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Zhang D, Wang A, Feng J, Zhang Q, Liu L, Ren H. Ginsenoside Rg5 induces apoptosis in human esophageal cancer cells through the phosphoinositide‑3 kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:4019-4026. [PMID: 30942438 PMCID: PMC6471319 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of ginsenoside in the prevention of cancer has been well established. Ginsenoside Rg5 is one of the main components isolated from red ginseng, which has been demonstrated to have anti-tumor effects by inhibiting cell proliferation and causing DNA damage. However, the role of ginsenoside Rg5 and its molecular mechanisms remain unclear in human esophageal cancer. In the present study, Rg5 was investigated as a novel drug for the chemotherapy of esophageal cancer in in vitro experiments. Esophageal cancer Eca109 cells were exposed to various concentrations of ginsenoside Rg5 (0–32 µΜ) for 24 h. Subsequent cell proliferation assays demonstrated that treatment with ginsenoside Rg5 resulted in the dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation, while a significant increase in apoptotic rate and increased activities of caspase-3, −8 and −9 were observed. In addition, the mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased and the cytoplasmic free calcium level increased following treatment with ginsenoside Rg5. Furthermore, the expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 and phosphorylated-protein kinase B (p-Akt) decreased. The specific phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 promoted this effect, while insulin-like growth factor-1, a specific PI3K activator, inhibited this action. Taken together, the results suggested that ginsenoside Rg5 may have a tumor-suppressive effect on esophageal cancer by promoting apoptosis and may be associated with the downregulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoming Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Aifu Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Jueping Feng
- Department of Oncology, Wuhan Puai Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430035, P.R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Linlin Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Hui Ren
- Department of General Surgery, The China‑Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
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Lang W, Zhu J, Chen F, Cai J, Zhong J. EVI-1 modulates arsenic trioxide induced apoptosis through JNK signalling pathway in leukemia cells. Exp Cell Res 2018; 374:140-151. [PMID: 30472098 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
High expression of the oncogene ecotropic viral integration site-1 (EVI-1) is an independent negative prognostic indicator of survival in leukemia patients. This study aimed to examine the effects of arsenic trioxide (ATO) on EVI-1 in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Mononuclear cells were isolated from the bone marrow and peripheral blood of AML patients and healthy donors. EVI-1 expression in hematopoietic cells was evaluated by RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis. EVI-1 was highly expressed in both primary AML and leukemia cell lines (THP-1 and K562). ATO down-regulated EVI-1 mRNA in zebrafish in vivo as well as in primary leukemia cells and THP-1 and K562 cells in vitro. Additionally, ATO treatment induced apoptosis, down-regulated both EVI-1 mRNA and oncoprotein expression, increased the expression of pro-apoptosis proteins, and decreased the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins in leukemia cells in vitro. EVI-1 expression in leukemia cells (THP-1 and K562) transduced with EVI-1 siRNA was significantly reduced. Silencing EVI-1 had a significant effect on the activation of the JNK pathway and the induction of leukemia cell apoptosis. ATO may downregulate EVI-1 mRNA and oncoprotein levels and block the inhibitory effects of EVI-1 on the JNK pathway, which activates the JNK apoptotic pathway, thereby leading to the apoptosis of EVI-1 in AML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Lang
- Department of Hematology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Jianyi Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Fangyuan Chen
- Department of Hematology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, China.
| | - Jiayi Cai
- Department of Hematology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Jihua Zhong
- Department of Hematology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai 200127, China
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Perlíková P, Hocek M. Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (7-deazapurine) as a privileged scaffold in design of antitumor and antiviral nucleosides. Med Res Rev 2017; 37:1429-1460. [PMID: 28834581 PMCID: PMC5656927 DOI: 10.1002/med.21465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
7-Deazapurine (pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine) nucleosides are important analogues of biogenic purine nucleosides with diverse biological activities. Replacement of the N7 atom with a carbon atom makes the five-membered ring more electron rich and brings a possibility of attaching additional substituents at the C7 position. This often leads to derivatives with increased base-pairing in DNA or RNA or better binding to enzymes. Several types of 7-deazapurine nucleosides with potent cytostatic or cytotoxic effects have been identified. The most promising are 7-hetaryl-7-deazaadenosines, which are activated in cancer cells by phosphorylation and get incorporated both to RNA (causing inhibition of proteosynthesis) and to DNA (causing DNA damage). Mechanism of action of other types of cytostatic nucleosides, 6-hetaryl-7-deazapurine and thieno-fused deazapurine ribonucleosides, is not yet known. Many 7-deazaadenosine derivatives are potent inhibitors of adenosine kinases. Many types of sugar-modified derivatives of 7-deazapurine nucleosides are also strong antivirals. Most important are 2'-C-methylribo- or 2'-C-methyl-2'-fluororibonucleosides with anti-HCV activities (several compounds underwent clinical trials). Some underexplored areas of potential interest are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Perlíková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryCzech Academy of SciencesCZ‐16610Prague 6Czech Republic
| | - Michal Hocek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryCzech Academy of SciencesCZ‐16610Prague 6Czech Republic
- Department of Organic ChemistryFaculty of ScienceCharles University in PragueCZ‐12843Prague 2Czech Republic
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Lin CC, Lee MH, Lin JH, Lin ML, Chueh FS, Yu CC, Lin JP, Chou YC, Hsu SC, Chung JG. Crude extract of Rheum palmatum L. Induces cell cycle arrest S phase and apoptosis through mitochondrial-dependent pathways in U-2 OS human osteosarcoma cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:957-969. [PMID: 25689151 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the second cause of death in children. Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignancy of solid bone cancer primarily affecting adolescents and young adults. In the Chinese population, the crude extract of Rheum palmatum L. (CERP) has been used for treating different diseases, including SARS, rheumatoid arthritis, coxsackievirus B3, and human colon cancer cell, pancreatic cancer. There are no reports on CERP and human osteosarcoma cells. The present study examined effects of CERP on cytotoxicity including cell cycle distribution and cell death (apoptosis) in U-2 OS human osteosarcoma cells. CERP significantly induced S phase arrest in U-2 OS cells in a dose-dependent. CERP produced DNA damage and DNA condensation. Other effects of CERP were stimulation of ROS and Ca(2+) , mitochondria impairment, and activation of caspase-3, -8, and -9. CERP increased the levels of Bax, Bak, Bad, cyclin B, Fas, PARP, GRP78, GADD153, AIF, Endo G, Calpain-2, p21, and p27, but decreased the levels of Bcl-2, BCL-X, XIAP, Akt, CDC25A, CDK2, Cyclin A, and Cyclin E of U-2 OS cells. It was also observed that CERP promoted the expression of AIF, Endo G, GADD153, and cytochrome c. These results indicate that CERP has anticancer effects in vitro and provide the foundation for in vivo studies of animal models of osteosarcoma. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 957-969, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Chung Lin
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Feng-Yuan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Taichung, 420, Taiwan
- General Education Center, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, 406, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Huei Lee
- General Education Center, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, 406, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, Feng-Yuan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Taichung, 420, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Hwa Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Liang Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Shin Chueh
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, 413, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chih Yu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Pin Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Chou
- Division of Neurosurgical Oncology, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, 407, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 970, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chun Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, 413, Taiwan
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5
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Kopylchuk GP, Voloshchuk OM. Peculiarities of the free radical processes in rat liver mitochondria under toxic hepatitis on the background of alimentary protein deficiency. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2016; 88:66-72. [PMID: 29227606 DOI: 10.15407/ubj88.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The rate of superoxide anion radical, hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide generation, the level
of oxidative modification of mitochondrial proteins in the liver of rats with toxic hepatitis was investigated on
the background of alimentary protein deficiency. We did not find significant increases of the intensity of free
radical processes in liver mitochondria of rats maintained on the protein-deficient ration. The most significant
intensification of free radical processes in liver mitochondria is observed under the conditions of toxic hepatitis,
induced on the background of alimentary protein deprivation. Under these conditions the aggravation of
all studied forms of reactive oxygen species generation was observed in liver mitochondria. The generation
rates were increased as follows: O2 – by 1.7 times, Н2О2 – by 1.5 times, •ОН – practically double on the background
of accumulation of oxidized mitochondria-derived proteins. The established changes in thiol groups’
redox status of respiratory chain proteins insoluble in 0.05 M sodium-phosphate buffer (pH 11.5), and changes
of their carbonyl derivatives content may be considered as one of the regulatory factors of mitochondrial
energy-generating function.
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6
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BAI HYOUNGWOO, BADABOINA SRILATHA, PARK CHULHONG, CHOI BOYUN, NA YUNHEE, CHUNG BYUNGYEOUP. Centipedegrass extract induces apoptosis through the activation of caspases and the downregulation of PI3K/AKT and MAPK phosphorylation in leukemia cells. Int J Mol Med 2014; 35:511-8. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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7
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CHEN FANGYUAN, CAO LANFANG, WAN HAIXIA, ZHANG MINYUE, CAI JIAYI, SHEN LIJING, ZHONG JIHUA, ZHONG HUA. Quercetin enhances adriamycin cytotoxicity through induction of apoptosis and regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling in multidrug-resistant leukemia K562 cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:341-8. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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8
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Lin Y, Jiang D, Li Y, Han X, Yu D, Park JH, Jin YH. Effect of sun ginseng potentiation on epirubicin and paclitaxel-induced apoptosis in human cervical cancer cells. J Ginseng Res 2014; 39:22-8. [PMID: 25535473 PMCID: PMC4268562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sun ginseng (SG), a specific formulation of quality-controlled red ginseng, contains approximately equal amounts of three major ginsenosides (RK1, Rg3, and Rg5), which reportedly has antitumor-promoting activities in animal models. Methods MTT assay was used to assess whether SG can potentiate the anticancer activity of epirubicin or paclitaxel in human cervical adenocarcinoma HeLa cells, human colon cancer SW111C cells, and SW480 cells; apoptosis status was analyzed by annexin V-FITC and PI and analyzed by flow cytometry; and apoptosis pathway was studied by analysis of caspase-3, -8, and -9 activation, mitochondrial accumulation of Bax and Bak, and cytochrome c release. Results SG remarkably enhances cancer cell death induced by epirubicin or paclitaxel in human cervical adenocarcinoma HeLa cells, human colon cancer SW111C cells, and SW480 cells. Results of the mechanism study highlighted the cooperation between SG and epirubicin or paclitaxel in activating caspase-3 and -9 but not caspase-8. Moreover, SG significantly increased the mitochondrial accumulation of both Bax and Bak triggered by epirubicin or paclitaxel as well as the subsequent release of cytochrome c in the targeted cells. Conclusion SG significantly potentiated the anticancer activities of epirubicin and paclitaxel in a synergistic manner. These effects were associated with the increased mitochondrial accumulation of both Bax and Bak that led to an enhanced cytochrome c release, caspase-9/-3 activation, and apoptosis. Treating cancer cells by combining epirubicin and paclitaxel with SG may prove to be a novel strategy for enhancing the efficacy of the two drug types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjia Lin
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Dan Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xinye Han
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Di Yu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jeong Hill Park
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ying-Hua Jin
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Corresponding author. Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology, Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China.
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9
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Li JG, She MR, Lu CY, Wei SS, Xia PF, Lu ZS, Peng Q. Manumycin induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Onco Targets Ther 2014; 7:771-7. [PMID: 24899815 PMCID: PMC4039403 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s60253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Manumycin exhibits an antitumor effect in a variety of cancer cell lines, including prostate cancer cell lines (DU145 and PC-3). Our previous studies demonstrated that manumycin induced the apoptosis of anaplastic thyroid cancer cells and leukemia cells via the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. In the current study, we further evaluated the effect of manumycin in two prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP and 22Rv1), and here we elucidate some of the underlying mechanisms. Materials and methods The cell viability of prostate cancer cells was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay after treatment with manumycin for 48 hours. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry using annexin V and propidium iodide. The expressions of B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 family members and the activations of caspase-9 and caspase-3 were detected by Western blotting. Results Manumycin treatment resulted in significant decreases in the viabilities of the two prostate cancer cell lines in a dose-dependent manner through apoptosis, and this apoptosis involved caspase-9 activation. A specific inhibitor of caspase-9 protected cells from caspase-3 activation, apoptosis, and cytotoxicity induced by manumycin. We also found that manumycin downregulated Bcl-2 expression and upregulated Bax expression. Conclusion Our data suggest that manumycin induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cells through regulation of the Bcl-2 family involving caspase-9 activation. These results suggest that manumycin may be beneficial for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Gao Li
- Department of Nephrology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, China
| | - Miao-Rong She
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Ci-Yong Lu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan-Shan Wei
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Ping-Fang Xia
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Ze-Sheng Lu
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, China
| | - Qi Peng
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, China
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10
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Zhou LY, Chen FY, Shen LJ, Wan HX, Zhong JH. Arsenic trioxide induces apoptosis in the THP1 cell line by downregulating EVI-1. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:85-90. [PMID: 24944602 PMCID: PMC4061239 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute leukemia is a malignant clonal hematopoietic stem cell disease. In the current study, the effects of arsenic trioxide (ATO) on the ecotropic viral integration site-1 (EVI-1) gene were investigated in the THP1 cell line. THP-1 cells were treated with different concentrations of ATO (0, 1, 3 and 5 μM) for 24, 48 or 72 h, then tested for cell viability by CCK-8 kit, cell morphology by cytospin smear, cell apoptosis by flow cytometry, EVI-1 mRNA expression by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and protein quantity by western blot. ATO treatment was shown to inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in THP1 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. ATO downregulated the mRNA and protein expression of EVI-1 in the THP1 cell line. In addition, ATO significantly decreased the expression of antiapoptotic proteins, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and B cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL), but markedly increased the expression of proapoptotic proteins, including c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), phosphorylated-JNK, Bax, full length caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-3. These results indicated that ATO inhibited the proliferation and induced apoptosis in THP1 cells partially via blocking the inhibitory effects of EVI-1 on the JNK signaling pathway with the involvement of apoptosis-associated proteins, including Bax, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and caspase-3. These novel observations may be used to elucidate the mechanism by which ATO induces apoptosis in acute leukemia cells, and provide rationales to develop a personalized medicine strategy for ATO via targeting EVI-1 positive neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yun Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Fang-Yuan Chen
- Department of Hematology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Li-Jing Shen
- Department of Hematology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Xia Wan
- Department of Hematology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Hua Zhong
- Department of Hematology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
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11
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Galvao J, Davis B, Tilley M, Normando E, Duchen MR, Cordeiro MF. Unexpected low-dose toxicity of the universal solvent DMSO. FASEB J 2013; 28:1317-30. [PMID: 24327606 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-235440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is an important aprotic solvent that can solubilize a wide variety of otherwise poorly soluble polar and nonpolar molecules. This, coupled with its apparent low toxicity at concentrations <10%, has led to its ubiquitous use and widespread application. Here, we demonstrate that DMSO induces retinal apoptosis in vivo at low concentrations (5 μl intravitreally dosed DMSO in rat from a stock concentration of 1, 2, 4, and 8% v/v). Toxicity was confirmed in vitro in a retinal neuronal cell line, at DMSO concentrations >1% (v/v), using annexin V, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), and AlamarBlue cell viability assays. DMSO concentrations >10% (v/v) have recently been reported to cause cellular toxicity through plasma membrane pore formation. Here, we show the mechanism by which low concentrations (2-4% DMSO) induce caspase-3 independent neuronal death that involves apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) translocation from mitochondria to the nucleus and poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase (PARP) activation. These results highlight safety concerns of using low concentrations of DMSO as a solvent for in vivo administration and in biological assays. We recommend that methods other than DMSO are employed for solubilizing drugs but, where no alternative exists, researchers compute absolute DMSO final concentrations and include an untreated control group in addition to DMSO vehicle control to check for solvent toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Galvao
- 1Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
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12
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Wang Y, Zhang J, Wang Q, Zhang T, Yang Y, Yi Y, Gao G, Dong H, Zhu H, Li Y, Lin H, Tang H, Chen X. Bryostatin 5 induces apoptosis in acute monocytic leukemia cells by activating PUMA and caspases. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 718:340-9. [PMID: 24036350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acute leukemia is a malignant clonal hematopoietic stem cell disease. In the current study, we examined the effects of bryostatin 5 on acute monocytic leukemia cells in vitro and in vivo. We also explored the mechanisms and pathways underlying the increase in apoptosis induced by bryostatin 5. Bryostatin 5 inhibited the growth of primary acute monocytic leukemia cells and U937 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manners. Bryostatin 5 also induced an increase in apoptosis and a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in U937 cells. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that bryostatin 5-treated cells displayed typical apoptotic characteristics (chromatin condensation, karyopyknosis and formation of crescents and apoptotic bodies). In addition, bryostatin 5 increased the expression of P53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) and slightly increased P53 expression. Bryostatin 5 also significantly decreased Bcl-XL expression and significantly increased the expression levels of Bak, Bax, cleaved caspase 9 and cleaved caspase 3. The pro-apoptotic activity of bryostatin 5 in U937 cells was inhibited by PUMA siRNA and z-LEHD-fmk (a specific caspase 9 inhibitor). In addition, the PUMA siRNA significantly affected the expression of cleaved caspase 9, whereas z-LEHD-fmk had little effect on the expression of PUMA. The results suggest that PUMA is located upstream of caspase 9 in this apoptotic signaling pathway. These novel findings provide mechanistic insight into the induction of apoptosis by bryostatin 5 and might facilitate the development of clinical strategies to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of treatments for acute monocytic leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Wang
- Department of Hematology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
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13
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Schlossmann J. Editorial of the special issue: signaling molecules and signal transduction in cells. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:11438-43. [PMID: 23759992 PMCID: PMC3709741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140611438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the special issue “Signaling Molecules and Signal Transduction in Cells” authors were invited to submit papers regarding important and novel aspects of extra- and intracellular signaling which have implications on physiological and pathophysiological processes. These aspects included compounds which are involved in these processes, elucidation of signaling pathways, as well as novel techniques for the analysis of signaling pathways. In response, various novel and important topics are elucidated in this special issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Schlossmann
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, University Regensburg, Universitätsstr, 31, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany.
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