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Amicuzi U, Grillo M, Stizzo M, Olivetta M, Tammaro S, Napolitano L, Reccia P, De Luca L, Rubinacci A, Della Rosa G, Lecce A, Coppola P, Papi S, Trama F, Romano L, Sciorio C, Spirito L, Crocetto F, Manfredi C, Del Giudice F, Ferro M, Rocco B, Tataru OS, Balsamo R, Lucarelli G, Del Biondo D, Barone B. Exploring the Multifactorial Landscape of Penile Cancer: A Comprehensive Analysis of Risk Factors. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:1790. [PMID: 39202278 PMCID: PMC11353487 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14161790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Penile cancer, while rare, is a critical public health issue due to its profound impact on patients and the complexities of its management. The disease's multifactorial etiology includes risk factors such as HPV infection, poor hygiene, smoking, genetic predispositions, and socioeconomic determinants. This article provides a comprehensive review and analysis of these diverse risk factors, aiming to enhance understanding of the disease's underlying causes. By elucidating these factors, the article seeks to inform and improve prevention strategies, early detection methods, and therapeutic interventions. A nuanced grasp of the multifactorial nature of penile cancer can enable healthcare professionals to develop more effective approaches to reducing incidence rates and improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Amicuzi
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgical Sciences, AORN Sant’Anna e San Sebastiano, 81100 Caserta, Italy;
| | - Marco Grillo
- Department of Urology, Ospedale del Mare, ASL NA1 Centro, 80147 Naples, Italy; (M.G.); (D.D.B.)
| | - Marco Stizzo
- Urology Unit, Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (L.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Michelangelo Olivetta
- Urology Unit, Gaetano Fucito Hospital, AOU San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona, 84085 Mercato San Severino, Italy;
| | - Simone Tammaro
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.T.); (L.N.); (A.R.); (G.D.R.); (A.L.); (P.C.); (S.P.); (L.R.); (F.C.)
| | - Luigi Napolitano
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.T.); (L.N.); (A.R.); (G.D.R.); (A.L.); (P.C.); (S.P.); (L.R.); (F.C.)
| | - Pasquale Reccia
- Urology Unit, AORN Ospedali dei Colli, Monaldi Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy; (P.R.); (R.B.)
| | - Luigi De Luca
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgical Multispecialty, AORN Antonio Cardarelli, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Andrea Rubinacci
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.T.); (L.N.); (A.R.); (G.D.R.); (A.L.); (P.C.); (S.P.); (L.R.); (F.C.)
| | - Giampiero Della Rosa
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.T.); (L.N.); (A.R.); (G.D.R.); (A.L.); (P.C.); (S.P.); (L.R.); (F.C.)
| | - Arturo Lecce
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.T.); (L.N.); (A.R.); (G.D.R.); (A.L.); (P.C.); (S.P.); (L.R.); (F.C.)
| | - Paola Coppola
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.T.); (L.N.); (A.R.); (G.D.R.); (A.L.); (P.C.); (S.P.); (L.R.); (F.C.)
| | - Salvatore Papi
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.T.); (L.N.); (A.R.); (G.D.R.); (A.L.); (P.C.); (S.P.); (L.R.); (F.C.)
| | - Francesco Trama
- Urology Complex Unit, ASL Napoli 2 Nord ‘Santa Maria delle Grazie’ Hospital, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy;
| | - Lorenzo Romano
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.T.); (L.N.); (A.R.); (G.D.R.); (A.L.); (P.C.); (S.P.); (L.R.); (F.C.)
| | | | - Lorenzo Spirito
- Urology Unit, Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (L.S.); (C.M.)
| | - Felice Crocetto
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.T.); (L.N.); (A.R.); (G.D.R.); (A.L.); (P.C.); (S.P.); (L.R.); (F.C.)
| | - Celeste Manfredi
- Urology Unit, Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.S.); (L.S.); (C.M.)
| | | | - Matteo Ferro
- 2nd Unit of Urology, Department of Health Science, University of Milan, ASST Santi Paolo and Carlo, Via A. Di Rudini 8, 20142 Milan, Italy (B.R.)
| | - Bernardo Rocco
- 2nd Unit of Urology, Department of Health Science, University of Milan, ASST Santi Paolo and Carlo, Via A. Di Rudini 8, 20142 Milan, Italy (B.R.)
| | - Octavian Sabin Tataru
- Department of Simulation Applied in Medicine, The Institution Organizing University Doctoral Studies (I.O.S.U.D.), George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences, and Technology from Târgu Mureș, 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
| | - Raffaele Balsamo
- Urology Unit, AORN Ospedali dei Colli, Monaldi Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy; (P.R.); (R.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Lucarelli
- Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Dario Del Biondo
- Department of Urology, Ospedale del Mare, ASL NA1 Centro, 80147 Naples, Italy; (M.G.); (D.D.B.)
- Department of Urology, Ospedale San Paolo, ASL NA1 Centro, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Biagio Barone
- Department of Urology, Ospedale San Paolo, ASL NA1 Centro, 80125 Naples, Italy
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Updates in the molecular epidemiology and systemic approaches to penile cancer. Urol Oncol 2019; 37:403-408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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3
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Molecular Basics on Genitourinary Malignancies. Urol Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42623-5_45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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4
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Boda D, Docea AO, Calina D, Ilie MA, Caruntu C, Zurac S, Neagu M, Constantin C, Branisteanu DE, Voiculescu V, Mamoulakis C, Tzanakakis G, Spandidos DA, Drakoulis N, Tsatsakis AM. Human papilloma virus: Apprehending the link with carcinogenesis and unveiling new research avenues (Review). Int J Oncol 2018; 52:637-655. [PMID: 29393378 PMCID: PMC5807043 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papilloma viruses (HPV) are a small group of non‑enveloped viruses belonging to the Papillomaviridae family with strong similarities to polyoma viruses. The viral particles consist of a genome in the form of a circular double‑stranded DNA, encompassing eight open reading frames, as well as a non‑enveloped icosahedral capsid. HPV infection is considered the most common sexually transmitted disease in both sexes and is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of different types of cancer. 'High‑risk' mucosal HPV types, predominantly types 16, 18, 31, 33 and 35, are associated with most cervical, penile, vulvar, vaginal, anal, oropharyngeal cancers and pre‑cancers. Screening for HPV is necessary for the prognosis and for determining treatment strategies for cancer. Novel HPV markers, including proteomic and genomic markers, as well as anti‑papillomavirus vaccines are currently available. The aim of this comprehensive review was to thoroughly present the updated information on virus development, cancer occurrence, treatment and prevention strategies, in an attempt to shed further light into the field, including novel research avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Boda
- Dermatology Research Laboratory, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 030167 Bucharest
- Department of Dermatology, ‘Prof. N. Paulescu’ National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 011233 Bucharest
| | | | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova
| | - Mihaela Adriana Ilie
- Dermatology Research Laboratory, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 030167 Bucharest
- Department of Biochemistry
| | - Constantin Caruntu
- Dermatology Research Laboratory, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 030167 Bucharest
- Department of Dermatology, ‘Prof. N. Paulescu’ National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 011233 Bucharest
- Department of Physiology
| | - Sabina Zurac
- Department of Pathology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 030167 Bucharest
- Colentina University Hospital, Sector 2 19-21, Bucharest
| | - Monica Neagu
- ‘Victor Babes’ National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest
| | | | | | - Vlad Voiculescu
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Elias Emergency University Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Charalampos Mamoulakis
- Department of Urology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete Medical School
| | | | - Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete
| | - Nikolaos Drakoulis
- Research Group of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens
| | - Aristides M. Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Cheng THT, Lam W, Teoh JYC. Molecular Basics on Genitourinary Malignancies. Urol Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42603-7_45-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kidd LC, Chaing S, Chipollini J, Giuliano AR, Spiess PE, Sharma P. Relationship between human papillomavirus and penile cancer-implications for prevention and treatment. Transl Androl Urol 2017; 6:791-802. [PMID: 29184775 PMCID: PMC5673821 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2017.06.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Penile cancer is a rare disease in the United States, but rates are increasing, causing concern. Several risk factors have been associated with the disease, including human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Knowledge of HPV pathogenesis has led to the development of a vaccine, which has proven instrumental in reducing the incidence of female HPV-related cancers, but results in men have yet to be elucidated. Fortunately, rates of vaccination are up-trending in both males and females in the past several years. In addition, targeted therapies are the focus of several ongoing research efforts. Some of these therapeutics are currently in use, while several are in trials. With continued patient education and research, both treatment and prevention of HPV-related pre-malignant lesions and penile cancer will likely diminish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C. Kidd
- Department of Urology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Sharon Chaing
- Department of Urology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Juan Chipollini
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Anna R. Giuliano
- Center for Infection Research in Cancer (CIRC), Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Philippe E. Spiess
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Pranav Sharma
- Department of Urology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Lupu M, Caruntu A, Caruntu C, Papagheorghe LML, Ilie MA, Voiculescu V, Boda D, Constantin C, Tanase C, Sifaki M, Drakoulis N, Mamoulakis C, Tzanakakis G, Neagu M, Spandidos DA, Izotov BN, Tsatsakis AM. Neuroendocrine factors: The missing link in non‑melanoma skin cancer (Review). Oncol Rep 2017; 38:1327-1340. [PMID: 28713981 PMCID: PMC5549028 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non‑melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common form of cancer worldwide, comprising 95% of all cutaneous malignancies and approximately 40% of all cancers. In spite of intensive efforts aimed towards awareness campaigns and sun‑protective measures, epidemiological data indicate an increase in the incidence of NMSC. This category of skin cancers has many common environmental triggers. Arising primarily on sun‑exposed skin, it has been shown that ultraviolet radiation is, in the majority of cases, the main trigger involved in the pathogenesis of NMSC. Aside from the well‑known etiopathogenic factors, studies have indicated that several neuroactive factors are involved in the carcinogenesis of two of the most common types of NMSC, namely basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), with the exception of penile SCC, for which a paucity of specific data on their pathogenic role exists. The complex interaction between the peripheral nervous system and target cells in the skin appears to be mediated by locally released neuroendocrine factors, such as catecholamines, substance P, calcitonin gene‑related peptide and somatostatin, as well as neurohormones, such as proopiomelanocortin and its derived peptides, α‑melanocyte‑stimulating hormone and adrenocorticotropin. All these factors have been, at least at some point, a subject of debate regarding their precise role in the pathogenesis of NMSC. There is also a significant body of evidence indicating that psychological stress is a crucial impact factor influencing the course of skin cancers, including SCC and BCC. Numerous studies have suggested that neuroendocrine factor dysregulation, as observed in stress reactions, may be involved in tumorigenesis, accelerating the development and progression, and suppressing the regression of NMSC. Further studies are required in order to elucidate the exact mechanisms through which neuroactive molecules promote or inhibit cutaneous carcinogenesis, as this could lead to the development of more sophisticated and tailored treatment protocols, as well as open new perspectives in skin cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Lupu
- Department of Dermatology, MEDAS Medical Center, 030442 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana Caruntu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, ‘Carol Davila’ Central Military Emergency Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
- ‘Titu Maiorescu’ University, Faculty of Medicine, 031593 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Constantin Caruntu
- Department of Physiology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Dermatology, ‘Prof. N. Paulescu’ National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 011233 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Mihaela Adriana Ilie
- Dermatology Research Laboratory, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Vlad Voiculescu
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Elias Emergency University Hospital, 011461 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniel Boda
- Dermatology Research Laboratory, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carolina Constantin
- ‘Victor Babes’ National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
- Colentina University Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristiana Tanase
- ‘Titu Maiorescu’ University, Faculty of Medicine, 031593 Bucharest, Romania
- ‘Victor Babes’ National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria Sifaki
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Drakoulis
- Research Group of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Charalampos Mamoulakis
- Department of Urology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete Medical School, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - George Tzanakakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Monica Neagu
- ‘Victor Babes’ National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
- Colentina University Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Boris N. Izotov
- Department of Analytical Toxicology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aristides M. Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
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Spiess PE, Dhillon J, Baumgarten AS, Johnstone PA, Giuliano AR. Pathophysiological basis of human papillomavirus in penile cancer: Key to prevention and delivery of more effective therapies. CA Cancer J Clin 2016; 66:481-495. [PMID: 27314890 DOI: 10.3322/caac.21354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Answer questions and earn CME/CNE Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the penis is a rare malignancy in the United States, with a significantly higher incidence-up to 20 to 30 times greater-in areas of Africa and South America. This can be explained in part by the significantly greater prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases among high-risk males often having unprotected sex with multiple sexual partners. Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been implicated as the infectious pathway by which several these penile neoplasms originate from precursor lesions. In this regard, a fundamental understanding of HPV in penile carcinogenesis can have meaningful implications in understanding 1) the diagnosis of HPV-related precursor penile lesions, 2) targeting HPV-specific molecular pathways, and 3) cancer prevention. Using vaccination programs not only may improve patient outcomes but also may minimize the need for highly aggressive and often debilitating surgical resection. CA Cancer J Clin 2016;66:481-495. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe E Spiess
- Associate Member, Department of Genitourinary Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Jasreman Dhillon
- Assistant Member, Department of Anatomical Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Adam S Baumgarten
- Urology Resident Physician, Department of Genitourinary Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Peter A Johnstone
- Senior Member, Department of Radiation Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Anna R Giuliano
- Senior Member, Department of Infection and Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
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Zhang L, Wei P, Shen X, Zhang Y, Xu B, Zhou J, Fan S, Hao Z, Shi H, Zhang X, Kong R, Xu L, Gao J, Zou D, Liang C. MicroRNA Expression Profile in Penile Cancer Revealed by Next-Generation Small RNA Sequencing. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131336. [PMID: 26158897 PMCID: PMC4497725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Penile cancer (PeCa) is a relatively rare tumor entity but possesses higher morbidity and mortality rates especially in developing countries. To date, the concrete pathogenic signaling pathways and core machineries involved in tumorigenesis and progression of PeCa remain to be elucidated. Several studies suggested miRNAs, which modulate gene expression at posttranscriptional level, were frequently mis-regulated and aberrantly expressed in human cancers. However, the miRNA profile in human PeCa has not been reported before. In this present study, the miRNA profile was obtained from 10 fresh penile cancerous tissues and matched adjacent non-cancerous tissues via next-generation sequencing. As a result, a total of 751 and 806 annotated miRNAs were identified in normal and cancerous penile tissues, respectively. Among which, 56 miRNAs with significantly different expression levels between paired tissues were identified. Subsequently, several annotated miRNAs were selected randomly and validated using quantitative real-time PCR. Compared with the previous publications regarding to the altered miRNAs expression in various cancers and especially genitourinary (prostate, bladder, kidney, testis) cancers, the most majority of deregulated miRNAs showed the similar expression pattern in penile cancer. Moreover, the bioinformatics analyses suggested that the putative target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs between cancerous and matched normal penile tissues were tightly associated with cell junction, proliferation, growth as well as genomic instability and so on, by modulating Wnt, MAPK, p53, PI3K-Akt, Notch and TGF-β signaling pathways, which were all well-established to participate in cancer initiation and progression. Our work presents a global view of the differentially expressed miRNAs and potentially regulatory networks of their target genes for clarifying the pathogenic transformation of normal penis to PeCa, which research resource also provides new insights into future investigations aimed to explore the in-depth mechanisms of miRNAs and other small RNAs including piRNAs in penile carcinogenesis regulation and effective target-specific theragnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Pengfei Wei
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xudong Shen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuanwei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Song Fan
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zongyao Hao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Haoqiang Shi
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiansheng Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Rui Kong
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lingfan Xu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jingjing Gao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Duohong Zou
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Stomatologic College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- * E-mail: (CZL); (DHZ)
| | - Chaozhao Liang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- * E-mail: (CZL); (DHZ)
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Kuasne H, Cólus IMDS, Busso AF, Hernandez-Vargas H, Barros-Filho MC, Marchi FA, Scapulatempo-Neto C, Faria EF, Lopes A, Guimarães GC, Herceg Z, Rogatto SR. Genome-wide methylation and transcriptome analysis in penile carcinoma: uncovering new molecular markers. Clin Epigenetics 2015; 7:46. [PMID: 25908946 PMCID: PMC4407795 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-015-0082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite penile carcinoma (PeCa) being a relatively rare neoplasm, it remains an important public health issue for poor and developing countries. Contrary to most tumors, limited data are available for markers that are capable of assisting in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of PeCa. We aimed to identify molecular markers for PeCa by evaluating their epigenomic and transcriptome profiles and comparing them with surrounding non-malignant tissue (SNT) and normal glans (NG). RESULTS Genome-wide methylation analysis revealed 171 hypermethylated probes in PeCa. Transcriptome profiling presented 2,883 underexpressed and 1,378 overexpressed genes. Integrative analysis revealed a panel of 54 genes with an inverse correlation between methylation and gene expression levels. Distinct methylome and transcriptome patterns were found for human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive (38.6%) and negative tumors. Interestingly, grade 3 tumors showed a distinct methylation profile when compared to grade 1. In addition, univariate analysis revealed that low BDNF methylation was associated with lymph node metastasis and shorter disease-free survival. CpG hypermethylation and gene underexpression were confirmed for a panel of genes, including TWIST1, RSOP2, SOX3, SOX17, PROM1, OTX2, HOXA3, and MEIS1. CONCLUSIONS A unique methylome signature was found for PeCa compared to SNT, with aberrant DNA methylation appearing to modulate the expression of specific genes. This study describes new pathways with the potential to regulate penile carcinogenesis, including stem cell regulatory pathways and markers associated to a worse prognosis. These findings may be instrumental in the discovery and application of new genetic and epigenetic biomarkers in PeCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellen Kuasne
- />CIPE - International Research Center, AC Camargo Cancer Center, Rua Taguá, 440, CEP: 01508-010, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP Brazil
- />Department of Biology, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR Brazil
| | | | - Ariane Fidelis Busso
- />CIPE - International Research Center, AC Camargo Cancer Center, Rua Taguá, 440, CEP: 01508-010, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | | | - Mateus Camargo Barros-Filho
- />CIPE - International Research Center, AC Camargo Cancer Center, Rua Taguá, 440, CEP: 01508-010, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Fabio Albuquerque Marchi
- />CIPE - International Research Center, AC Camargo Cancer Center, Rua Taguá, 440, CEP: 01508-010, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP Brazil
- />Inter-institutional Grad Program on Bioinformatics, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, USP, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Cristovam Scapulatempo-Neto
- />Department of Pathology, CPOM - Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, SP Brazil
| | | | - Ademar Lopes
- />Department of Pelvic Surgery, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Zdenko Herceg
- />Epigenetics Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
| | - Silvia Regina Rogatto
- />CIPE - International Research Center, AC Camargo Cancer Center, Rua Taguá, 440, CEP: 01508-010, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP Brazil
- />Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, UNESP, Botucatu, SP Brazil
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