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Cameron EG, Nahmou M, Toth AB, Heo L, Tanasa B, Dalal R, Yan W, Nallagatla P, Xia X, Hay S, Knasel C, Stiles TL, Douglas C, Atkins M, Sun C, Ashouri M, Bian M, Chang KC, Russano K, Shah S, Woodworth MB, Galvao J, Nair RV, Kapiloff MS, Goldberg JL. A molecular switch for neuroprotective astrocyte reactivity. Nature 2024; 626:574-582. [PMID: 38086421 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06935-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The intrinsic mechanisms that regulate neurotoxic versus neuroprotective astrocyte phenotypes and their effects on central nervous system degeneration and repair remain poorly understood. Here we show that injured white matter astrocytes differentiate into two distinct C3-positive and C3-negative reactive populations, previously simplified as neurotoxic (A1) and neuroprotective (A2)1,2, which can be further subdivided into unique subpopulations defined by proliferation and differential gene expression signatures. We find the balance of neurotoxic versus neuroprotective astrocytes is regulated by discrete pools of compartmented cyclic adenosine monophosphate derived from soluble adenylyl cyclase and show that proliferating neuroprotective astrocytes inhibit microglial activation and downstream neurotoxic astrocyte differentiation to promote retinal ganglion cell survival. Finally, we report a new, therapeutically tractable viral vector to specifically target optic nerve head astrocytes and show that raising nuclear or depleting cytoplasmic cyclic AMP in reactive astrocytes inhibits deleterious microglial or macrophage cell activation and promotes retinal ganglion cell survival after optic nerve injury. Thus, soluble adenylyl cyclase and compartmented, nuclear- and cytoplasmic-localized cyclic adenosine monophosphate in reactive astrocytes act as a molecular switch for neuroprotective astrocyte reactivity that can be targeted to inhibit microglial activation and neurotoxic astrocyte differentiation to therapeutic effect. These data expand on and define new reactive astrocyte subtypes and represent a step towards the development of gliotherapeutics for the treatment of glaucoma and other optic neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan G Cameron
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| | - Michael Nahmou
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Anna B Toth
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Lyong Heo
- Stanford Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Bogdan Tanasa
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Roopa Dalal
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Wenjun Yan
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Pratima Nallagatla
- Stanford Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Xin Xia
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Hay
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Cara Knasel
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Melissa Atkins
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Catalina Sun
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Masoumeh Ashouri
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Minjuan Bian
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kun-Che Chang
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kristina Russano
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Sahil Shah
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mollie B Woodworth
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Joana Galvao
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Ramesh V Nair
- Stanford Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Kapiloff
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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Toroghi R, Sodavari S, Tabatabaeizadeh SE, Sharghi AS, Irankhah N, Fakhraee M, Farzin HR, Sarani M, Khayyat SH, Ashouri M, Torabi M. The First Occurrence of Hepatitis-Hydropericardium Syndrome in Iran and Effective Applied Control Measures in the Affected Commercial Broiler Flock. Avian Dis 2022; 66:213-219. [PMID: 35723929 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-21-00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fowl adenoviruses cause three economically important diseases in broiler chicken flocks: hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS), inclusion body hepatitis (IBH), and adenoviral gizzard erosion. IBH has not been considered a serious threat in northeast Iran since the last decade, because no major effect on flock performance has been noticed along with a low mortality rate. During this period, all the sporadic IBH outbreaks have also been investigated for HHS without finding any confirmed case. In March 2021, a 15-day-old commercial broiler flock in northeast Iran showed a 50% mortality rate, and birds underwent postmortem examination, histopathology, molecular testing, and phylogenetic analysis for possible disease agents. Typical gross lesions of HHS were observed postmortem that included hydropericardium with an unusual accumulation of jelly-like and straw-colored fluid in the pericardial sac (without right ventricular failure); petechial or ecchymotic hemorrhages on the myocardium, myocardial valves, and endocardium; and discolored and mottled liver along with small white foci and petechial or ecchymotic hemorrhages. Histopathologic analysis showed necrosis of hepatocytes and basophilic inclusion bodies in the livers. The molecular tests performed for detection of fowl adenovirus (FAdV), H5 avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus, avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), H9N2, chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV), infectious bursal disease (IBD) virus, Marek's disease virus, Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, and Mycoplasma synoviae turned out positive for FAdV, CIAV, IBD vaccine virus, and IBV serotypes 793B and variant I. The phylogenetic tree based on the hexon gene loop 1 demonstrated a FAdV serotype 4 (FAdV-4) that was identical to Pakistani isolate PARC-1/98. Because it was the first detection of a FAdV-4 in Iran, the stamping out program was applied immediately on the basis of HHS gross lesions and positive PCR reaction on pericardial jelly-like fluid. It seems that this eradication strategy was successful because no outbreaks were noticed for 2 mo after the initial outbreak. It was concluded that the use of gross pathologic baselines, quick diagnosis of disease, and close collaboration between governmental and private sectors were the critical factors that helped locally control the first occurrence of HHS in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Toroghi
- Mashhad Branch, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), 9183896516, Mashhad, Iran, .,MAAD Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 9198716161, Mashhad, Iran
| | - S Sodavari
- MAAD Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 9198716161, Mashhad, Iran
| | - S-E Tabatabaeizadeh
- Mashhad Branch, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), 9183896516, Mashhad, Iran
| | - A S Sharghi
- Veterinary Head Office of Khorasan Razavi province, 9185333446, Mashhad, Iran
| | - N Irankhah
- MAAD Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 9198716161, Mashhad, Iran
| | - M Fakhraee
- Mashhad Branch, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), 9183896516, Mashhad, Iran
| | - H R Farzin
- Mashhad Branch, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), 9183896516, Mashhad, Iran
| | - M Sarani
- Mashhad Branch, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), 9183896516, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - M Ashouri
- Veterinary Head Office of Khorasan Razavi province, 9185333446, Mashhad, Iran
| | - M Torabi
- Veterinary Head Office of Khorasan Razavi province, 9185333446, Mashhad, Iran
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Ashouri M, Eidani SH, Salehi Sahlabadi A. A review of studies on the evaluation of manual handling with different methods in Iran from 1389 to 1399. Occup Med (Lond) 2021. [DOI: 10.18502/tkj.v13i1.6575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Nowadays, most industries in Iran constitute a large proportion of workers' activities in Manual Material Handling. Musculoskeletal disorders are areas of erosive and inflammatory conditions that occur in the form of pain and discomfort in the muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints, peripheral nerves, blood vessels. Working hours, absenteeism, increasing work restrictions, job changes and disability and impose many economic consequences on the individual, organization, and society.
Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted to review the studies of Manual Material Handling by different methods in Iran from 2010 to 2020. The general process of the present study included searching for articles invalid national and international databases. After selecting the articles, the necessary information was extracted and analyzed. In general, based on the inclusion criteria, only studies that used NIOSH, KIM, SNOOK, 3DSSPP, WISHA, UTAH, MAC, ART, and manual handling regulations in Iran, were reviewed.
Results: 15 English articles and 50 Persian articles were found, of which 44 articles were deleted based on the exclusion criteria, and 21 articles were selected for this study and entered into the final analysis.
Conclusion: The highest number of studies was conducted in Hamedan, Tehran, Mallard, Shiraz, and Qazvin, respectively NIOSH, KIM and 3DSSPP were the three methods used with the highest number of studies in the field of Manual Material Handling in industry. Most workplace studies were conducted in the casting, food industry, tile industry, and hospital.
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Cameron EG, Xia X, Galvao J, Ashouri M, Kapiloff MS, Goldberg JL. Optic Nerve Crush in Mice to Study Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival and Regeneration. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3559. [PMID: 32368566 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In diseases such as glaucoma, the failure of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) neurons to survive or regenerate their optic nerve axons underlies partial and, in some cases, complete vision loss. Optic nerve crush (ONC) serves as a useful model not only of traumatic optic neuropathy but also of glaucomatous injury, as it similarly induces RGC cell death and degeneration. Intravitreal injection of adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (AAV2) has been shown to specifically and efficiently transduce RGCs in vivo and has thus been proposed as an effective means of gene delivery for the treatment of glaucoma. Indeed, we and others routinely use AAV2 to study the mechanisms that promote neuroprotection and axon regeneration in RGCs following ONC. Herein, we describe a step-by-step protocol to assay RGC survival and regeneration in mice following AAV2-mediated transduction and ONC injury including 1) intravitreal injection of AAV2 viral vectors, 2) optic nerve crush, 3) cholera-toxin B (CTB) labeling of regenerating axons, 4) optic nerve clearing, 5) flat mount retina immunostaining, and 6) quantification of RGC survival and regeneration. In addition to providing all the materials and procedural details necessary to execute this protocol, we highlight its advantages over other similar published approaches and include useful tips to ensure its faithful reproduction in any modern laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan G Cameron
- Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94034, USA
| | - Xin Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94034, USA
| | - Joana Galvao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94034, USA
| | - Masoumeh Ashouri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94034, USA
| | - Michael S Kapiloff
- Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94034, USA.,Department of Medicine and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94034, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Department of Ophthalmology, Byers Eye Institute, Mary M. and Sash A. Spencer Center for Vision Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94034, USA
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Galvao J, Iwao K, Apara A, Wang Y, Ashouri M, Shah TN, Blackmore M, Kunzevitzky NJ, Moore DL, Goldberg JL. The Krüppel-Like Factor Gene Target Dusp14 Regulates Axon Growth and Regeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:2736-2747. [PMID: 29860460 PMCID: PMC5983061 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-23319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Adult central nervous system (CNS) neurons are unable to regenerate their axons after injury. Krüppel-like transcription factor (KLF) family members regulate intrinsic axon growth ability in vitro and in vivo, but mechanisms downstream of these transcription factors are not known. Methods Purified retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were transduced to express exogenous KLF9, KLF16, KLF7, or KLF11; microarray analysis was used to identify downstream genes, which were screened for effects on axon growth. Dual-specificity phosphatase 14 (Dusp14) was further studied using genetic (siRNA, shRNA) and pharmacologic (PTP inhibitor IV) manipulation to assess effects on neurite length in vitro and survival and regeneration in vivo after optic nerve crush in rats and mice. Results By screening genes regulated by KLFs in RGCs, we identified Dusp14 as a critical gene target limiting axon growth and regeneration downstream of KLF9's ability to suppress axon growth in RGCs. The KLF9-Dusp14 pathway inhibited activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases normally critical to neurotrophic signaling of RGC survival and axon elongation. Decreasing Dusp14 expression or disrupting its function in RGCs increased axon growth in vitro and promoted survival and optic nerve regeneration after optic nerve injury in vivo. Conclusions These results link intrinsic and extrinsic regulators of axon growth and suggest modulation of the KLF9-Dusp14 pathway as a potential approach to improve regeneration in the adult CNS after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Galvao
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States.,Shiley Eye Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Keiichiro Iwao
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Akintomide Apara
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Yan Wang
- Shiley Eye Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States.,Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Masoumeh Ashouri
- Shiley Eye Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Tejas Nimish Shah
- Shiley Eye Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Murray Blackmore
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Noelia J Kunzevitzky
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States.,Shiley Eye Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States.,Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States.,Center for Computational Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Darcie L Moore
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States.,Shiley Eye Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States.,Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States
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Samie N, Haerian B, Muniandy S, Green D, Ashouri M. Exhaustive study of the novel hyper alkalophil, thermostable, and chelator resistant metalloprotease. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 175:3397-417. [PMID: 25820296 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1513-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Our newly discovered metalloprotease, designated as ALP NS12 was selected using gelatin agar plates with incubation at 100 °C. Subcloning of the fragments in to pUC118 to make E. coli HB101 (pPEMP01NS) with following two-step chromatography using diethylaminoethyl sepharose (DEAE-sepharose) and Sephadex G-100 columns to purify 97-kDa expressed enzyme was performed. Although activity of immobilized ALP NS12 on glass surface was established at temperatures between 70 and 120 °C and pH ranges 4.0-13.0, the optimum temperature and pH were achieved at 100 °C and 11.0, respectively. Enhancement of enzyme activity was obtained in the presence of 5 mM MnCl2 (91 %), CaCl2 (357 %), FeCl2 (175 %), MgCl2 (94 %), ZnCl2 (412 %), NiCl (86 %), NaCl (239 %), and Na-sulfate (81 %) while inhibition was observed with EDTA (5 mM), PMSF (3 mM), urea (8 M), and SDS (1 %) at 65, 37, 33, and 42 %, respectively. Consequently, the enzyme was well analyzed using crystallography and protein modeling. ALP NS12 can be applied in industrial processes at extreme temperatures and under highly basic conditions, chelators, and detergents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Samie
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia,
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Karimi-Jafari MH, Ashouri M. Quantifying the anisotropy of intermolecular potential energy surfaces: a critical assessment of available N2–N2 potentials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:9887-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02613a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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