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Cameron EG, Nahmou M, Toth AB, Heo L, Tanasa B, Dalal R, Yan W, Nallagatla P, Xia X, Hay S, Knasel C, Stiles TL, Douglas C, Atkins M, Sun C, Ashouri M, Bian M, Chang KC, Russano K, Shah S, Woodworth MB, Galvao J, Nair RV, Kapiloff MS, Goldberg JL. A molecular switch for neuroprotective astrocyte reactivity. Nature 2024; 626:574-582. [PMID: 38086421 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06935-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The intrinsic mechanisms that regulate neurotoxic versus neuroprotective astrocyte phenotypes and their effects on central nervous system degeneration and repair remain poorly understood. Here we show that injured white matter astrocytes differentiate into two distinct C3-positive and C3-negative reactive populations, previously simplified as neurotoxic (A1) and neuroprotective (A2)1,2, which can be further subdivided into unique subpopulations defined by proliferation and differential gene expression signatures. We find the balance of neurotoxic versus neuroprotective astrocytes is regulated by discrete pools of compartmented cyclic adenosine monophosphate derived from soluble adenylyl cyclase and show that proliferating neuroprotective astrocytes inhibit microglial activation and downstream neurotoxic astrocyte differentiation to promote retinal ganglion cell survival. Finally, we report a new, therapeutically tractable viral vector to specifically target optic nerve head astrocytes and show that raising nuclear or depleting cytoplasmic cyclic AMP in reactive astrocytes inhibits deleterious microglial or macrophage cell activation and promotes retinal ganglion cell survival after optic nerve injury. Thus, soluble adenylyl cyclase and compartmented, nuclear- and cytoplasmic-localized cyclic adenosine monophosphate in reactive astrocytes act as a molecular switch for neuroprotective astrocyte reactivity that can be targeted to inhibit microglial activation and neurotoxic astrocyte differentiation to therapeutic effect. These data expand on and define new reactive astrocyte subtypes and represent a step towards the development of gliotherapeutics for the treatment of glaucoma and other optic neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan G Cameron
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| | - Michael Nahmou
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Anna B Toth
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Lyong Heo
- Stanford Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Bogdan Tanasa
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Roopa Dalal
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Wenjun Yan
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Pratima Nallagatla
- Stanford Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Xin Xia
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Hay
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Cara Knasel
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Melissa Atkins
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Catalina Sun
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Masoumeh Ashouri
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Minjuan Bian
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kun-Che Chang
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kristina Russano
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Sahil Shah
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mollie B Woodworth
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Joana Galvao
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Ramesh V Nair
- Stanford Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Kapiloff
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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Lin K, Cabral P, Ekpenyong O, Bader SE, Galvao J, Kim Y, Lu SX, Tam YT, Bruder M, Rearden P, Shankaran H, Beaumont M. A Surrogate Matrix-Based Approach Toward Multiplexed Quantitation of an sGC Stimulator and cGMP in Ocular Tissue and Plasma. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 49:544-554. [PMID: 32851936 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320948836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay was developed and qualified for the multiplexed quantitation of a small molecule stimulator of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) and its target engagement biomarker, 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), in ocular tissues and plasma from a single surrogate matrix calibration curve. A surrogate matrix approach was used in this assay due to the limited quantities of blank ocular matrices in a discovery research setting. After optimization, the assay showed high accuracy, precision, and recovery as well as parallelism between the surrogate matrix and the biological matrices (rabbit plasma, vitreous, and retina-choroid). This assay provided pharmacokinetic and target engagement data after intravitreal administration of the sGC stimulator. The nitric oxide-sGC-cGMP pathway is a potential target to address glaucoma. Increasing sGC-mediated production of cGMP could improve aqueous humor outflow and ocular blood flow. The sGC stimulator showed dose-dependent exposure in rabbit vitreous, retina-choroid, and plasma. The cGMP exhibited a delayed yet sustained increase in vitreous humor but not retina-choroid. Multiplexed measurement of both pharmacokinetic and target engagement analytes reduced animal usage and provided improved context for interpreting PK and PD relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Lin
- 2793Merck & Co., Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pablo Cabral
- 2793Merck & Co., Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Joana Galvao
- 2793Merck & Co., Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Sherry X Lu
- 2793Merck & Co., Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yu Tong Tam
- 2793Merck & Co., Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marc Bruder
- 2793Merck & Co., Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paul Rearden
- 2793Merck & Co., Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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3
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Guo L, Davis BM, Ravindran N, Galvao J, Kapoor N, Haamedi N, Shamsher E, Luong V, Fico E, Cordeiro MF. Topical recombinant human Nerve growth factor (rh-NGF) is neuroprotective to retinal ganglion cells by targeting secondary degeneration. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3375. [PMID: 32099056 PMCID: PMC7042238 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Optic neuropathy is a major cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, and no effective treatment is currently available. Secondary degeneration is believed to be the major contributor to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death, the endpoint of optic neuropathy. Partial optic nerve transection (pONT) is an established model of optic neuropathy. Although the mechanisms of primary and secondary degeneration have been delineated in this model, until now how this is influenced by therapy is not well-understood. In this article, we describe a clinically translatable topical, neuroprotective treatment (recombinant human nerve growth factor, rh-NGF) predominantly targeting secondary degeneration in a pONT rat model. Topical application of rh-NGF twice daily for 3 weeks significantly improves RGC survival as shown by reduced RGC apoptosis in vivo and increased RGC population in the inferior retina, which is predominantly affected in this model by secondary degeneration. Topical rh-NGF also promotes greater axonal survival and inhibits astrocyte activity in the optic nerve. Collectively, these results suggest that topical rh-NGF exhibits neuroprotective effects on retinal neurons via influencing secondary degeneration process. As topical rh-NGF is already involved in early clinical trials, this highlights its potential in multiple indications in patients, including those affected by glaucomatous optic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- Glaucoma & Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Benjamin M Davis
- Glaucoma & Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nivedita Ravindran
- Glaucoma & Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joana Galvao
- Glaucoma & Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neel Kapoor
- Glaucoma & Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nasrin Haamedi
- Glaucoma & Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ehtesham Shamsher
- Glaucoma & Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vy Luong
- Glaucoma & Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Fico
- Glaucoma & Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - M Francesca Cordeiro
- Glaucoma & Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom. .,Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
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4
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Zhang X, Tenerelli K, Wu S, Xia X, Yokota S, Sun C, Galvao J, Venugopalan P, Li C, Madaan A, Goldberg JL, Chang KC. Cell transplantation of retinal ganglion cells derived from hESCs. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2020; 38:131-140. [PMID: 31815704 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-190941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glaucoma, the number one cause of irreversible blindness, is characterized by the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which do not regenerate in humans or mammals after cell death. Cell transplantation provides an opportunity to restore vision in glaucoma, or other optic neuropathies. Since transplanting primary RGCs from deceased donor tissues may not be feasible, stem cell-derived RGCs could provide a plausible alternative source of donor cells for transplant. OBJECTIVE We define a robust chemically defined protocol to differentiate human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into RGC-like neurons. METHODS Human embryonic stem cell lines (H7-A81 and H9) and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) were used for RGC differentiation. RGC immaturity was measured by calcium imaging against muscimol. Cell markers were detected by immunofluorescence staining and qRT-PCR. RGC-like cells were intravitreally injected to rat eye, and co-stained with RBPMS and human nuclei markers. All experiments were conducted at least three times independently. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with Tukey's test with P value of <0.05 considered statistically significant. RESULTS We detected retinal progenitor markers Rx and Pax6 after 15 days of differentiation, and the expression of markers for RGC-specific differentiation (Brn3a and Brn3b), maturation (synaptophysin) and neurite growth (β-III-Tubulin) after an additional 15 days. We further examined the physiologic differentiation of these hESC-derived RGC-like progeny to those differentiated in vitro from primary rodent retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) with calcium imaging, and found that both populations demonstrate the immature RGC-like response to muscimol, a GABAA receptor agonist. By one week after transplant to the adult rat eye by intravitreal injection, the human RGC-like cells successfully migrated into the ganglion cell layer. CONCLUSIONS Our protocol provides a novel, short, and cost-effective approach for RGC differentiation from hESCs, and may broaden the scope for cell replacement therapy in RGC-related optic neuropathies such as glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Zhang
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Tenerelli
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Suqian Wu
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xin Xia
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Satoshi Yokota
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Catalina Sun
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joana Galvao
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Chenyi Li
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ankush Madaan
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kun-Che Chang
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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5
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Cameron EG, Xia X, Galvao J, Ashouri M, Kapiloff MS, Goldberg JL. Optic Nerve Crush in Mice to Study Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival and Regeneration. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3559. [PMID: 32368566 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In diseases such as glaucoma, the failure of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) neurons to survive or regenerate their optic nerve axons underlies partial and, in some cases, complete vision loss. Optic nerve crush (ONC) serves as a useful model not only of traumatic optic neuropathy but also of glaucomatous injury, as it similarly induces RGC cell death and degeneration. Intravitreal injection of adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (AAV2) has been shown to specifically and efficiently transduce RGCs in vivo and has thus been proposed as an effective means of gene delivery for the treatment of glaucoma. Indeed, we and others routinely use AAV2 to study the mechanisms that promote neuroprotection and axon regeneration in RGCs following ONC. Herein, we describe a step-by-step protocol to assay RGC survival and regeneration in mice following AAV2-mediated transduction and ONC injury including 1) intravitreal injection of AAV2 viral vectors, 2) optic nerve crush, 3) cholera-toxin B (CTB) labeling of regenerating axons, 4) optic nerve clearing, 5) flat mount retina immunostaining, and 6) quantification of RGC survival and regeneration. In addition to providing all the materials and procedural details necessary to execute this protocol, we highlight its advantages over other similar published approaches and include useful tips to ensure its faithful reproduction in any modern laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan G Cameron
- Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94034, USA
| | - Xin Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94034, USA
| | - Joana Galvao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94034, USA
| | - Masoumeh Ashouri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94034, USA
| | - Michael S Kapiloff
- Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94034, USA.,Department of Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94034, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94034, USA
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6
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Kreymerman A, Buickians DN, Nahmou MM, Tran T, Galvao J, Wang Y, Sun N, Bazik L, Huynh SK, Cho IJ, Boczek T, Chang KC, Kunzevitzky NJ, Goldberg JL. MTP18 is a Novel Regulator of Mitochondrial Fission in CNS Neuron Development, Axonal Growth, and Injury Responses. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10669. [PMID: 31337818 PMCID: PMC6650498 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46956-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of mitochondrial fission-fusion has been implicated in diverse neuronal roles including neuronal survival, axon degeneration, and axon regeneration. However, whether increased fission or fusion is beneficial for neuronal health and/or axonal growth is not entirely clear, and is likely situational and cell type-dependent. In searching for mitochondrial fission-fusion regulating proteins for improving axonal growth within the visual system, we uncover that mitochondrial fission process 1,18 kDa (MTP18/MTFP1), a pro-fission protein within the CNS, is critical to maintaining mitochondrial size and volume under normal and injury conditions, in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). We demonstrate that MTP18’s expression is regulated by transcription factors involved in axonal growth, Kruppel-like factor (KLF) transcription factors-7 and -9, and that knockdown of MTP18 promotes axon growth. This investigation exposes MTP18’s previously unexplored role in regulating mitochondrial fission, implicates MTP18 as a downstream component of axon regenerative signaling, and ultimately lays the groundwork for investigations on the therapeutic efficacy of MTP18 expression suppression during CNS axon degenerative events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kreymerman
- Byers Eye Institute and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94303, USA. .,University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - David N Buickians
- Byers Eye Institute and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94303, USA
| | - Michael M Nahmou
- Byers Eye Institute and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94303, USA
| | - Tammy Tran
- University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Joana Galvao
- Byers Eye Institute and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94303, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Nicholas Sun
- University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Leah Bazik
- University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Star K Huynh
- Byers Eye Institute and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94303, USA
| | - In-Jae Cho
- Byers Eye Institute and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94303, USA
| | - Tomasz Boczek
- Byers Eye Institute and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94303, USA
| | - Kun-Che Chang
- Byers Eye Institute and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94303, USA
| | - Noelia J Kunzevitzky
- Byers Eye Institute and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94303, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Byers Eye Institute and Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94303, USA
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7
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Galvao J, Iwao K, Apara A, Wang Y, Ashouri M, Shah TN, Blackmore M, Kunzevitzky NJ, Moore DL, Goldberg JL. The Krüppel-Like Factor Gene Target Dusp14 Regulates Axon Growth and Regeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:2736-2747. [PMID: 29860460 PMCID: PMC5983061 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-23319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Adult central nervous system (CNS) neurons are unable to regenerate their axons after injury. Krüppel-like transcription factor (KLF) family members regulate intrinsic axon growth ability in vitro and in vivo, but mechanisms downstream of these transcription factors are not known. Methods Purified retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were transduced to express exogenous KLF9, KLF16, KLF7, or KLF11; microarray analysis was used to identify downstream genes, which were screened for effects on axon growth. Dual-specificity phosphatase 14 (Dusp14) was further studied using genetic (siRNA, shRNA) and pharmacologic (PTP inhibitor IV) manipulation to assess effects on neurite length in vitro and survival and regeneration in vivo after optic nerve crush in rats and mice. Results By screening genes regulated by KLFs in RGCs, we identified Dusp14 as a critical gene target limiting axon growth and regeneration downstream of KLF9's ability to suppress axon growth in RGCs. The KLF9-Dusp14 pathway inhibited activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases normally critical to neurotrophic signaling of RGC survival and axon elongation. Decreasing Dusp14 expression or disrupting its function in RGCs increased axon growth in vitro and promoted survival and optic nerve regeneration after optic nerve injury in vivo. Conclusions These results link intrinsic and extrinsic regulators of axon growth and suggest modulation of the KLF9-Dusp14 pathway as a potential approach to improve regeneration in the adult CNS after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Galvao
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States.,Shiley Eye Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Keiichiro Iwao
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Akintomide Apara
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Yan Wang
- Shiley Eye Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States.,Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Masoumeh Ashouri
- Shiley Eye Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Tejas Nimish Shah
- Shiley Eye Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Murray Blackmore
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Noelia J Kunzevitzky
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States.,Shiley Eye Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States.,Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States.,Center for Computational Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Darcie L Moore
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States.,Shiley Eye Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States.,Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
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8
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Abstract
In Portugal, the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) seropositivity is higher than in other European countries or North America. Recent literature data points out a possible difference on the pathogenic potential and on the natural history of HIV-1 and HIV-2, suggesting a lower virulence of HIV-2. Facing these hypothesis and the increasing number of HIV-2 cases, we analysed two infected groups HIV-1 and HIV-2, trying to correlate the ophthalmologic lesions present in both populations and searching for a difference in the clinical presentation of the ocular disorder. We studied prospectively 214 patients with HIV infection at several stages, 83% HIV-1 and 17% HIV-2. Ocular manifestations were present in both populations with a significant prevalence in HIV-1 (48%), compared to HIV-2 (19%) (p<0.005). The ophthalmologic pathology found, particularly noninfectious retinopathy, infectious retinitis and neuro-ophthalmic disorders, were considered important for the disease's diagnosis and prognosis. All these ophthalmic findings were present in the HIV-1 population. In the HIV-2 group the most frequent lesion was noninfectious retinopathy. Within each group, HIV-1 and HIV-2, the comparison of the survival between AIDS patients with and without ocular lesions, revealed a significant shorter survival time in those with ocular pathology (p<0.001 and p<0.05). There seems to exist a certain analogy in clinical expression in both groups, although it is possible to admit a lower severity in ocular involvement in patients infected by HIV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Monteiro-Grillo
- Lisbon University Eye Clinic, Santa Maria Hospital, Lisboa, Portugal
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9
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Wang J, Galvao J, Beach KM, Luo W, Urrutia RA, Goldberg JL, Otteson DC. Novel roles and mechanism for Krüppel-like factor 16 (KLF16) regulation of neurite outgrowth and ephrin receptor A5 (EphA5) expression in retinal ganglion cells. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:21422. [PMID: 27825077 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.a116.732339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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10
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Wang J, Galvao J, Beach KM, Luo W, Urrutia RA, Goldberg JL, Otteson DC. Novel Roles and Mechanism for Krüppel-like Factor 16 (KLF16) Regulation of Neurite Outgrowth and Ephrin Receptor A5 (EphA5) Expression in Retinal Ganglion Cells. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:18084-95. [PMID: 27402841 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.732339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine holds great promise for the treatment of degenerative retinal disorders. Krüppel-like factors (KLFs) are transcription factors that have recently emerged as key tools in regenerative medicine because some of them can function as epigenetic reprogrammers in stem cell biology. Here, we show that KLF16, one of the least understood members of this family, is a POU4F2 independent transcription factor in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) as early as embryonic day 15. When overexpressed, KLF16 inhibits RGC neurite outgrowth and enhances RGC growth cone collapse in response to exogenous ephrinA5 ligands. Ephrin/EPH signaling regulates RGC connectivity. The EphA5 promoter contains multiple GC- and GT-rich KLF-binding sites, which, as shown by ChIP-assays, bind KLF16 in vivo In electrophoretic mobility shift assays, KLF16 binds specifically to a single KLF site near the EphA5 transcription start site that is required for KLF16 transactivation. Interestingly, methylation of only six of 98 CpG dinucleotides within the EphA5 promoter blocks its transactivation by KLF16 but enables transactivation by KLF2 and KLF15. These data demonstrate a role for KLF16 in regulation of RGC neurite outgrowth and as a methylation-sensitive transcriptional regulator of EphA5 expression. Together, these data identify differential low level methylation as a novel mechanism for regulating KLF16-mediated EphA5 expression across the retina. Because of the critical role of ephrin/EPH signaling in patterning RGC connectivity, understanding the role of KLFs in regulating neurite outgrowth and Eph receptor expression will be vital for successful restoration of functional vision through optic nerve regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Wang
- From the Departments of Physiological Optics and Vision Science and
| | - Joana Galvao
- the Byers Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94303, the Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, and
| | - Krista M Beach
- From the Departments of Physiological Optics and Vision Science and
| | - Weijia Luo
- Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204
| | - Raul A Urrutia
- the Laboratory of Epigenetics and Chromatin Dynamics, Gastroenterology Research Unit, Epigenomics Translational Program, Center for Individualized Medicine, Departments of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- the Byers Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94303, the Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, and
| | - Deborah C Otteson
- From the Departments of Physiological Optics and Vision Science and Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204,
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11
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Trakhtenberg EF, Pita-Thomas W, Fernandez SG, Patel KH, Venugopalan P, Shechter JM, Morkin MI, Galvao J, Liu X, Dombrowski SM, Goldberg JL. Serotonin receptor 2C regulates neurite growth and is necessary for normal retinal processing of visual information. Dev Neurobiol 2016; 77:419-437. [PMID: 26999672 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5HT) is present in a subpopulation of amacrine cells, which form synapses with retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), but little is known about the physiological role of retinal serotonergic circuitry. We found that the 5HT receptor 2C (5HTR2C) is upregulated in RGCs after birth. Amacrine cells generate 5HT and about half of RGCs respond to 5HTR2C agonism with calcium elevation. We found that there are on average 83 5HT+ amacrine cells randomly distributed across the adult mouse retina, all negative for choline acetyltransferase and 90% positive for tyrosine hydroxylase. We also investigated whether 5HTR2C and 5HTR5A affect RGC neurite growth. We found that both suppress neurite growth, and that RGCs from the 5HTR2C knockout (KO) mice grow longer neurites. Furthermore, 5HTR2C is subject to post-transcriptional editing, and we found that only the edited isoform's suppressive effect on neurite growth could be reversed by a 5HTR2C inverse agonist. Next, we investigated the physiological role of 5HTR2C in the retina, and found that 5HTR2C KO mice showed increased amplitude on pattern electroretinogram. Finally, RGC transcriptional profiling and pathways analysis suggested partial developmental compensation for 5HTR2C absence. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that 5HTR2C regulates neurite growth and RGC activity and is necessary for normal amplitude of RGC response to physiologic stimuli, and raise the hypothesis that these functions are modulated by a subset of 5HT+/ChAT-/TH+ amacrine cells as part of retinal serotonergic circuitry. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 419-437, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephraim F Trakhtenberg
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Wolfgang Pita-Thomas
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Stephanie G Fernandez
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Karan H Patel
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Praseeda Venugopalan
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Jesse M Shechter
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Melina I Morkin
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Joana Galvao
- Shiley Eye Center, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Xiongfei Liu
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Susan M Dombrowski
- Genomatix Software, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Shiley Eye Center, University of California, San Diego, California.,Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
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12
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Galvao J, Elvas F, Martins T, Cordeiro MF, Ambrósio AF, Santiago AR. Adenosine A3 receptor activation is neuroprotective against retinal neurodegeneration. Exp Eye Res 2015; 140:65-74. [PMID: 26297614 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Death of retinal neural cells, namely retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), is a characteristic of several retinal neurodegenerative diseases. Although the role of adenosine A3 receptor (A3R) in neuroprotection is controversial, A3R activation has been reported to afford protection against several brain insults, with few studies in the retina. In vitro models (retinal neural and organotypic cultures) and animal models [ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) and partial optic nerve transection (pONT)] were used to study the neuroprotective properties of A3R activation against retinal neurodegeneration. The A3R selective agonist (2-Cl-IB-MECA, 1 μM) prevented apoptosis (TUNEL(+)-cells) induced by kainate and cyclothiazide (KA + CTZ) in retinal neural cultures (86.5 ± 7.4 and 37.2 ± 6.1 TUNEL(+)-cells/field, in KA + CTZ and KA + CTZ + 2-Cl-IB-MECA, respectively). In retinal organotypic cultures, 2-Cl-IB-MECA attenuated NMDA-induced cell death, assessed by TUNEL (17.3 ± 2.3 and 8.3 ± 1.2 TUNEL(+)-cells/mm(2) in NMDA and NMDA+2-Cl-IB-MECA, respectively) and PI incorporation (ratio DIV4/DIV2 3.3 ± 0.3 and 1.3 ± 0.1 in NMDA and NMDA+2-Cl-IB-MECA, respectively) assays. Intravitreal 2-Cl-IB-MECA administration afforded protection against I-R injury decreasing the number of TUNEL(+) cells by 72%, and increased RGC survival by 57%. Also, intravitreal administration of 2-Cl-IB-MECA inhibited apoptosis (from 449.4 ± 37.8 to 207.6 ± 48.9 annexin-V(+)-cells) and RGC loss (from 1.2 ± 0.6 to 8.1 ± 1.7 cells/mm) induced by pONT. This study demonstrates that 2-Cl-IB-MECA is neuroprotective to the retina, both in vitro and in vivo. Activation of A3R may have great potential in the management of retinal neurodegenerative diseases characterized by RGC death, as glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy, and ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Galvao
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Glaucoma & Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
| | - Filipe Elvas
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light (AIBILI), Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal.
| | - Tiago Martins
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light (AIBILI), Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal.
| | - M Francesca Cordeiro
- Glaucoma & Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK; Western Eye Hospital, Imperial College, London, UK.
| | - António Francisco Ambrósio
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light (AIBILI), Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal; CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ana Raquel Santiago
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-548 Coimbra, Portugal; Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light (AIBILI), Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal; CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
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13
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Abstract
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is an important aprotic solvent that can solubilize a wide variety of otherwise poorly soluble polar and nonpolar molecules. This, coupled with its apparent low toxicity at concentrations <10%, has led to its ubiquitous use and widespread application. Here, we demonstrate that DMSO induces retinal apoptosis in vivo at low concentrations (5 μl intravitreally dosed DMSO in rat from a stock concentration of 1, 2, 4, and 8% v/v). Toxicity was confirmed in vitro in a retinal neuronal cell line, at DMSO concentrations >1% (v/v), using annexin V, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), and AlamarBlue cell viability assays. DMSO concentrations >10% (v/v) have recently been reported to cause cellular toxicity through plasma membrane pore formation. Here, we show the mechanism by which low concentrations (2-4% DMSO) induce caspase-3 independent neuronal death that involves apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) translocation from mitochondria to the nucleus and poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase (PARP) activation. These results highlight safety concerns of using low concentrations of DMSO as a solvent for in vivo administration and in biological assays. We recommend that methods other than DMSO are employed for solubilizing drugs but, where no alternative exists, researchers compute absolute DMSO final concentrations and include an untreated control group in addition to DMSO vehicle control to check for solvent toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Galvao
- 1Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
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14
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Galvao J, Davis BM, Cordeiro MF. In vivo imaging of retinal ganglion cell apoptosis. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2012; 13:123-7. [PMID: 22995681 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, plays a vital role in normal development and ageing. However, dysregulation of this process is responsible for many disease states including; cancer, autoimmune and neurodegeneration. For this reason, in vivo visualisation of apoptosis may prove a useful tool for both laboratory research and clinical diagnostics. Glaucoma comprises a distinctive group of chronic optic neuropathies, characterised by the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Early diagnosis of glaucoma remains a clear and unmet need. Recently, there have been significant advances in the detection of apoptosis in vivo using fluorescent probes to visualise single RGCs undergoing apoptosis, specifically DARC (Detection of Apoptotic Retinal Cells) [1] and capQ technology [2(••)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Galvao
- Glaucoma & Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, University College London, London EC1 V9EL, UK
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Zussman B, Olszewski A, Sell N, Galvao J, Colacino E, Maltenfort M, Tjoumakaris S, Dumont A, Rosenwasser R, Jabbour P, Gonzalez L. E-045 Prognostic factors for acute ischemic stroke patients with and without neuroendovascular intervention. J Neurointerv Surg 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2012-010455c.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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16
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Galvao J, Abreu J, Cruz T, Machado G, Niraldo P, Daugsch A, Moraes C, Fort P, Park Y. Biological Therapy Using Propolis as Nutritional Supplement in Cancer Treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.3923/ijcr.2007.43.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Galvao J. Sacred messages for AIDS prevention. Principles into practice. Dev Commun Rep 1991:16-8. [PMID: 12284523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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