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Khoshakhlagh AH, Ghobakhloo S, Peijnenburg WJGM, Gruszecka-Kosowska A, Cicchella D. To breathe or not to breathe: Inhalational exposure to heavy metals and related health risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 932:172556. [PMID: 38679085 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
This study reviewed scientific literature on inhalation exposure to heavy metals (HMs) in various indoor and outdoor environments and related carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk. A systematic search in Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and Medline databases yielded 712 results and 43 articles met the requirements of the Population, Exposure, Comparator, and Outcomes (PECO) criteria. Results revealed that HM concentrations in most households exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline values, indicating moderate pollution and dominant anthropogenic emission sources of HMs. In the analyzed schools, universities, and offices low to moderate levels of air pollution with HMs were revealed, while in commercial environments high levels of air pollution were stated. The non-carcinogenic risk due to inhalation HM exposure exceeded the acceptable level of 1 in households, cafes, hospitals, restaurants, and metros. The carcinogenic risk for As and Cr in households, for Cd, Cr, Ni, As, and Co in educational environments, for Pb, Cd, Cr, and Co in offices and commercial environments, and for Ni in metros exceeded the acceptable level of 1 × 10-4. Carcinogenic risk was revealed to be higher indoors than outdoors. This review advocates for fast and effective actions to reduce HM exposure for safer breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Khoshakhlagh
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Safiye Ghobakhloo
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Willie J G M Peijnenburg
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden 2300RA, the Netherlands; National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Safety of Substances and Products, Bilthoven 3720BA, the Netherlands
| | - Agnieszka Gruszecka-Kosowska
- AGH University of Krakow; Faculty of Geology, Geophysics, and Environmental Protection, Department of Environmental Protection, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Domenico Cicchella
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy
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Khajooee N, Modabberi S, Khoshmanesh Zadeh B, Razavian F, Gayà-Caro N, Sierra J, Rovira J. Contamination level, spatial distribution, and sources of potentially toxic elements in indoor settled household dusts in Tehran, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:56. [PMID: 38270787 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01838-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Tehran, the capital city of Iran, has been facing air pollution for several decades due to rapid urbanization, population growth, improper vehicle use, and the low quality of fuels. In this study, 31 indoor dust samples were collected passively from residential and commercial buildings located in the central and densely populated districts of the city. These samples were analyzed after preparation to measure the concentration of elements (As, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Sr, V, Zn). Statistical data analyses were employed to compare their relationship across various uses, variations, and for source identification. Geochemical indices of contamination factor (CF) and pollution load index (PLI) were utilized to evaluate the degree of contamination. The mean concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Pb (938, 206, and 176 µg g-1, respectively) are 6, 5, and 3 times higher than their mean values in worldwide urban soils. Additionally, Cd, Mo, and Ni showed concentrations about 1.5 times higher, while As, Co, Cr, Mn, and Sr fell within the range of reference soils. Be, V, and Sb displayed remarkably lower mean values. Building use did not significantly influence element levels in indoor deposited dust except for Pb and Zn. A comparison of indoor concentrations with previously published data for outdoor dusts revealed higher enrichments of Mo, Cu, Pb, and Ni, while As, Cd, and Zn showed lower enrichments in street dust samples. The order of CF values indicated Hg > Zn > Cd > Pb > Cu > As > Ni > Cr > Co > V. For Hg, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Cu, all or almost all samples exhibited very high contamination. PLI values were consistently higher than 1, indicating contamination in all samples. Multivariate statistical analysis and Tehran's specific geological location suggested that mafic-intermediate volcanic rocks are primary sources for Cr, Cu, Fe, and Ni (PC1). As, Pb, and V (PC2) were attributed to fossil fuel combustion in vehicles and residential buildings. Pb is a legacy metal remaining from the use of leaded gasoline, which was phased out in the 1990s. Zn (PC3) is derived from vehicle tires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Khajooee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, West Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soroush Modabberi
- School of Geology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Behnoush Khoshmanesh Zadeh
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, West Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Razavian
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, West Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nuria Gayà-Caro
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43204, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
- Center of Environmental, Food and Toxicological Technology - TecnATox, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jordi Sierra
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de Barcelona, Joan XXIII s/n Avenue, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Center of Environmental, Food and Toxicological Technology - TecnATox, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Rovira
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sant Llorenç 21, 43201, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43204, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Paisos Catalans Avenue 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
- Center of Environmental, Food and Toxicological Technology - TecnATox, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
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Araja A, Bertins M, Celma G, Busa L, Viksna A. Distribution of Minor and Major Metallic Elements in Residential Indoor Dust: A Case Study in Latvia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6207. [PMID: 37444055 PMCID: PMC10341758 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20136207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has not only brought considerable and permanent changes to economies and healthcare systems, but it has also greatly changed the habits of almost the entire society. During the lockdowns, people were forced to stay in their dwellings, which served as a catalyst for the initiation of a survey on the estimation of the metallic element content in residential indoor dust in different parts of Latvia. This article presents the study results obtained through the analysis of collected dust samples from 46 dwellings, both in the capital of Latvia, Riga, and in smaller cities. Two methods were employed for indoor dust collection: vacuum sampling and manual sampling with a brush and plastic spatula. After microwave-assisted acid extraction, the samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in terms of the major (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Al and Fe) and minor (Mn, Ni, Co, Pb, Cr, As, Ba, Li, Be, B, V, Cu, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Cd, La, Ce and Bi) elements. For the data analysis, principal component analysis was performed. Among the measured metals, the highest values were determined for the macro and most abundant elements (Na > K > Ca > Fe > Mg > Al). The concentration ranges of the persistently detected elements were as follows: Pb, 0.27-1200 mg kg-1; Cd, 0.01-6.37 mg kg-1; Ni, 0.07-513 mg kg-1; As, 0.01-69.2 mg kg-1; Cu, 5.71-1900 mg kg-1; Zn, 53.6-21,100 mg kg-1; and Cr, 4.93-412 mg kg-1. The critical limit values of metallic elements in soil defined by the legislation of the Republic of Latvia (indicating the level at or above which the functional characteristics of soil are disrupted, or pollution poses a direct threat to human health or the environment) were exceeded in the following numbers of dwellings: Pb = 4, Ni = 2, As = 1, Cu = 16, Cr = 1 and Zn = 28.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Araja
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Str.1, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
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Yang X, Eziz M, Hayrat A, Ma X, Yan W, Qian K, Li J, Liu Y, Wang Y. Heavy Metal Pollution and Risk Assessment of Surface Dust in the Arid NW China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13296. [PMID: 36293878 PMCID: PMC9603297 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
High concentrations of heavy metals (HMs) in urban surface dust (USD) can be extremely hazardous to urban ecology and human health. Oasis cities are located at the edge of deserts and are more exposed to salt/sandstorms, and they face a significantly higher accumulation of USD than wet or semi-humid areas. However, systematic studies on the pollution and risk assessment of HMs in USD in oasis cities have rarely been conducted. This study systematically analyzed the enrichment status, spatial distribution, pollution levels, health risks, and sources of HMs in USD in a typical oasis city (Changji city). The results showed that the average concentrations of Pb, Ni, As, Cd, Hg, and Cu in the USD of Changji city were 46.83, 26.35, 9.92, 0.21, 0.047, and 59.33 mg/kg, respectively, and the results of the pollution index evaluation showed moderate Pb, Hg, and Cu pollution, mild Cd pollution, and no Ni or As pollution. The spatial distribution of HM concentrations in the USD was substantially heterogeneous. High values of Pb, Hg, and Cu concentrations were mainly observed in areas with relatively intensive transportation and commercial activities, and high values of Cd and Ni were observed in industrial areas. The health risk assessment showed that HMs do not pose non-carcinogenic risks to humans at their current level, but they pose a carcinogenic risk to children, with As contributing the largest carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks. The source identification of HMs showed that the main pollution of HMs were traffic sources for Pb and Cu, industrial sources for Ni and Cd, natural sources for As, and coal-fired sources for Hg. According to the results of the quantitative analysis with the positive matrix factorization, the contribution of pollution sources followed this order: industrial sources (31.08%) > traffic sources (26.80%) > coal-fired sources (23.31%) > natural sources (18.81%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyun Yang
- College of Geographical Science and Tourism, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China
- China State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Mamattursun Eziz
- College of Geographical Science and Tourism, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Adila Hayrat
- College of Geographical Science and Tourism, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Xiaofei Ma
- China State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Research Centre for Ecology and Environment of CA, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Wei Yan
- School of Geographic Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Kaixuan Qian
- China State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- China State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Smart City and Environment Modelling of Higher Education Institute, College of Resources and Environment Science, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- School of Geographic Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
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Gad A, Saleh A, Farhat HI, Dawood YH, Abd El Bakey SM. Spatial Distribution, Contamination Levels, and Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Household Dust in Cairo City, Egypt. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10080466. [PMID: 36006146 PMCID: PMC9414935 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10080466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Urban areas’ pollution, which is owing to rapid urbanization and industrialization, is one of the most critical issues in densely populated cities such as Cairo. The concentrations and the spatial distribution of fourteen potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in household dust were investigated in Cairo City, Egypt. PTE exposure and human health risk were assessed using the USEPA’s exposure model and guidelines. The levels of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, and Zn surpassed the background values. Contamination factor index revealed that contamination levels are in the sequence Cd > Hg > Zn > Pb > Cu > As > Mo > Ni > Cr > Co > V > Mn > Fe > Al. The degree of contamination ranges from considerably to very high pollution. Elevated PTE concentrations in Cairo’s household dust may be due to heavy traffic emissions and industrial activities. The calculated noncarcinogenic risk for adults falls within the safe limit, while those for children exceed that limit in some sites. Cairo residents are at cancer risk owing to prolonged exposure to the indoor dust in their homes. A quick and targeted plan must be implemented to mitigate these risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Gad
- Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Ahmed Saleh
- National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics (NRIAG), Cairo 11421, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Hassan I. Farhat
- Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez University, El Salam City 43518, Egypt
| | - Yehia H. Dawood
- Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Sahar M. Abd El Bakey
- Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11341, Egypt
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