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Gajjar S, Bora V, Patel BM. Repositioning of simvastatin for diabetic colon cancer: role of CDK4 inhibition and apoptosis. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:2337-2349. [PMID: 36703094 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04663-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
There is increased risk of colon cancer in both men and women having diabetes. The objective of the study was to evaluate the role of simvastatin in colon cancer associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes was induced by administering high fat diet with low dose streptozotocin model. 1,2 dimethylhydrazine (25 mg/kg, sc) was used for colon cancer induction. MTT assay, scratch assay, clonogenic assay and annexin V-FITC assay using flow cytometry were performed on HCT-15 cell line. Simvastatin controlled diabetes and colon cancer in animal models and reduced mRNA expression of CDK4 in colon tissues. In vitro studies revealed that simvastatin showed a decrease in cell viability and produced dose dependent decrease in clone formation. There was decrease in the rate of migration with increase in concentration of simvastatin in scratch assay. Moreover, simvastatin induced apoptosis as depicted from annexin V-FITC assay using flow cytometry as well as that revealed by tunnel assay. Our data suggest that simvastatin exhibits protective role in colon cancer associated with diabetes mellitus and acts possibly via down regulation of CDK4 and induction of apoptosis and hence can be considered for repositioning in diabetic colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saumitra Gajjar
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382 481, India
| | - Vivek Bora
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382 481, India
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Sarbassova G, Nurlan N, Raddam Al shammari B, Francis N, Alshammari M, Aljofan M. Investigating potential anti-proliferative activity of different statins against five cancer cell lines. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:727-735. [PMID: 37181137 PMCID: PMC10172604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins have been reported to have potential anti-proliferative effects through an unknown mechanism. This study aims to investigate the anti-proliferative activities of five statins, including simvastatin, rosuvastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, and pravastatin, against five different cancer cell lines; cervical epithelial carcinoma DoTc2 4510, malignant melanoma A-375, muscle Ewing's sarcoma A-673, hepatocellular carcinoma HUH-7, as well as breast cancer cells MCF-7. At 100 µM, simvastatin and atorvastatin significantly inhibited 70% of cellular proliferation. At the same concentration, rosuvastatin and fluvastatin showed about 50% of inhibition only in A-375 and A-673 cancer cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Of all the statin drugs used, pravastatin had the least inhibitory effect on all the cancer cell lines. Western Blot analysis showed a decrease in mTOR level, and the expression of p53 tumour suppression and BCL-2 proteins was relatively elevated compared to the untreated cells. Simvastatin and atorvastatin may inhibit cellular proliferation via BCL-2/p53, Bax/Bak, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathways. This is the first research to evaluate the anti-cancer effects of simvastatin, rosuvastatin, fluvastatin, atorvastatin, and pravastatin against five different cell lines from distinct origins and provided a relevant comparison of their efficacies for their anti-proliferative activity.
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Amin F, Fathi F, Reiner Ž, Banach M, Sahebkar A. The role of statins in lung cancer. Arch Med Sci 2022; 18:141-152. [PMID: 35154535 PMCID: PMC8826694 DOI: 10.5114/aoms/123225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer-related mortality in the 21st century. Statins as inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase not only reduce the cholesterol levels in the blood and decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease but may also play an important role in the prevention and treatment of lung cancer. Statins have several antitumor properties including the ability to reduce cell proliferation and angiogenesis, decrease invasion and synergistic suppression of lung cancer progression. Statins induce tumor cell apoptosis by inhibition of downstream products such as small GTP-binding proteins, Rho, Ras and Rac, which are dependent on isoprenylation. Statins reduce angiogenesis in tumors by down-regulation of pro-angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor. In this review, the feasibility and efficacy of statins in the prevention and treatment of lung cancer are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Amin
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Fathi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Biosensor and Bioelectronic Department, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Željko Reiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Preventive Cardiology and Lipidology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Ahmadi M, Amiri S, Pecic S, Machaj F, Rosik J, Łos MJ, Alizadeh J, Mahdian R, da Silva Rosa SC, Schaafsma D, Shojaei S, Madrakian T, Zeki AA, Ghavami S. Pleiotropic effects of statins: A focus on cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165968. [PMID: 32927022 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The statin drugs ('statins') potently inhibit hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase by competitively blocking the active site of the enzyme. Statins decrease de novo cholesterol biosynthesis and thereby reduce plasma cholesterol levels. Statins exhibit "pleiotropic" properties that are independent of their lipid-lowering effects. For example, preclinical evidence suggests that statins inhibit tumor growth and induce apoptosis in specific cancer cell types. Furthermore, statins show chemo-sensitizing effects by impairing Ras family GTPase signaling. However, whether statins have clinically meaningful anti-cancer effects remains an area of active investigation. Both preclinical and clinical studies on the potential mechanisms of action of statins in several cancers have been reviewed in the literature. Considering the contradictory data on their efficacy, we present an up-to-date summary of the pleiotropic effects of statins in cancer therapy and review their impact on different malignancies. We also discuss the synergistic anti-cancer effects of statins when combined with other more conventional anti-cancer drugs to highlight areas of potential therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazaher Ahmadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Shayan Amiri
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, R4046 - 351 Taché Ave, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Stevan Pecic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Filip Machaj
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jakub Rosik
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marek J Łos
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Javad Alizadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Reza Mahdian
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simone C da Silva Rosa
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | - Shahla Shojaei
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Tayyebeh Madrakian
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Amir A Zeki
- University of California, Davis School of Medicine. Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine. U.C. Davis Lung Center, Davis, California, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Mather, California, USA
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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Multiple Molecular Targets Associated with Genomic Instability in Lung Cancer. Int J Genomics 2019; 2019:9584504. [PMID: 31355244 PMCID: PMC6636528 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9584504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) is the first cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Elucidating the pathogenesis of LC will give information on key elements of tumor initiation and development while helping to design novel targeted therapies. LC is an heterogeneous disease that has the second highest mutation rate surpassed only by melanoma, since 90% of LC occurs in tobacco smokers. However, only a small percent of smokers develops LC, indicating an inherent genomic instability. Additionally, LC in never smokers suggests other molecular mechanisms not causally linked to tobacco carcinogens. This review presents a current outlook of the connection between LC and genomic instability at the molecular and clinical level summarizing its implications for diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis. The genomic landscape of LC shows widespread alterations such as DNA methylation, point mutations, copy number variation, chromosomal translocations, and aneuploidy. Genome maintenance mechanisms including cell cycle control, DNA repair, and mitotic checkpoints open a window to translational research for finding novel diagnostic biomarkers and targeted therapies in LC.
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Xia DK, Hu ZG, Tian YF, Zeng FJ. Statin use and prognosis of lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and randomized controlled trials. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:405-422. [PMID: 30774306 PMCID: PMC6350654 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s187690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Previous clinical studies reported inconsistent results on the associations of statins with the mortality and survival of lung cancer patients. This review and meta-analysis summarized the impact of statins on mortality and survival of lung cancer patients. Materials and methods Eligible papers of this meta-analysis were searched by using PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane until July 2017. Primary end points were the mortality (all-cause mortality and cancer-specific mortality) and survival (progression-free survival and overall survival) of patients with statin use. Secondary end points were overall response rate and safety. The random-effects model was used to calculate pooled HRs and 95% CIs. Results Seventeen studies involving 98,445 patients were included in the meta-analysis. In observational studies, the pooled HR indicated that statins potentially decreased the cancer-specific mortality and promoted the overall survival of lung cancer patients. Statins showed an association with decreased all-cause mortality in cohort studies (HR =0.77, 95% CI: 0.59–0.99), but not in case-control studies (HR =0.75, 95% CI: 0.50–1.10). However, statin use showed no impact on mortality and overall survival in randomized controlled trials. Meanwhile, this meta-analysis indicated that statin use did not affect the progression-free survival of lung cancer patients in observational studies and randomized controlled trials. In addition, statins potentially enhanced the effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (HR=0.86, 95% CI: 0.76–0.98) and chemotherapy (HR=0.86, 95% CI: 0.81–0.91) on the overall survival of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer, but did not increase overall response rate and toxicity. Conclusion Statins were potentially associated with the decreasing risk of mortality and the improvement of overall survival in observational studies but not in randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao-Kui Xia
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, PR China
| | - Zhi-Gang Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Respiratory Disease Research Institute of China, Three Gorges University, Yichang, PR China, .,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, PR China,
| | - Yu-Feng Tian
- Department of Academic Management, Clinical Research Center, Three Gorges University, Yichang, PR China
| | - Fan-Jun Zeng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Respiratory Disease Research Institute of China, Three Gorges University, Yichang, PR China, .,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, PR China,
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Liu B, Chen Y, Yang J. LncRNAs are altered in lung squamous cell carcinoma and lung adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:24275-24291. [PMID: 27903974 PMCID: PMC5421846 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been implicated in pathogenesis of various cancers, including lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). We used cBioPortal to analyze lncRNA alteration frequencies and their ability to predict overall survival (OS) using 504 LUSC and 522 LUAD samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. In LUSC, 624 lncRNAs had alteration rates > 1% and 64 > 10%. In LUAD 625 lncRNAs had alteration rates > 1% and 36 > 10%. Among those, 620 lncRNAs had alteration frequencies > 1% in both LUSC and LUAD, while 22 were LUSC-specific and 23 were LUAD-specific. Twenty lncRNAs had alteration frequencies > 10% in both LUSC and LUAD, while 44 were LUSC-specific and 16 were LUAD specific. Genome ontology and pathway analyses produced similar results for LUSC and LUAD. Two lncRNAs (IGF2BP2-AS1 and DGCR5) correlated with better OS in LUSC, and three (MIR31HG, CDKN2A-AS1 and LINC01600) predicted poor OS in LUAD. Chip-seq and luciferase reporter assays identified potential IGF2BP2-AS1, DGCR5 and LINC01600 promoters and enhancers. This study presented lncRNA landscapes and revealed differentially expressed, highly altered lncRNAs in LUSC and LUAD. LncRNAs that act as oncogenes and lncRNA-regulating transcription factors provide novel targets for anti-lung cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yifei Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiong Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Chen MJ, Cheng AC, Lee MF, Hsu YC. Simvastatin induces G1
arrest by up-regulating GSK3β and down-regulating CDK4/cyclin D1 and CDK2/cyclin E1 in human primary colorectal cancer cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:4618-4625. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jenn Chen
- Department of Surgery; Chi-Mei Medical Center; Tainan Taiwan
- Department of Sports Management, College of Leisure and Recreation Management; Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science; Tainan Taiwan
| | - An-Ching Cheng
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences; Chang Jung Christian University; Tainan Taiwan
| | - Ming-Fen Lee
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences; Chang Jung Christian University; Tainan Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chiang Hsu
- Department of Medical Sciences Industry, College of Health Sciences; Chang Jung Christian University; Tainan Taiwan
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Papanagnou P, Stivarou T, Papageorgiou I, Papadopoulos GE, Pappas A. Marketed drugs used for the management of hypercholesterolemia as anticancer armament. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:4393-4411. [PMID: 28932124 PMCID: PMC5598753 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s140483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of novel pharmacologic agents as well as their approval for sale in markets all over the world is a tedious and pricey process. Inevitably, oncologic patients commonly experience unwanted effects of new anticancer drugs, while the acquisition of clinical experience for these drugs is largely based on doctor–patient partnership which is not always effective. The repositioning of marketed non-antineoplastic drugs that hopefully exhibit anticancer properties into the field of oncology is a challenging option that gains ground and attracts preclinical and clinical research in an effort to override all these hindrances and minimize the risk for reduced efficacy and/or personalized toxicity. This review aims to present the anticancer properties of drugs used for the management of hypercholesterolemia. A global view of the antitumorigenicity of all marketed antihypercholesterolemic drugs is of major importance, given that atherosclerosis, which is etiologically linked to hypercholesterolemia, is a leading worldwide cause of morbidity and mortality, while hypercholesterolemia and tumorigenesis are known to be interrelated. In vitro, in vivo and clinical literature data accumulated so far outline the mechanistic basis of the antitumor function of these agents and how they could find application at the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theodora Stivarou
- Immunology Laboratory, Immunology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
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Chen S, Jiang S, Hu F, Xu Y, Wang T, Mei Q. Foxk2 inhibits non-small cell lung cancer epithelial-mesenchymal transition and proliferation through the repression of different key target genes. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:2335-2347. [PMID: 28260088 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that numerous fork-head transcription factors are required to repress the mammalian cells phenotype. Among them, Foxk2 is a ubiquitously expressed family member, but the role of Foxk2 in mediating tumor metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer has not been explored. In this investigation reduced Foxk2 expression was found in lung adenocarcinoma tissues compared with the adjacent non-tumor tissues, and was associated with better overall survival. Low expression was also found in the NSCLC cell lines such as A549, NCI-H520, H1299, H358 and H460 cells. Recombinant lentivirus expressing Foxk2 constructs or ShFoxk2 were developed and transfected into A549 cells or NCI-H520 cells, immunofluorescence assay, qRT-PCR, and western blot analysis were used to measure the change of the epithelial markers, E-cadherin and α-catenin, and mesenchymal markers N-cadherin and vimentin. Wound healing assay and Transwell assay were used to measure the relative cell invasion ability. MTT assay, Edu assay, and cell cycle distribution analysis were used to confirm the effect of Foxk2 on cell proliferation. ChIP-seq, qChIP, as well as luciferase reporter gene assays were used to detect the target genes regulated by Foxk2, Bioinformatics predicated the potential miRNAs that could target Foxk2. Our study demonstrated that Foxk2 played major roles in NSCLC EMT by directly targeting N-cadherin and Snail, we found that Foxk2 regulated NSCLC cell growth by suppressing the expression of cyclin D1 and CDK4, which suggested that Foxk2 might be a multifunctional regulator in NSCLC. The expression of Foxk2 may be regulated by miR-1271, which could serve as a promising therapeutic target for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Simin Jiang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Fen Hu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Yongjian Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Qi Mei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
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Lin JJ, Ezer N, Sigel K, Mhango G, Wisnivesky JP. The effect of statins on survival in patients with stage IV lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2016; 99:137-42. [PMID: 27565929 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prior studies have shown an anticancer effect of statins in patients with certain malignancies. However, it is unclear whether statins have a mortality benefit in lung cancer. We compared survival of patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) receiving vs. not receiving statins prior to diagnosis. METHODS Using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results registry linked to Medicare claims, we identified 5118 patients >65 years of age diagnosed with stage IV NSCLC between 2007 and 2009. We used propensity score methods to assess the association of statin use with overall and lung cancer-specific survival while controlling for measured confounders. RESULTS Overall, 27% of patients were on statins at time of lung cancer diagnosis. Median survival in the statin group was 7 months, compared to 4 months in patients not treated with statins (p<0.001). Propensity score analyses found that statin use was associated with improvement in overall (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.76, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.73-0.79) and lung cancer-specific survival (HR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.73-0.81), after controlling for baseline patient characteristics, cancer characteristics, staging work-up and chemotherapy use. CONCLUSIONS Statin use is associated with improved survival among patients with stage IV NSCLC suggesting a potential anticancer effect. Further research should evaluate plausible biological mechanisms as well as test the effect of statins in prospective clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny J Lin
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1087, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Nicole Ezer
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1087, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Keith Sigel
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1087, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Grace Mhango
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1087, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Juan P Wisnivesky
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1087, New York, NY 10029, USA; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
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12
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The oncogenetic role of stanniocalcin 1 in lung adenocarcinoma: a promising serum candidate biomarker for tracking lung adenocarcinoma progression. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:5633-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4431-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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13
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Kubatka P, Bojková B, Kassayová M, Orendáš P, Kajo K, Výbohová D, Kružliak P, Adamicová K, Péč M, Stollárová N, Adamkov M. Combination of Pitavastatin and melatonin shows partial antineoplastic effects in a rat breast carcinoma model. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:1454-61. [PMID: 25450902 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Our previous results indicated significant tumor-suppressive effects of different statins in rat mammary carcinogenesis. The purpose of this experiment was to examine the chemopreventive effects of Pitavastatin alone and in combination with the pineal hormone melatonin in the model of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mammary carcinogenesis in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Pitavastatin was administered dietary (10mg/kg) and melatonin in an aqueous solution (20μg/ml). Chemoprevention began 7 days prior to carcinogen administration and subsequently continued for 15 weeks until autopsy. At autopsy, mammary tumors were removed and prepared for histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis. Compared to controls, Pitavastatin alone reduced average tumor volume by 58% and lengthened latency by 8 days; on the other hand, the drug increased tumor frequency by 23%. Combined administration of Pitavastatin with melatonin decreased tumor frequency by 23%, tumor volume by 44% and lengthened tumor latency by 5.5 days compared to control animals. The analysis of carcinoma cells showed significant increase in caspase-3 expression in both treated groups and a tendency of increased caspase-7 expression after Pitavastatin treatment alone. Significant expression decrease of Ki67 was found in carcinoma cells from both treated groups. Compared to control carcinoma cells, Pitavastatin alone increased VEGF expression by 41%, however melatonin totally reversed its undesirable effect. Pitavastatin combined with melatonin significantly increased femur compact bone thickness in animals. Pitavastatin alone decreased plasma triglycerides and total cholesterol levels, however it significantly increased levels of glucose. In summary, our results show a partial antineoplastic effect of Pitavastatin combined with melatonin in the rat mammary gland carcinoma model.
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14
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Orendáš P, Kubatka P, Bojková B, Kassayová M, Kajo K, Výbohová D, Kružliak P, Péč M, Adamkov M, Kapinová A, Adamicová K, Sadloňová V, Chmelová M, Stollárová N. Melatonin potentiates the anti-tumour effect of pravastatin in rat mammary gland carcinoma model. Int J Exp Pathol 2014; 95:401-10. [PMID: 25270735 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies in the field of cancer research have suggested a possible role for statins in the reduction of risk in certain malignancies. The purpose of these studies was to examine the chemopreventive effects of pravastatin alone and in combination with pineal hormone melatonin in the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mammary carcinogenesis model. Pravastatin was given orally (1 00 mg/kg) and melatonin was added to the water (20 μg/ml). Chemoprevention began seven days prior to carcinogen administration and subsequently continued for 15 weeks until autopsy. At autopsy, mammary tumours were removed and prepared for histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis. Parameters of experimental carcinogenesis, mechanism of action (biomarkers of apoptosis, angiogenesis and proliferation) and side effects after long-term treatment in animals were assessed. Pravastatin alone suppressed tumour frequency by 20.5% and average tumour volume by 15% compared with controls. Combined administration of the drugs decreased tumour frequency by 69% and lengthened tumour latency by nine days compared with control animals. The ration between high and low grade carcinomas was apparently reduced in both treated groups. The analysis of carcinoma cells showed significant expression increase in caspase-3 and caspase-7 after pravastatin treatment; however, combined treatment even more pronounced increase in the expression of both caspases. Regarding VEGFR-2 expression, a small effect in carcinomas of both treated groups was found. In plasma metabolism evaluation, pravastatin alone significantly decreased levels of glucose and triacylglycerols. Our results suggest a mild anti-neoplastic effect of pravastatin in this rat mammary gland carcinoma model. Statins co-administered with other suitable drug (e.g. melatonin) should be further evaluated for tumour-preventive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Orendáš
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biological and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia
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15
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Statins in oncological research: from experimental studies to clinical practice. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2014; 92:296-311. [PMID: 25220658 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors are commonly used drugs in the treatment of dyslipidemias, primarily raised cholesterol. Recently, many epidemiological and preclinical studies pointed to anti-tumor properties of statins, including anti-proliferative activities, apoptosis, decreased angiogenesis and metastasis. These processes play an important role in carcinogenesis and, therefore, the role of statins in cancer disease is being seriously discussed among oncologists. Anti-neoplastic properties of statins combined with an acceptable toxicity profile in the majority of individuals support their further development as anti-tumor drugs. The mechanism of action, current preclinical studies and clinical efficacy of statins are reviewed in this paper. Moreover, promising results have been reported regarding the statins' efficacy in some cancer types, especially in esophageal and colorectal cancers, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Statins' hepatotoxicity has traditionally represented an obstacle to the prescription of this class of drugs and this issue is also discussed in this review.
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16
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Schointuch MN, Gilliam TP, Stine JE, Han X, Zhou C, Gehrig PA, Kim K, Bae-Jump VL. Simvastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, exhibits anti-metastatic and anti-tumorigenic effects in endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2014; 134:346-55. [PMID: 24880141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our goal was to evaluate the effects of simvastatin on endometrial cancer cell lines and primary cultures of endometrial cancer cells. METHODS Cell proliferation in the ECC-1 and Ishikawa endometrial cancer cell lines and primary cultures of endometrial cancer cells was assessed by MTT assay. Apoptosis and cell cycle were detected by Annexin V assay and propidium iodide staining, respectively. Reactive oxygen species and cell adhesion were assessed using ELISA assays. Invasion was analyzed using a transwell invasion assay. Mitochondrial DNA damage was confirmed using qPCR. The effects of simvastatin on the AKT/mTOR and MAPK pathways were determined by Western blotting. RESULTS Simvastatin inhibited cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner in both endometrial cancer cell lines and 5/8 primary cultures of endometrial cancer cells. Simvastatin treatment resulted in G1 cell cycle arrest, a reduction in the enzymatic activity of HMG-CoA, induction of apoptosis as well as DNA damage and cellular stress. Treatment with simvastatin resulted in inhibition of the MAPK pathway and exhibited differential effects on the AKT/mTOR pathway in the ECC-1 and Ishikawa cells. Minimal change in AKT phosphorylation was seen in both cell lines. An increase in phosphorylated S6 was seen in ECC-1 and a decrease was seen in Ishikawa. Treatment with simvastatin reduced cell adhesion and invasion (p<0.01) in both cell lines. CONCLUSION Simvastatin had significant anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic effects in endometrial cancer cells, possibly through modulation of the MAPK and AKT/mTOR pathways, suggesting that statins may be a promising treatment strategy for endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica N Schointuch
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Timothy P Gilliam
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jessica E Stine
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Han
- ShanDong Tumor Hospital, Jinan University, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jinan 250117, PR China
| | - Chunxiao Zhou
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Paola A Gehrig
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth Kim
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Victoria L Bae-Jump
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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17
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Zhou C, An H, Hu M, Liu Q, Geng P, Xu J, Sun B, Liu C. The cyclin D1 (CCND1) G870A polymorphism and lung cancer susceptibility: a meta-analysis. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:3831-7. [PMID: 23873109 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0968-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have investigated the association between Cyclin D1 (CCND1) G870A genetic polymorphism and lung cancer susceptibility, but the results were inconclusive. The aim of this meta-analysis was to summarize available evidence for such a relationship. The reviewers made use of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and BIOSIS databases. The relevant data were independently extracted by two reviewers. The odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was selected as the principal outcome measure. The heterogeneity test, the publication bias test, and the sensitivity analysis were performed. Overall, a total of 10 case-control studies were included. Our meta-analysis indicated that CCND1 G870A genetic polymorphism was a risk factor for lung cancer under homozygote model (OR = 1.18; 95% CI = 1.02, 1.37), recessive model (OR = 1.21; 95% CI = 1.03, 1.41), and allele model (OR = 1.11; 95% CI = 1.02, 1.21). In the subgroup analysis by source of ethnicity, a statistical increase of lung cancer risk was found among Asian groups for allele model (OR = 1.11; 95% CI = 1.01-1.22). The present meta-analysis suggests that CCND1 G870A polymorphism may be a risk factor for lung cancer. Besides, allele A may contribute to increased lung cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxi Zhou
- Nanlou Respiratory Diseases Department, PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
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18
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Chuang SC, Liao HJ, Li CJ, Wang GJ, Chang JK, Ho ML. Simvastatin enhances human osteoblast proliferation involved in mitochondrial energy generation. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 714:74-82. [PMID: 23769741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Simvastatin has been shown to stimulate osteogenic cell differentiation. Our previous study showed osteoblasts on trabecular surface are increased by simvastatin treatment in animal study. However, whether simvastatin stimulates osteoblast proliferation and by what molecular mechanism have not been adequately investigated. Because the mitochondrial function is crucial for cell survival and proliferation, we hypothesize that simvastatin may promote human osteoblast (hOBs) proliferation and it may be related to mitochondrial function. Our results showed that simvastatin significantly enhanced proliferation and increased both mRNA and protein levels of cyclin D2, Bcl-2 and the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bax (Bcl-2/Bax). Furthermore, simvastatin increased mitochondrial activity and ATP content of hOBs. Most importantly, treatment with ATP synthase blocker, oligomycin, significantly decreased both simvastatin-stimulated ATP content and cell proliferation, and completely reversed the simvastatin-induced up-regulation of cyclin D2 and Bcl-2 expression in hOBs. On the other hand, rotenone, the complex I blocker, also partially blocked simvastatin-stimulated ATP content and cell proliferation, but the blocker did not suppress the effect of simvastatin on cyclin D2 and Bcl-2 expression. These results indicate that the up-regulation of cyclin D2 and Bcl-2/Bax by simvastatin depends on the intact function of ATP synthase in the mitochondria of hOBs. It suggests that simvastatin may promote hOB proliferation, at least partly, via up-regulating mitochondrial function and subsequently cyclin D2 and Bcl-2/Bax expression. The findings provide new information for the basic medical science in bone physiology and for new therapy strategy of simvastatin on bone formation in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chun Chuang
- Orthopedic Research Center, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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