight is associated with the development of chronic illnesses, negatively affecting cognitive mechanisms and processes. Nevertheless, there is little to no evidence that analyzes the relationship between physical fitness and executive functions in students, at a national level. The aim was to analyze the relationship between cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and motor fitness, and performance in an executive functions test, in students from a public school in the south of Chile. A qualitative, descriptive -correlational, non-experimental, and cross-sectional approach was used. In total, 100 students between 9 and 12 and 11 months of age from a public school in the south of Chile completed the physical fitness assessments through the ALPHA fitness test, and 81 students completed the executive function assessments through the ENFEN test. It was evidenced that students who achieved a longer duration of time and a later stage in the Course Navette test, more centimeters in the standing broad jump (SBJ) test, and a shorter duration in the 4 × 10 shuttle run obtained a better score in the gray trail test. Additionally, students who presented a stronger dominant handgrip scored higher in the colored trail tests. We conclude that students who show a higher level of physical fitness also present a better development of executive functions such as working memory and inhibitory control. In addition, these results suggest physical condition is a factor to consider for better cognitive and school performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Alonso-Cabrera
- Departamento de Matemáticas y Estadística, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081008, Colombia
| | - Franco Salazar
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Los Ángeles 4440000, Chile
| | - Jorge Benavides-Ulloa
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Los Ángeles 4440000, Chile
| | - María Antonia Parra-Rizo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Valencian International University (VIU), 46002 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Health Psychology, Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Campus of Elche, Miguel Hernandez University (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain
| | | | | | - Jaime Vásquez-Gómez
- Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule (CIEAM), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile
- Laboratorio de Rendimiento Humano, Grupo de Estudios en Educación, Actividad Física y Salud (GEEAFyS), Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Igor Cigarroa
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Los Ángeles 4440000, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-432-536-682
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