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Taylor W, Devane ML, Russell K, Lin S, Roxburgh C, Williamson J, Gilpin BJ. Metagenomic evaluation of bacteria in drinking water using full-length 16S rRNA amplicons. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2024; 22:1429-1443. [PMID: 39212280 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2024.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Escherichia coli and total coliforms are important tools for identifying potential faecal contamination in drinking water. However, metagenomics offers a powerful approach for delving deeper into a bacterial community when E. coli or total coliforms are detected. Metagenomics can identify microbes native to water systems, track community changes and potential pathogens introduced by contamination events, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatment processes. Here, we demonstrate how the dual application of traditional monitoring practices and metagenomics can improve monitoring and surveillance for water resource management. The robustness of long-read metagenomics across replicates is demonstrated by the effect and interaction between manganese filters and bacterial communities, as well as the impact of chlorination after coliform detection. These examples reveal how metagenomics can identify the complex bacterial communities in the distribution system and the source waters used to supply drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). The knowledge gained increases confidence in identified causes and mitigations of potential contamination events. By exploring bacterial communities, we can gain additional insights into the impact of faecal contamination events and treatment processes. This insight enables more precise remediation actions and enhances confidence in communicating health risks to drinking water operators and the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Taylor
- Environmental Science Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Kathryn Russell
- Environmental Science Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Susan Lin
- Environmental Science Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Colin Roxburgh
- 3 Waters, Waimakariri District Council, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Judy Williamson
- 3 Waters, Christchurch City Council, Canterbury, New Zealand
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Yang L, Han P, Wang Q, Lin H, Wang D, Mao J, Qi W, Bai Y, Qu J. Disinfectant-induced ammonia oxidation disruption in microbial N-cycling process in aquatic ecosystem after the COVID-19 outbreak. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 258:121761. [PMID: 38749183 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities significantly impact the elemental cycles in aquatic ecosystems, with the N-cycling playing a critical role in potential nutrient turnover and substance cycling. We hypothesized that measures to prevent COVID-19 transmission profoundly altered the nitrogen cycle in riverine ecosystems. To investigate this, we re-analyzed metagenomic data and identified 60 N-cycling genes and 21 host metagenomes from four urban reaches (one upstream city, Wuhan, and two downstream cities) along the Yangtze River. Our analyses revealed a marked decrease in the abundance of bacterial ammonia monooxygenase genes, as well as in the host, ammonia-oxidizing autotrophic Nitrosomonas, followed by a substantial recovery post-pandemic. We posited that discharge of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) disinfectant may be a primary factor in the reduction of N-cycling process. To test this hypothesis, we exposed pure cultures of Nitrosomonas europaea to NaOCl to explore the microbial stress response. Results indicated that NaOCl exposure rapidly compromised the cell structure and inhibited ammonia oxidation of N. europaea, likely due to oxidative stress damage and reduced expression of nitrogen metabolism-related ammonia monooxygenase. Using the functional tagging technique, we determined that NaOCl directly destroyed the ammonia monooxygenase protein and DNA structure. This study highlights the negative impacts of chlorine disinfectants on the function of aquatic ecosystems and elucidates potential mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutong Yang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ping Han
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China; State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Qiaojuan Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Donglin Wang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jie Mao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Weixiao Qi
- Center for Water and Ecology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yaohui Bai
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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Li J, Liao Q, Wang Y, Wang X, Liu J, Zha R, He JZ, Zhang M, Zhang W. Involvement of functional metabolism promotes the enrichment of antibiotic resistome in drinking water: Based on the PICRUSt2 functional prediction. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 356:120544. [PMID: 38471323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Biofilters are the important source and sink of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB) in the drinking water. Current studies generally ascribed the prevalence of BAR in biofilter from the perspective of gene behavior, i.e. horizontal gene transfer (HGT), little attentions have been paid on the ARGs carrier- ARB. In this study, we proposed the hypothesis that ARB participating in pollutant metabolism processes and becoming dominant is an important way for the enrichment of ARGs. To verify this, the antibiotic resistome and bacterial functional metabolic pathways of a sand filter was profiled using heterotrophic bacterial plate counting method (HPC), high-throughput qPCR, Illumina Hiseq sequencing and PICRUSt2 functional prediction. The results illustrated a significant leakage of ARB in the effluent of the sand filter with an average absolute abundance of approximately 102-103 CFU/mL. Further contribution analysis revealed that the dominant genera, such as Acinetobacter spp., Aeromonas spp., Elizabethkingia spp., and Bacillus spp., were primary ARGs hosts, conferring resistance to multiple antibiotics including sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline and β-lactams. Notably, these ARGs hosts were involved in nitrogen metabolism, including extracellular nitrate/nitrite transport and nitrite reduction, which are crucial in nitrification and denitrification in biofilters. For example, Acinetobacter spp., the dominant bacteria in the filter (relative abundance 69.97 %), contributed the majority of ARGs and 53.79 % of nitrite reduction function. That is, ARB can predominate by participating in the nitrogen metabolism pathways, facilitating the enrichment of ARGs. These findings provide insights into the stable presence of ARGs in biofilters from a functional metabolism perspective, offering a significant supplementary to the mechanisms of the emergence, maintenance, and transmission of BARin drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabing Li
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse (Fujian Normal University) Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Qiuyu Liao
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse (Fujian Normal University) Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Yun Wang
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse (Fujian Normal University) Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Xuansen Wang
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse (Fujian Normal University) Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Jinchi Liu
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse (Fujian Normal University) Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Ruibo Zha
- School of Cultural Tourism and Public Administration, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Ji-Zheng He
- Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Fujian Normal University, Sanming 365002, China
| | - Menglu Zhang
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; Key Laboratory for Humid Subtropical Eco-geographical Processes of the Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China; Fujian Sanming Forest Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Fujian Normal University, Sanming 365002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse (Fujian Normal University) Fuzhou 350117, China.
| | - Weifang Zhang
- College of Environmental and Resource Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse (Fujian Normal University) Fuzhou 350117, China
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Zhang T, Liao P, Fang L, Zhang D. Effect of booster disinfection on the prevalence of microbial antibiotic resistance and bacterial community in a simulated drinking water distribution system. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 341:122902. [PMID: 37949160 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Booster disinfection was often applied to control the microorganism's growth in long-distance water supply systems. The effect of booster disinfection on the changing patterns of antibiotic resistance and bacterial community was investigated by a simulated water distribution system (SWDS). The results showed that the antibiotic resistance bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were initially removed after dosing disinfectants (chlorine and chloramine), but then increased with the increasing water age. However, the relative abundance of ARGs significantly increased after booster disinfection both in buck water and biofilm, then decreased along the pipeline. The pipe materials and disinfectant type also affected the antibiotic resistance. Chlorine was more efficient in controlling microbes and ARGs than chloramine. Compared with UPVC and PE pipes, SS pipes had the lowest total bacteria, ARB concentration, and ARB percentage, mainly due to higher disinfectant residuals and a smoother surface. The significant correlation (rs = 0.77, p < 0.001) of the 16S rRNA genes was observed between buck water and biofilm, while the correlations of targeted ARGs were found to be weak. Bray-Curtis similarity index indicated that booster disinfection significantly changed the biofilm bacterial community and the disinfectant type also had a marked impact on the bacterial community. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, and Methylobacterium significantly increased after booster disinfection. Mycobacterium increased after chloramination while decreased after chlorination, indicating Mycobacterium might resist chloramine. Pseudomonas, Methylobacterium, and Phreatobacter were found to correlate well with the relative abundance of ARGs. These results highlighted antibiotic resistance shift and bacterial community alteration after booster disinfection, which may be helpful in controlling potential microbial risk in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuqiao Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Future Water Laboratory, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, 314000, China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Pubin Liao
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Future Water Laboratory, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, 314000, China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Lei Fang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Future Water Laboratory, Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, 314000, China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Dongyang Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Safety and Distribution Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Siponen S, Jayaprakash B, Hokajärvi AM, Gomez-Alvarez V, Inkinen J, Ryzhikov I, Räsänen P, Ikonen J, Pursiainen A, Kauppinen A, Kolehmainen M, Paananen J, Torvinen E, Miettinen IT, Pitkänen T. Composition of active bacterial communities and presence of opportunistic pathogens in disinfected and non-disinfected drinking water distribution systems in Finland. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 248:120858. [PMID: 37988808 PMCID: PMC10840642 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Many factors, including microbiome structure and activity in the drinking water distribution system (DWDS), affect the colonization potential of opportunistic pathogens. The present study aims to describe the dynamics of active bacterial communities in DWDS and identify the factors that shape the community structures and activity in the selected DWDSs. Large-volume drinking water and hot water, biofilm, and water meter deposit samples were collected from five DWDSs. Total nucleic acids were extracted, and RNA was further purified and transcribed into its cDNA from a total of 181 water and biofilm samples originating from the DWDS of two surface water supplies (disinfected with UV and chlorine), two artificially recharged groundwater supplies (non-disinfected), and a groundwater supply (disinfected with UV and chlorine). In chlorinated DWDSs, concentrations of <0.02-0.97 mg/l free chlorine were measured. Bacterial communities in the RNA and DNA fractions were analysed using Illumina MiSeq sequencing with primer pair 341F-785R targeted to the 16S rRNA gene. The sequence libraries were analysed using QIIME pipeline, Program R, and MicrobiomeAnalyst. Not all bacterial cells were active based on their 16S rRNA content, and species richness was lower in the RNA fraction (Chao1 mean value 490) than in the DNA fraction (710). Species richness was higher in the two DWDSs distributing non-disinfected artificial groundwater (Chao1 mean values of 990 and 1 000) as compared to the two disinfected DWDSs using surface water (Chao1 mean values 190 and 460) and disinfected DWDS using ground water as source water (170). The difference in community structures between non-disinfected and disinfected water was clear in the beta-diversity analysis. Distance from the waterworks also affected the beta diversity of community structures, especially in disinfected distribution systems. The two most abundant bacteria in the active part of the community (RNA) and total bacterial community (DNA) belonged to the classes Alphaproteobacteria (RNA 28 %, DNA 44 %) and Gammaproteobacteria (RNA 32 %, DNA 30 %). The third most abundant and active bacteria class was Vampirovibrionia (RNA 15 %), whereas in the total community it was Paceibacteria (DNA 11 %). Class Nitrospiria was more abundant and active in both cold and hot water in DWDS that used chloramine disinfection compared to non-chlorinated or chlorine-using DWDSs. Thirty-eight operational taxonomic units (OTU) of Legionella, 30 of Mycobacterium, and 10 of Pseudomonas were detected among the sequences. The (RT)-qPCR confirmed the presence of opportunistic pathogens in the DWDSs studied as Legionella spp. was detected in 85 % (mean value 4.5 × 104 gene copies/100 ml), Mycobacterium spp. in 95 % (mean value 8.3 × 106 gene copies/100 ml), and Pseudomonas spp. in 78 % (mean value 1.6 × 105 gene copies/100 ml) of the water and biofilm samples. Sampling point inside the system (distance from the waterworks and cold/hot system) affected the active bacterial community composition. Chloramine as a chlorination method resulted in a recognizable community composition, with high abundance of bacteria that benefit from the excess presence of nitrogen. The results presented here confirm that each DWDS is unique and that opportunistic pathogens are present even in conditions when water quality is considered excellent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sallamaari Siponen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health Security, P.O. Box 95, 70701 Kuopio, Finland; University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | - Anna-Maria Hokajärvi
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health Security, P.O. Box 95, 70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vicente Gomez-Alvarez
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 26W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Jenni Inkinen
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Biomedicine, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ivan Ryzhikov
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pia Räsänen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health Security, P.O. Box 95, 70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jenni Ikonen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health Security, P.O. Box 95, 70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna Pursiainen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health Security, P.O. Box 95, 70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ari Kauppinen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health Security, P.O. Box 95, 70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Kolehmainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jussi Paananen
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Biomedicine, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Eila Torvinen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ilkka T Miettinen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health Security, P.O. Box 95, 70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tarja Pitkänen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health Security, P.O. Box 95, 70701 Kuopio, Finland; University of Helsinki, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Pan R, Zhang TY, Zheng ZX, Ai J, Ye T, Zhao HX, Hu CY, Tang YL, Fan JJ, Geng B, Xu B. Insight into mixed chlorine/chloramines conversion and associated water quality variability in drinking water distribution systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 880:163297. [PMID: 37028653 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mixed chlorine/chloramines are common in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs); however, their transformation and impact on chemical and microbial characteristics are not well understood. We systematically investigated water quality parameters associated with mixed chlorine/chloramine species conversion in 192 samples (including raw, finished, and tap water) collected throughout the year in a city in East China. Various chlorine/chloramine species (free chlorine, monochloramine [NH2Cl], dichloramine [NHCl2], and organic chloramines [OC]) were detected in both chlorinated and chloraminated DWDSs. NHCl2 + OC increased with transport distance along the pipeline network. The maximum proportion of NHCl2 + OC in over total chlorine in tap water reached 66 % and 38 % from chlorinated and chloraminated DWDSs, respectively. Both free chlorine and NH2Cl showed a rapid decay in the water pipe systems, but NHCl2 and OC were more persistent. Correlations between chlorine/chloramine species and physicochemical parameters were established. Models for predicting the sum of chloroform/TCM, bromodichloromethane/BDCM, chlorodibromomethane/CBDM, and bromoform/TBM (THM4) (R2 = 0.56) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) (R2 = 0.65) exhibited greater accuracy based on machine learning tuned with chlorine/chloramine species, particularly NHCl2 + OC. The predominant bacterial communities in mixed chlorine/chloramine systems were those resistant to chlorine or chloramine such as proteobacteria. NH2Cl was the most significant explanatory factor (28.1 %) for the variation in microbial community assemblage in chloraminated DWDSs. Although residual free chlorine and NHCl2 + OC, accounted for a smaller proportion of chlorine species in chloraminated DWDSs, they played an essential role (12.4 % and 9.1 %, respectively) in the microbial community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Urban Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Governance in the Yangtze River Delta of Ministry of Water Resources, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Tian-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Urban Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Governance in the Yangtze River Delta of Ministry of Water Resources, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Zheng-Xiong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Urban Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Governance in the Yangtze River Delta of Ministry of Water Resources, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Jian Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Urban Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Governance in the Yangtze River Delta of Ministry of Water Resources, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Tao Ye
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD 57701, USA
| | - Heng-Xuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Urban Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Governance in the Yangtze River Delta of Ministry of Water Resources, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Chen-Yan Hu
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - Yu-Lin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Urban Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Governance in the Yangtze River Delta of Ministry of Water Resources, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Jing-Jing Fan
- Shanghai Chengtou Water (Group) Co. LTD, Shanghai 200002, PR China
| | - Bing Geng
- Shanghai Chengtou Water (Group) Co. LTD, Shanghai 200002, PR China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Urban Water Supply, Water Saving and Water Environment Governance in the Yangtze River Delta of Ministry of Water Resources, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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Zheng S, Li J, Ye C, Xian X, Feng M, Yu X. Microbiological risks increased by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria under global warming: The neglected issue in chloraminated drinking water distribution system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 874:162353. [PMID: 36822432 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A rising outbreak of waterborne diseases caused by global warming requires higher microbial stability in the drinking water distribution system (DWDS). Chloramine disinfection is gaining popularity in this context due to its good persistent stability and fewer disinfection byproducts. However, the microbiological risks may be significantly magnified by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in distribution systems during global warming, which is rarely noticed. Hence, this work mainly focuses on AOB to explore its impact on water quality biosafety in the context of global warming. Research indicates that global warming-induced high temperatures can directly or indirectly promote the growth of AOB, thus leading to nitrification. Further, its metabolites or cellular residues can be used as substrates for the growth of heterotrophic bacteria (e.g., waterborne pathogens). Thus, biofilm may be more persistent in the pipelines due to the presence of AOB. Breakpoint chlorination is usually applied to control such situations. However, switching between this strategy and chloramine disinfection would result in even more severe nitrification and other adverse effects. Based on the elevated microbiological risks in DWDS, the following aspects should be paid attention to in future research: (1) to understand the response of nitrifying bacteria to high temperatures and the possible association between AOB and pathogenic growth, (2) to reveal the mechanisms of AOB-mediated biofilm formation under high-temperature stress, and (3) to develop new technologies to prevent and control the occurrence of nitrification in drinking water distribution system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikan Zheng
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jianguo Li
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Chengsong Ye
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xuanxuan Xian
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mingbao Feng
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xin Yu
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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