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Gencer D, Bayramoglu Z, Demir I. Complete genome sequence analysis and genome organization of Dasychira pudibunda nucleopolyhedrovirus (DapuNPV-T1) from Turkey. Arch Microbiol 2023; 206:16. [PMID: 38079009 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03741-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The economically important pale tussock moth Dasychira pudibunda L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), known as a beech pest in Europe, primarily inflicts damage on beech leaves. In the present study, we aim to reveal the genome characteristics of Dasychira pudibunda nucleopolyhedrovirus (DapuNPV-T1), which was detected for the first time in Turkey and compare it with the reference genome and other baculovirus genomes. The DapuNPV-T1 genome was determined to be a circular, double-stranded DNA molecule with 136,920 bp and a nucleotide distribution of 54.4% G + C. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the DapuNPV-T1 genome contains 163 open reading frames with more than 150 nucleotides. Fifty-four ORFs of unknown function, 6 homologous regions (hrs), 1 AC-rich region, and 3 bro genes (bro-a, bro-b, and bro-c) were determined in the genome sequence. Comparative analysis with other baculovirus strains revealed distinctions in the DapuNPV-T1 genome based on ORF. The gene parity plot and phylogenetic analysis confirmed that DapuNPV-T1 belongs to the alphabaculovirus group Ib. In addition, the DapuNPV-T1 isolate was found to be close to the nucleopolyhedrovirus Poland isolate in Dasychira pudibunda and Orgyia pseudotsugata multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus. With this study, the first genome analysis of DapuNPV from Turkey became the second in the world to enter the literature. Comprehensive information on a wide range of isolates will provide a more detailed overview of baculoviruses and help overcome their shortcomings as biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donus Gencer
- Department of Property Protection and Security, Salpazarı Vocational School, Trabzon University, 61670, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Zeynep Bayramoglu
- Department of Plant and Animal Protection, Pazar Vocational School, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, 53330, Rize, Turkey
| | - Ismail Demir
- Department of Biology, Science of Faculty, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey
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2
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Ren Y, Li Y, Ju Y, Zhang W, Wang Y. Insect cuticle and insecticide development. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 114:e22057. [PMID: 37840232 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance poses a significant challenge, diminishing the effectiveness of chemical insecticides. To address this global concern, the development of novel and efficient pest management technologies based on chemical insecticides is an ongoing necessity. The insect cuticle, a highly complex and continuously renewing organ, plays a crucial role in this context. On one hand, as the most vital structure, it serves as a suitable target for insecticides. On the other hand, it acts as the outermost barrier, isolating the insect's inner organs from the environment, and thus offering resistance to contact with insecticides, preventing their entry into insect bodies. Our work focuses on key targets concerning cuticle formation and the interaction between the cuticle and contact insecticides. Deeper studying insect cuticles and understanding their structure-function relationship, formation process, and regulatory mechanisms during cuticle development, as well as investigating insecticide resistance related to the barrier properties of insect cuticles, are promising strategies not only for developing novel insecticides but also for discovering general synergists for contact insecticides. With this comprehensive review, we hope to contribute valuable insights into the development of effective pest management solutions and the mitigation of insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunuo Ren
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingjie Ju
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiwen Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Li Y, Wang X, Dong H, Xia Q, Zhao P. Transcriptomic Analysis of Starvation on the Silkworm Brain. INSECTS 2023; 14:658. [PMID: 37504664 PMCID: PMC10380768 DOI: 10.3390/insects14070658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Starvation imposes significant stress on animal survival and development, resulting in organ damage within the organism. The brain, being one of the most vital organs in animals, plays a crucial role in coordinating the physiological functions of other organs. However, performing brain experiments on the human body is challenging. In this work, we selected the silkworm, a model Lepidoptera organism, due to its favorable characteristics. A comprehensive transcriptome analysis was conducted on the brain of silkworm subjected to starvation treatment. The analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed significant alterations in 330 genes following the period of starvation. Through an enrichment analysis, we successfully identified pathways associated with metabolism, hormones, immunity, and diseases. Our findings highlight the transcriptional response of the brain to starvation, providing valuable insights for comprehending the impact of starvation stress in other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Haonan Dong
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Liu JH, Dong JC, Gao JJ, Li XP, Hu SJ, Li J, Hu WX, Zhao XY, Wang JJ, Qiu L. Three Chitin Deacetylase Family Members of Beauveria bassiana Modulate Asexual Reproduction and Virulence of Fungi by Mediating Chitin Metabolism and Affect Fungal Parasitism and Saprophytic Life. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0474822. [PMID: 36786652 PMCID: PMC10101055 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04748-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As an important chitin-modifying enzyme, chitin deacetylase (CDA) has been characterized in many fungi, but its function in the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana remains unclear. Three CDAs with conserved domains of the carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE-4) family were identified in B. bassiana. Disruption of CDA1 resulted in growth restriction of the fungus on medium with chitin as a carbon source or without a carbon source. Deletion of CDA1 and CDA2 led to defects in fungal conidial formation and conidial vitality compared with those of the wild type (WT), and the conidial yield decreased by 25.81% to 47.68%. Inactivation of three CDA genes resulted in a decrease of 20.23% to 27% in the blastospore yield. ΔCDA1 and ΔCDA3 showed 29.33% and 23.34% reductions in cuticular infection virulence, respectively. However, the CDA family may not contribute to hemocoel infection virulence. Additionally, the sporulation of the insect carcass showed that the three gene deletion mutants were 68.45%, 63.84%, and 56.65% less than WT. Penetration experiments with cicada wings and enzyme activity assays were used to further explore the effect of the fungus on chitin metabolism after gene deletion. Although the three gene deletion mutants penetrated the cicada wings successfully and continued to grow on the underlying medium, their colony sizes were reduced by 29.12% to 47.76%. The CDA enzyme activity of ΔCDA1 and ΔCDA3 decreased by 84.76% and 83.04%, respectively. These data showed that members of the CDA family play a different role in fungal growth, conidial quality, and virulence. IMPORTANCE In this study, we report the roles of CDA family in entomopathogenic fungus B. bassiana. Our results indicated that CDA modulates asexual development and regulates fungal virulence by altering chitin deacetylation and metabolic capacity. CDA affected the biological control potential and life history of B. bassiana by affecting its parasitic and saprophytic life. These findings provide novel insights into the roles of multiple CDA paralogues existing in fungal biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jing-Chong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jun-Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xin-Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shun-Juan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Wen-Xiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xian-Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Juan-Juan Wang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, China
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Wu H, Zhao D, Guo XC, Liu ZR, Li RJ, Lu XJ, Guo W. Group V Chitin Deacetylases Influence the Structure and Composition of the Midgut of Beet Armyworm, Spodoptera exigua. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043076. [PMID: 36834492 PMCID: PMC9961250 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin deacetylase (CDA) can accelerate the conversion of chitin to chitosan, influencing the mechanical properties and permeability of the cuticle structures and the peritrophic membrane (PM) in insects. Putative Group V CDAs SeCDA6/7/8/9 (SeCDAs) were identified and characterized from beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua larvae. The cDNAs of SeCDAs contained open reading frames of 1164 bp, 1137 bp, 1158 bp and 1152 bp, respectively. The deduced protein sequences showed that SeCDAs are synthesized as preproteins of 387, 378, 385 and 383 amino acid residues, respectively. It was revealed via spatiotemporal expression analysis that SeCDAs were more abundant in the anterior region of the midgut. The SeCDAs were down-regulated after treatment with 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). After treatment with a juvenile hormone analog (JHA), the expression of SeCDA6 and SeCDA8 was down-regulated; in contrast, the expression of SeCDA7 and SeCDA9 was up-regulated. After silencing SeCDAV (the conserved sequences of Group V CDAs) via RNA interference (RNAi), the layer of intestinal wall cells in the midgut became more compact and more evenly distributed. The vesicles in the midgut were small and more fragmented or disappeared after SeCDAs were silenced. Additionally, the PM structure was scarce, and the chitin microfilament structure was loose and chaotic. It was indicated in all of the above results that Group V CDAs are essential for the growth and structuring of the intestinal wall cell layer in the midgut of S. exigua. Additionally, the midgut tissue and the PM structure and composition were affected by Group V CDAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Xiao-Chang Guo
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Zhao-Rui Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Rui-Jun Li
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Xiu-Jun Lu
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Wei Guo
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence:
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Zeng T, Jaffar S, Xu Y, Qi Y. The Intestinal Immune Defense System in Insects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315132. [PMID: 36499457 PMCID: PMC9740067 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Over a long period of evolution, insects have developed unique intestinal defenses against invasion by foreign microorganisms, including physical defenses and immune responses. The physical defenses of the insect gut consist mainly of the peritrophic matrix (PM) and mucus layer, which are the first barriers to pathogens. Gut microbes also prevent the colonization of pathogens. Importantly, the immune-deficiency (Imd) pathways produce antimicrobial peptides to eliminate pathogens; mechanisms related to reactive oxygen species are another important pathway for insect intestinal immunity. The janus kinase/STAT signaling pathway is involved in intestinal immunity by producing bactericidal substances and regulating tissue repair. Melanization can produce many bactericidal active substances into the intestine; meanwhile, there are multiple responses in the intestine to fight against viral and parasitic infections. Furthermore, intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are also indispensable in intestinal immunity. Only the coordinated combination of the intestinal immune defense system and intestinal tissue renewal can effectively defend against pathogenic microorganisms.
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Li L, Wang YQ, Li GY, Song QS, Stanley D, Wei SJ, Zhu JY. Genomic and transcriptomic analyses of chitin metabolism enzymes in Tenebrio molitor. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 111:e21950. [PMID: 35809232 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is of great importance in the cuticle and inner cuticular linings of insects. Chitin synthases (CHSs), chitin deacetylases (CDAs), chitinases (CHTs), and β-N-acetylhexosaminidases (HEXs) are important enzymes required for chitin metabolism, and play essential roles in development and metamorphosis. Although chitin metabolism genes have been well characterized in limited insects, the information in the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor, a model insect, is presently still unavailable. With the help of bioinformatics, we identified 54 genes that encode putative chitin metabolism enzymes, including 2 CHSs, 10 CDAs, 32 CHTs, and 10 HEXs in the genome of T. molitor. All these genes have the conserved domains and motifs of their corresponding protein family. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that CHS genes were divided into two groups. CDA genes were clustered into five groups. CHT genes were phylogenetically grouped into 11 clades, among which 1 in the endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases group and the others were classified in the glycoside hydrolase family 18 groups. HEX genes were assorted into six groups. Developmental and tissue-specific expression profiling indicated that the identified chitin metabolism genes showed dynamical expression patterns concurrent with specific instar during molting period, suggesting their significant roles in molting and development. They were predominantly expressed in different tissues or body parts, implying their functional specialization and diversity. The results provide important information for further clarifying their biological functions using the yellow mealworm as an ideal experimental insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Yu-Qin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Guang-Ya Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Qi-Sheng Song
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - David Stanley
- USDA/ARS Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Shu-Jun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Ying Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
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Shen Y, Zeng X, Chen G, Wu X. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals regional specialization of gene expression in larval silkworm (Bombyx mori) midgut. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:1329-1345. [PMID: 34997945 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Insect midgut plays a central role in food digestion and nutrition absorption. Larval silkworm midgut could be divided into 3 distinct regions based on their morphological colors. However, it remains rudimentary of regional gene expression and physiological function in larval silkworm midgut. Through transcriptome sequencing of 3 midgut compartments, a comprehensive analysis of gene expression atlas along the anterior-posterior axis was conducted. Posterior midgut was found transcriptionally divergent from anterior and middle midgut. Differentially expressed gene analysis revealed the regional specialization of digestive enzyme production, transmembrane transport, chitin metabolism, and hormone regulation in different midgut regions. In addition, gene subsets of pan-midgut and region-specific transcription factors (TFs) along the length of midgut were also identified. The results suggested that homeobox TFs might play an essential role in transcriptional variations across the midgut. Altogether, our study provided the first fundamental resource to investigate physiological function and regulation mechanism in larval midgut compartmentalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunwang Shen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Bee Resource Utilization and Innovation of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqun Zeng
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Bee Resource Utilization and Innovation of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guanping Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Bee Resource Utilization and Innovation of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Bee Resource Utilization and Innovation of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
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Yang XB, Zhou C, Gong MF, Yang H, Long GY, Jin DC. Identification and RNAi-Based Functional Analysis of Four Chitin Deacetylase Genes in Sogatella furcifera (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2021; 21:6333457. [PMID: 34333649 PMCID: PMC8325873 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieab051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Chitin deacetylases (CDAs) are chitin-degrading enzymes that play a key role in insect molting. In this study, we identified and characterized four full-length cDNAs of CDAs from Sogatella furcifera (Horváth). Developmental expression showed that SfCDA1 and SfCDA2 were expressed at all nymph developmental stages, SfCDA3 and SfCDA4 were mainly expressed in the third-instar to fifth-instar nymph stages, whereas tissue-specific analyses indicated that four CDA genes were mainly high expressed in the integument and head during the fifth-instar nymph. RNA interference (RNAi) results revealed that SfCDA1, SfCDA2, and SfCDA4 are associated with molting defect and high mortality with nymph-adult molting. Furthermore, transcripts of chitin synthase 1 variants (SfCHS1, SfCHS1a, and SfCHS1b) were significantly downregulated and causing significant changes in the expression levels of trehalases (TRE1 and TRE2) in the SfCDA1, SfCDA2, and SfCDA4 dsRNA treatment groups. By contrast, no significant phenotypic characteristics were observed after dsSfCDA3 injection. Taken together, our results suggest that SfCDA1, SfCDA2, and SfCDA4 play a vital role in nymph-adult transition, and these genes could regulate chitin biosynthesis expression levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Bin Yang
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guiyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, China
| | - Cao Zhou
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guiyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, China
- College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ming-Fu Gong
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guiyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guiyang, China
- College of Tobacco Science of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - Gui-Yun Long
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guiyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, China
| | - Dao-Chao Jin
- Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Guiyang, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pests in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, China
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Li Y, Liu L, Yang J, Yang Q. An overall look at insect chitin deacetylases: Promising molecular targets for developing green pesticides. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2021; 46:43-52. [PMID: 33746545 PMCID: PMC7953033 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d20-085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chitin deacetylase (CDA) is a key enzyme involved in the modification of chitin and plays critical roles in molting and pupation, which catalyzes the removal of acetyl groups from N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitin to form chitosan and release acetic acid. Defects in the CDA genes or their expression may lead to stunted insect development and even death. Therefore, CDA can be used as a potential pest control target. However, there are no effective pesticides known to target CDA. Although there has been some exciting research progress on bacterial or fungal CDAs, insect CDA characteristics are less understood. This review summarizes the current understanding of insect CDAs, especially very recent advances in our understanding of crystal structures and the catalytic mechanism. Progress in developing small-molecule CDA inhibitors is also summarized. We hope the information included in this review will help facilitate new pesticide development through a novel action mode, such as targeting CDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchen Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Lin Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Jun Yang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Qing Yang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection and Shenzhen Agricultural Genome Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Chen J, Lu Z, Li M, Mao T, Wang H, Li F, Sun H, Dai M, Ye W, Li B. The mechanism of sublethal chlorantraniliprole exposure causing silkworm pupation metamorphosis defects. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:2838-2845. [PMID: 32237032 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlorantraniliprole (CAP) is widely used in agriculture and forestry to prevent and control pests. The effects of environmental CAP residue on non-target insect metamorphosis have not been reported. Our research aimed to investigate the sublethal effect of CAP on larva-pupa transformation in silkworm, and explore the mechanism of sublethal CAP exposure-mediated pupation metamorphosis defects. RESULT Sublethal CAP exposure affected the growth and development of silkworm larvae and caused defects in pupation metamorphosis. After CAP exposure, formation the of prepupa procuticle, ecdysial membrane and new epidermis was inhibited. Also, the level of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and mRNA levels of the 20E signaling pathway-related genes EcR, USP, E74, E75 and Ftz-f1 were significantly reduced. Moreover, genes involved in chitin synthesis, such as ChsA, CDA1 and CDA2, were downregulated. Injection of 20E led to the upregulation of chitin synthesis-related genes and increased formation of new epidermis in CAP-treated silkworm. However, injection of 20E failed to prevent downregulation of Ftz-f1 and the defects in pupation metamorphosis. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that 20E is a target hormone of CAP exposure-mediated epidermis formation phenotype. Ftz-f1 was silenced by CAP and might be a direct target gene of sublethal CAP exposure. Our study provided new evidence of the effects of sublethal CAP exposure on insect development and metamorphosis. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengting Lu
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxue Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Mao
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanchi Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haina Sun
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Minli Dai
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wentao Ye
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
- Sericulture Institute of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
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12
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Liu Y, Yang J, Yao L, Li S, Chen Y, Yang H, Fan D. Chitin deacetylase: A potential target for Mythimna separata (Walker) control. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 104:e21666. [PMID: 32112466 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chitin deacetylase (CDA) is a hydrolytic enzyme that modifies chitin into chitosan in the body of insects. In this study, we obtained a full-length complementary DNA sequence (MsCDA1) from the oriental armyworm Mythimna separata by high-throughput sequencing. MsCDA1 is 1,952 bp long and includes 1,620 bp open reading frame encoding 539 amino acids. Analysis by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction showed that MsCDA1 expression was higher at the adult stage than at earlier developmental stages. MsCDA1 was expressed in all larval tissues examined, in which the highest expression level was found in the midgut. The RNA interference (RNAi) suppressed MsCDA1 expression levels at 12, 24, and 48 hr after injection of double-stranded RNA (1-4 μg per larva) specific to MsCDA1. Under RNAi condition, CDA enzyme activity was significantly reduced and changes an ultramicroscopic structure of M. separata peritrophic matrix especially in its microfibrillar organization exhibiting loose network. In contrast, the surface of the peritrophic matrix was relatively smooth and well organized at control or low RNAi conditions. Moreover, RNAi of MsCDA1 expression impaired larval growth and development, occasionally leading to larval death. These results demonstrate that MsCDA1 plays a crucial role in maintaining peritrophic matrix integrity in M. separata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Yao
- Department of Microbiology, Suifenhe Customs, Suifenhe, China
| | - Shuangyu Li
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yaru Chen
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongjia Yang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Dong Fan
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agronomy, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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13
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Yang WJ, Xu KK, Yan Y, Li C, Jin DC. Role of Chitin Deacetylase 1 in the Molting and Metamorphosis of the Cigarette Beetle Lasioderma serricorne. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072449. [PMID: 32244803 PMCID: PMC7177437 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin deacetylases (CDAs) are chitin-modifying enzymes known to play vital roles in insect metamorphosis and development. In this study, we identified and characterized a chitin deacetylase1 gene (LsCDA1) from the cigarette beetle Lasioderma serricorne. LsCDA1 contains a 1614 bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 537 amino acids that includes domain structures typical of CDAs. LsCDA1 was mainly expressed in the late larval and late pupal stages. In larval tissues, the highest level of LsCDA1 was detected in the integument. The expression of LsCDA1 was induced by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) in vivo, and it was significantly suppressed by knocking down the expression of ecdysteroidogenesis genes and 20E signaling genes. RNA interference (RNAi)-aided silencing of LsCDA1 in fifth-instar larvae prevented the larval–pupal molt and caused 75% larval mortality. In the late pupal stage, depletion of LsCDA1 resulted in the inhibition of pupal growth and wing abnormalities, and the expression levels of four wing development-related genes (LsDY, LsWG, LsVG, and LsAP) were dramatically decreased. Meanwhile, the chitin contents of LsCDA1 RNAi beetles were significantly reduced, and expressions of three chitin synthesis pathway genes (LsTRE1, LsUAP1, and LsCHS1) were greatly decreased. The results suggest that LsCDA1 is indispensable for larval–pupal and pupal–adult molts, and that it is a potential target for the RNAi-based control of L. serricorne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jia Yang
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.-J.Y.); (K.-K.X.); (Y.Y.)
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Kang-Kang Xu
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.-J.Y.); (K.-K.X.); (Y.Y.)
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Yi Yan
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.-J.Y.); (K.-K.X.); (Y.Y.)
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Can Li
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (D.-C.J.)
| | - Dao-Chao Jin
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (W.-J.Y.); (K.-K.X.); (Y.Y.)
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (D.-C.J.)
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14
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Immune Functional Analysis of Chitin Deacetylase 3 from the Asian Citrus Psyllid Diaphorina citri. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010064. [PMID: 31861829 PMCID: PMC6981819 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin deacetylase (CDA) is a chitin degradation enzyme that strictly catalyzes the deacetylation of chitin to form chitosan, which plays an important role in regulating growth and development, as well as the immune response. In this study, a chitin deacetylase 3 gene (CDA3) was identified with a complete open reading frame (ORF) of 1362 bp from the genome database of Diaphorina citri, encoding a protein of 453 amino acids. Spatiotemporal expression analysis suggested that D. citri CDA3 (DcCDA3) had the highest expression level in the integument and third-instar nymph stage. Furthermore, DcCDA3 expression level can be induced by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). Injection of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus induced the upregulation of DcCDA3 in the midgut, while DcCDA3 was downregulated in the fat body. After silencing DcCDA3 by RNA interference, there was no influence on the D. citri phenotype. In addition, bactericidal tests showed that recombinant DcCDA3 inhibited gram-positive bacteria, including S. aureus and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis). In conclusion, our results suggest that DcCDA3 might play an important role in the immune response of D. citri.
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15
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Muthukrishnan S, Merzendorfer H, Arakane Y, Yang Q. Chitin Organizing and Modifying Enzymes and Proteins Involved In Remodeling of the Insect Cuticle. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1142:83-114. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7318-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Zhang Z, Yan J, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Gong J, Hou Y. Genome-Wide Analysis and Hormone Regulation of Chitin Deacetylases in Silkworm. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1679. [PMID: 30987273 PMCID: PMC6480692 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin deacetylases (CDAs) are a group of enzymes involved in chitin metabolism in insects; they play a critical role in molting, pupation, and the modification of chitin. In this study, we identified several CDAs in the silkworm, Bombyx mori (BmCDA), and investigated the effect of various hormones on their expression in B. mori larvae and embryo cell lines (BmE). Eight genes encoding BmCDAs were identified in the silkworm genome. They showed different expression patterns in different tissues, and were classified into three types based on where they were expressed: the exoskeleton, digestive organs, and genital organs. Moreover, we found that some BmCDAs showed upregulated expression during the molting period, especially during the fourth molting period in larvae. We also verified that the expression of BmCDA1-6 was upregulated by treatment with 20-hydroxyecdysone not only in larvae, but also in BmE cells. Interestingly, juvenile hormone analog treatment also upregulated the expression of some BmCDAs. The overexpression of several transcription factors revealed that the POU transcription factor POUM2 may play a major role in the regulation of BmCDA expression. Finally, the silencing of BmCDA1 and BmCDA2 did not lead to abnormal phenotypes or death, but may have led to delays in silkworm pupation. These results provide important information about lepidopteran insects in terms of chitin deacetylases and the regulation of their expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Zhang
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Jiamin Yan
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Jing Gong
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Yong Hou
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Chongqing 400715, China.
- Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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17
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Liu X, Cooper AMW, Zhang J, Zhu KY. Biosynthesis, modifications and degradation of chitin in the formation and turnover of peritrophic matrix in insects. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 114:109-115. [PMID: 30902530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The peritrophic matrix (PM) is an extracellular, semi-permeable biocomposite that lines the midgut of most insects. The PM serves as the first defense in the midgut to resist microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria and other pathogens, and to protect epithelial cells from mechanical damage. The PM also separates the midgut lumen into different compartments, which play important roles in nutrient ingestion and digestion. The PM is a highly dynamic structure that consists mainly of chitin fibers cross-linked by proteins, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans. The PM is continuously biosynthesized, assembled, and degraded in response to feeding and development. Chitin chains are synthesized by several enzymes and organized in several hierarchical levels, in which various PM-associated proteins appear to be essential for maintaining the structural integrity and physiological function of the PM. This review summarizes research advances on molecular components of the PM and their functions, as well as related proteins and enzymes that contribute to PM formation and modification. Crucial gaps in our current understanding of the PM are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Liu
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | | | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China.
| | - Kun Yan Zhu
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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18
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Liu L, Zhou Y, Qu M, Qiu Y, Guo X, Zhang Y, Liu T, Yang J, Yang Q. Structural and biochemical insights into the catalytic mechanisms of two insect chitin deacetylases of the carbohydrate esterase 4 family. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:5774-5783. [PMID: 30755482 PMCID: PMC6463723 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect chitin deacetylases (CDAs) catalyze the removal of acetyl groups from chitin and modify this polymer during its synthesis and reorganization. CDAs are essential for insect survival and therefore represent promising targets for insecticide development. However, the structural and biochemical characteristics of insect CDAs have remained elusive. Here, we report the crystal structures of two insect CDAs from the silk moth Bombyx mori: BmCDA1, which may function in cuticle modification, and BmCDA8, which may act in modifying peritrophic membranes in the midgut. Both enzymes belong to the carbohydrate esterase 4 (CE4) family. Comparing their overall structures at 1.98–2.4 Å resolution with those from well-studied microbial CDAs, we found that two unique loop regions in BmCDA1 and BmCDA8 contribute to the distinct architecture of their substrate-binding clefts. These comparisons revealed that both BmCDA1 and BmCDA8 possess a much longer and wider substrate-binding cleft with a very open active site in the center than the microbial CDAs, including VcCDA from Vibrio cholerae and ArCE4A from Arthrobacter species AW19M34-1. Biochemical analyses indicated that BmCDA8 is an active enzyme that requires its substrates to occupy subsites 0, +1, and +2 for catalysis. In contrast, BmCDA1 also required accessory proteins for catalysis. To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first to unveil the structural and biochemical features of insect proteins belonging to the CE4 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering, School of Life Science and Biotechnology and School of Software, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- From the State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering, School of Life Science and Biotechnology and School of Software, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Mingbo Qu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering, School of Life Science and Biotechnology and School of Software, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yu Qiu
- Department of Protein Engineering, Biologics Research, Sanofi, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807
| | - Xingming Guo
- From the State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering, School of Life Science and Biotechnology and School of Software, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yuebin Zhang
- the Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Design, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Tian Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering, School of Life Science and Biotechnology and School of Software, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jun Yang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering, School of Life Science and Biotechnology and School of Software, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qing Yang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering, School of Life Science and Biotechnology and School of Software, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; the State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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19
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Liu L, Qu M, Liu T, Chen Q, Guo X, Yang J, Yang Q. Biochemical characterization of three midgut chitin deacetylases of the Lepidopteran insect Bombyx mori. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 113:42-48. [PMID: 30682338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Peritrophic membrane (PM) is a chitin and protein-containing extracellular matrix that lines the midgut in most insect species, functioning as a barrier to exogenous toxins and pathogens. Midgut chitin deacetylases (CDAs) are chitin-modifying enzymes known to alter the mechanical property and permeability of PM. However, biochemical properties and specific roles of these enzymes remain elusive. In this study, the midgut-expressed CDAs (BmCDA6, BmCDA7 and BmCDA8) from Bombyx mori were cloned, recombinantly expressed and purified and their enzymatic activities toward PM chitin were determined. Of the three enzymes, BmCDA7 exhibited the highest activity (0.284 μmol/min/μmol), while BmCDA8 showed lower activity of 0.061 μmol/min/μmol. BmCDA6 was inactive towards PM chitin. Gene expression patterns indicated that although all three CDA genes were specifically expressed in the anterior midgut, they differed in their temporal expression patterns. BmCDA6 was expressed almost exclusively at the mid-molt stage, the stage when the PM was thick and with multiple chitin layers. Unlike BmCDA6, high expression levels of BmCDA7 and BmCDA8 were observed only at the feeding stage, the stage when the PM is thin and with fewer chitin layers. The different gene expression patterns and biochemical characteristics provide new information about the functional specialization among BmCDA6, BmCDA7 and BmCDA8 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering and School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Mingbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering and School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Tian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering and School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering and School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xingming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering and School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering and School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemical Engineering and School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China.
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20
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Zhu XY, Zhao Y, Zhang HD, Wang WX, Cong HH, Yin H. Characterization of the Specific Mode of Action of a Chitin Deacetylase and Separation of the Partially Acetylated Chitosan Oligosaccharides. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E74. [PMID: 30678277 PMCID: PMC6409515 DOI: 10.3390/md17020074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Partially acetylated chitosan oligosaccharides (COS), which consists of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and glucosamine (GlcN) residues, is a structurally complex biopolymer with a variety of biological activities. Therefore, it is challenging to elucidate acetylation patterns and the molecular structure-function relationship of COS. Herein, the detailed deacetylation pattern of chitin deacetylase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ScCDA₂, was studied. Which solves the randomization of acetylation patterns during COS produced by chemical. ScCDA₂ also exhibits about 8% and 20% deacetylation activity on crystalline chitin and colloid chitin, respectively. Besides, a method for separating and detecting partially acetylated chitosan oligosaccharides by high performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) system has been developed, which is fast and convenient, and can be monitored online. Mass spectrometry sequencing revealed that ScCDA₂ produced COS with specific acetylation patterns of DAAA, ADAA, AADA, DDAA, DADA, ADDA and DDDA, respectively. ScCDA₂ does not deacetylate the GlcNAc unit that is closest to the reducing end of the oligomer furthermore ScCDA₂ has a multiple-attack deacetylation mechanism on chitin oligosaccharides. This specific mode of action significantly enriches the existing limited library of chitin deacetylase deacetylation patterns. This fully defined COS may be used in the study of COS structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Yu Zhu
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Yong Zhao
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Huai-Dong Zhang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education; College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China.
| | - Wen-Xia Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Hai-Hua Cong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Heng Yin
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
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21
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Yan X, Zhao D, Zhang Y, Guo W, Wang W, Zhao K, Gao Y, Wang X. Identification and characterization of chitin deacetylase2 from the American white moth, Hyphantria cunea (Drury). Gene 2018; 670:98-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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22
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Functional characterization of chitin deacetylase 1 gene disrupting larval–pupal transition in the drugstore beetle using RNA interference. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 219-220:10-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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23
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Noh MY, Muthukrishnan S, Kramer KJ, Arakane Y. Group I chitin deacetylases are essential for higher order organization of chitin fibers in beetle cuticle. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:6985-6995. [PMID: 29567838 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Roles in the organization of the cuticle (exoskeleton) of two chitin deacetylases (CDAs) belonging to group I, TcCDA1 and TcCDA2, as well as two alternatively spliced forms of the latter, TcCDA2a and TcCDA2b, from the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, were examined in different body parts using transmission EM and RNAi. Even though all TcCDAs are co-expressed in cuticle-forming cells from the hardened forewing (elytron) and ventral abdomen, as well as in the softer hindwing and dorsal abdomen, there are significant differences in the tissue specificity of expression of the alternatively spliced transcripts. Loss of either TcCDA1 or TcCDA2 protein by RNAi causes abnormalities in organization of chitinous horizontal laminae and vertical pore canals in all regions of the procuticle of both the hard and soft cuticles. Simultaneous RNAi for TcCDA1 and TcCDA2 produces the most serious abnormalities. RNAi of either TcCDA2a or TcCDA2b affects cuticle integrity to some extent. Following RNAi, there is accumulation of smaller disorganized fibers in both the horizontal laminae and pore canals, indicating that TcCDAs play a critical role in elongation/organization of smaller nanofibers into longer fibers, which is essential for structural integrity of both hard/thick and soft/thin cuticles. Immunolocalization of TcCDA1 and TcCDA2 proteins and effects of RNAi on their accumulation indicate that these two proteins function in concert exclusively in the assembly zone in a step involving the higher order organization of the procuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Young Noh
- From the Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea and
| | - Subbaratnam Muthukrishnan
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Karl J Kramer
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Yasuyuki Arakane
- From the Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea and
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24
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Yu R, Liu W, Li D, Zhao X, Ding G, Zhang M, Ma E, Zhu K, Li S, Moussian B, Zhang J. Helicoidal Organization of Chitin in the Cuticle of the Migratory Locust Requires the Function of the Chitin Deacetylase2 Enzyme (LmCDA2). J Biol Chem 2016; 291:24352-24363. [PMID: 27637332 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.720581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the three-dimensional extracellular matrix of the insect cuticle, horizontally aligned microfibrils composed of the polysaccharide chitin and associated proteins are stacked either parallel to each other or helicoidally. The underlying molecular mechanisms that implement differential chitin organization are largely unknown. To learn more about cuticle organization, we sought to study the role of chitin deacetylases (CDA) in this process. In the body cuticle of nymphs of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria, helicoidal chitin organization is changed to an organization with unidirectional microfibril orientation when LmCDA2 expression is knocked down by RNA interference. In addition, the LmCDA2-deficient cuticle is less compact suggesting that LmCDA2 is needed for chitin packaging. Animals with reduced LmCDA2 activity die at molting, underlining that correct chitin organization is essential for survival. Interestingly, we find that LmCDA2 localizes only to the initially produced chitin microfibrils that constitute the apical site of the chitin stack. Based on our data, we hypothesize that LmCDA2-mediated chitin deacetylation at the beginning of chitin production is a decisive reaction that triggers helicoidal arrangement of subsequently assembled chitin-protein microfibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Yu
- From the Research Institute of Applied Biology and College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Weimin Liu
- From the Research Institute of Applied Biology and College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Daqi Li
- From the Research Institute of Applied Biology and College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhao
- From the Research Institute of Applied Biology and College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Guowei Ding
- From the Research Institute of Applied Biology and College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Min Zhang
- From the Research Institute of Applied Biology and College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Enbo Ma
- From the Research Institute of Applied Biology and College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - KunYan Zhu
- the Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Sheng Li
- the Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China, and
| | - Bernard Moussian
- the Chair of Applied Zoology, Institute of Zoology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden 01217, Germany.
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- From the Research Institute of Applied Biology and College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China,.
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Sandoval-Mojica AF, Scharf ME. GUT GENES ASSOCIATED WITH THE PERITROPHIC MATRIX IN Reticulitermes flavipes (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae): IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 92:127-142. [PMID: 27087028 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The peritrophic matrix (PM) is an acellular structure that lines the gut of most insects. It is an attractive target for pest management strategies because of its close involvement in digestive processes and role as a barrier against pathogens and toxins. The purpose of this study was to identify and characterize the genes that translate for principal components of the Reticulitermes flavipes PM. Genes encoding a gut chitin synthase (CHS), two proteins with peritrophin-A domains, and a chitin deacetylase were identified from an R. flavipes symbiont-free gut cDNA library, a pyrosequencing study of termite lignocellulose digestion, and a metatranscriptomic analysis of R. flavipes fed on agricultural biomass. Quantitative expression analysis of the identified genes, in the termite digestive tract, revealed that the transcripts coding for a CHS (RfCHSB) and the proteins with peritrophin-A domains (RfPPAD1 and RfPPAD2) were predominantly expressed in the midgut, suggesting an association with the PM. The peritrophin identity of the RfPPAD2 gene was confirmed by immunodetection of its translated peptide in the midgut and PM. The discovery and characterization of PM components of R. flavipes provides a basis for further investigation of the viability of this structure as a target for candidate termiticides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael E Scharf
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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Zhu KY, Merzendorfer H, Zhang W, Zhang J, Muthukrishnan S. Biosynthesis, Turnover, and Functions of Chitin in Insects. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 61:177-96. [PMID: 26982439 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010715-023933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Chitin is a major component of the exoskeleton and the peritrophic matrix of insects. It forms complex structures in association with different assortments of cuticle and peritrophic matrix proteins to yield biocomposites with a wide range of physicochemical and mechanical properties. The growth and development of insects are intimately coupled with the biosynthesis, turnover, and modification of chitin. The genes encoding numerous enzymes of chitin metabolism and proteins that associate with and organize chitin have been uncovered by bioinformatics analyses. Many of these proteins are encoded by sets of large gene families. There is specialization among members within each family, which function in particular tissues or developmental stages. Chitin-containing matrices are dynamically modified at every developmental stage and are under developmental and/or physiological control. A thorough understanding of the diverse processes associated with the assembly and turnover of these chitinous matrices offers many strategies to achieve selective pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wenqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Research Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China;
| | - Subbaratnam Muthukrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506; ,
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Krejmer M, Skrzecz I, Wasag B, Szewczyk B, Rabalski L. The genome of Dasychira pudibunda nucleopolyhedrovirus (DapuNPV) reveals novel genetic connection between baculoviruses infecting moths of the Lymantriidae family. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:759. [PMID: 26449402 PMCID: PMC4599791 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1963-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DapuNPV (Dasychira pudibunda nucleopolyhedrovirus), presented in this report, belongs to Alphabaculovirus group Ib. Its full, newly sequenced genome shows close relationship to baculovirus OpMNPV isolated from douglas-fir tussock moth Orgyia pseudotsugata. Baculovirus DapuNPV is a natural limiter of pale tussock moth Dasychira pudibunda L. (syn. Calliteara pudibunda L.)(Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae), which can occur in a form of an outbreak on many species of deciduous trees and may cause significant economic losses in the forests. Methods Late instars dead larvae of pale tussock moth were mechanically homogenized and polyhedra were purified during series of ultracentrifugation. Viral DNA was extarcted and sequenced using Miseq Illumina platform. 294,902 paired reads were used for de novo assembling. Genome annotation, multiple allingment to others baculoviruses and phylogegentic analises were perform with the use of multiple bioinformatic tools like: Glimmer3, HMMER web server, Geneious 7 and MEGA6. Results The genome of DapuNPV is 136,761 bp long with AT pairs content 45.6 %. The predicted number of encoded putative open reading frames (ORFs) is 161 and six of them demonstrate low or no homology to ORFs previously found in baculoviruses. DapuNPV genome shows very high similarity to OpMNPV in a nucleotide sequence (91.1 % of identity) and gene content (150 homologous ORFs), though some major differences (e.g. lack of he65 in OpMNPV) have also been noted. Conclusions Similarly to other members of the Baculoviridae family, DapuNPV baculovirus possesses highly conserved core genes. Among them, there is a second copy of occluded derived virus envelope 27 protein (odv-e27), which was previously found only in a member of Alphabaculovirus group II – LyxyMNPV (Lymantria xylina MNPV). Surprisingly enough, DapuNPV and LyxyMNPV genomes share also another feature. Phylogenetic analysis of chitin binding family protein (cbpl) indicates significant similarity of those two baculoviruses from distinct evolutionary groups which infect the same hosts from Lymantriidae. The ubiquitin like family gene (ubil), which has not been described until now, is another characteristic component of DapuNPV genome. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1963-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Krejmer
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, 80-822, Gdansk, Kladki Str. 24, Poland.
| | - Iwona Skrzecz
- Forest Research Institute, Department of Forest Protection, 05-090, Raszyn, Braci Lesnej Str. 3, Sekocin Stary, Poland.
| | - Bartosz Wasag
- Department of Biology and Genetics, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211, Gdansk, Debinki Str. 1, Poland.
| | - Boguslaw Szewczyk
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, 80-822, Gdansk, Kladki Str. 24, Poland.
| | - Lukasz Rabalski
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, 80-822, Gdansk, Kladki Str. 24, Poland.
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Han G, Li X, Zhang T, Zhu X, Li J. Cloning and Tissue-Specific Expression of a Chitin Deacetylase Gene from Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Its Response to Bacillus thuringiensis. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2015; 15:iev076. [PMID: 26163665 PMCID: PMC4677497 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iev076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chitin deacetylases (CDAs) convert chitin into chitosan, the N-deacetylated form of chitin, which influences the mechanical and permeability properties of structures such as the cuticle and peritrophic matrices. In this article, a new CDA encoding gene, Hacda2, was cloned by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction method in Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), with an open reading frame of 1,611 bp. The deduced protein composed of 536 amino acid residues with a signal peptide, a chitin-binding domain, a low-density lipoprotein receptor class A domain, and a polysaccharide deacetylase-like catalytic domain. The highest expression level of Hacda2 was detected in fat body among tissues tested in the fifth-instar larvae using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction method. Feeding of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) (Bacillales: Bacillaceae) diet changed the expression level of Hacda1, Hacda2, Hacda5a, and Hacda5b significantly and differentially in the third-instar larvae. Hacda5a and Hacda5b expression were initially down-regulated and then up-regulated, whereas, the expression level of Hacda1 and Hacda2 was suppressed constantly postfeeding on Bt diet. These results suggested that HaCDAs may be involved in the response of H. armigera larvae to Bt and may be helpful to elucidate the roles of HaCDAs in the action of Bt cry toxin. The potential of HaCDAs to be used as synergists of Bt insecticidal protein needs to be further tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoying Han
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Xiumin Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Xiaoting Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Jigang Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity Research and Application of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
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30
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Xi Y, Pan PL, Ye YX, Yu B, Zhang CX. Chitin deacetylase family genes in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 23:695-705. [PMID: 24989071 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Chitin deacetylases (CDAs) are enzymes required for one of the pathways of chitin degradation, in which chitosan is produced by the deacetylation of chitin. Bioinformatic investigations with genomic and transcriptomic databases identified four genes encoding CDAs in Nilaparvata lugens (NlCDAs). Phylogenetic analysis showed that insect CDAs were clustered into five major groups. Group I, III and IV CDAs are found in all insect species, whereas the pupa-specific group II and gut-specific group V CDAs are not found in the plant-sap/blood-sucking hemimetabolous species from Hemiptera and Anoplura. The developmental and tissue-specific expression patterns of four NlCDAs revealed that NlCDA3 was a gut-specific CDA, with high expression at all developmental stages; NlCDA1, NlCDA2 and NlCDA4 were highly expressed in the integument and peaked periodically during every moulting, which suggests their roles in chitin turnover of the insect old cuticle. Lethal phenotypes of cuticle shedding failure and high mortality after the injection of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) for NlCDA1, NlCDA2 and NlCDA4 provide further evidence for their functions associated with moulting. No observable morphological and internal structural abnormality was obtained in insects treated with dsRNA for gut-specific NlCDA3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Xi
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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31
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Toprak U, Hegedus DD, Baldwin D, Coutu C, Erlandson M. Spatial and temporal synthesis of Mamestra configurata peritrophic matrix through a larval stadium. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 54:89-97. [PMID: 25240619 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The structure and synthesis of the Mamestra configurata peritrophic matrix (PM) was examined at various time points during a larval stadium. Bright field and confocal fluorescence microscopy revealed major differences between the PM of feeding and molting larvae. The PM from feeding larvae was thinner and composed of approximately 5-10 layers. In contrast, mid-molt larvae had a chitinaceaous PM composed of multiple thick layers which filled most of the midgut lumen. PM synthesis initiates in the anterior midgut, based on the expression of genes encoding chitin synthase-2 (CHS-2), coincident with the incorporation of the major structural PM proteins (McIIM1, McIIM2 and McPM1). This is followed by reinforcement with other PM proteins (McIIM3 and McIIM4) as it moves toward the posterior of the midgut. Chitin deacetylase (McCDA1) was associated only with the anterior PM. Collectively, these findings indicate that the structural properties of the PM differ along the length of the midgut. Genes encoding chitinolytic enzymes (McCHI and McNAG) were expressed and exochitinase activity was present when the PM had degraded (pre-molt) and when the new PM was forming (mid-molt), indicating that they are involved in either PM turnover and/or maintenance dependent upon the stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Toprak
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dwayne D Hegedus
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Doug Baldwin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Cathy Coutu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Martin Erlandson
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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Yin J, Yang S, Li K, Guo W, Cao Y. Identification and molecular characterization of a chitin-binding protein from the beet webworm, Loxostege sticticalis L. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:19147-61. [PMID: 25340980 PMCID: PMC4227266 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151019147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As the first crucial barrier in the midgut of insects, the peritrophic membrane (PM) plays an important role in preventing external invasion. PM proteins, as the major components of the PM, determine the structure and function of this membrane. A new PM protein, named LstiCBP, from the PM of Loxostege sticticalis larvae was identified using cDNA library screening. The full cDNA of LstiCBP is 2606 bp in length and contains a 2403 bp ORF that encodes an 808-amino acid preprotein with a 15-amino acid as signal peptide. The deduced protein sequence of the cDNA contains 8 cysteine-rich chitin-binding domains (CBDs). Recombinant LstiCBP was successfully expressed in BL21 cells using recombinant plasmid DNA and showed high chitin-binding activity. LstiCBP expression was detected in the midgut at both the transcriptional and translational levels; however, the biochemical and physiological functions of LstiCBP in L. sticticalis require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Shuang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Kebin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Wei Guo
- Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Yazhong Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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